Essays on Rational Choice

The rational choice theory states that any behavior that a human has is as a matter of choice (Siegel & Welsh, 2014). In fact, anybody has an option to choose the kind of behavior he or she would like, depending on the needs they have. Therefore, criminal behavior is also a choice that one makes consciously. A person chooses to go against the law after careful consideration of the potential benefits that they would get out of it. One will avoid breaking the law if the potential benefits are outweighed by the dangers associated.

Controlling Juvenile Delinquency

When applying the rational choice theory, ...

The Meaning of Consumption Activities in Daily Life

The theory of consumption is one of the fundamental disciplines of microeconomics. It explores the economic decisions, especially in the area of consumption by private economic agents. The behavior of the consumer (buyer) in the market economy is based on the theory of demand (consumer behavior theory), which is based on how and how our needs are converted into a certain amount of demand; how from a variety of benefits we choose what suits us. Consumer behavior is the process of formation of the market demand of buyers offering a choice of benefits taking into account the existing price. ...

INTRODUCTON

When people think of crime their first inclination is to envision men in masks robbing a bank at gunpoint, drug dealers selling drugs to children on the street and, in the most extreme cases, murder. However, there are many different types of crime and not all of them are violent, not all involve acts that are easily identified and happen a lot more often that the general public probably thinks. White-collar Crime was first identified the mid 20th century by Edwin Sutherland. However, white-collar crime, which is the term given to financial crimes committed by the middle and higher ...

An Assignment Submitted by

Research Question The research conducted by Duncan, Wilkerson & England (2003) aimed at investigating the impact of marriage and cohabitation on licit and illicit drug abuse. In order to investigate this issue, the scholars use two theoretical perspectives, namely a cultural framework and a rational choice theory. The first perspective evaluates marriage as a set of cognitive associations that exceed religious and legal rules. According to this view, marriage makes people make better choices in life and recognize their responsibilities, as a couple has to live together. A rational choice theory sees a couple as two self-interested stakeholders who follow ...

There is a notion that suggest that allowing older people to still take up jobs is one of the reasons why youth unemployment is skyrocketing today, especially in most developed economies such as those in the European Union and North America . The validity of this argument is based on the notion that there are only a finite number of positions in the job market and both the young and the old generations of workers are competing to be in those positions. While this may be true at some point, the job market and the movement of workers is much ...

Post 1

The first post cites the rational choice model to be the platform through which politicians cruise through the ladders of their challenging tasks. From the posts, it is evident that politicians are normally at crossroads of opposite issues, which handling paints an image across their political career. Eminently, such politicians employ the rationale to arrive at policies that are of the ultimate importance to their personal gains. The gun control policy illuminates the strategic behaviors necessary for tackling policies that attract wide public interests as well as it gives strategic goals for such politicians. The assertions of the first ...

The rational choice model, today, is widely applied in understanding the behaviors of policy makers. The two posts depict characteristics that are primary, both to the behavior of the politicians and the rational choice model. From the posts, it is undisputable that people make decisions based on the quality and quantity of pieces of information that they gather. Putting such a situation crudely details decision making based on very selfish standing points. That is, policy makers, based on the pieces of information that they gather, would swing the nature of their policies in any way that befits their desires ( ...

Rational choice model is a multi-step models that policy makers employ in arriving at decisions and policy choices that offer a range of alternatives to choose from. The rational choice model provides policymakers with steps that include formulation of goals, identification of the criteria for decision making, identification of alternatives and performance of a grouped analysis before making the final decision of what choices to make among the provided alternatives. According to Birkland (105), economics is one of the disciplines that that constantly employed the rational decision model to arrive at amicable solutions among alternatives. Today, politics and politicians ...

Instruction:

David Colander presents a journal known as eastern economic journal in 2016. A set of rules are important to organize the teaching of introductory economics. These rules offer an advantageous instructions and suggestions, which provide a platform for further discussions to unify. If a teacher follows all these efficient rules, then they make grading easier and students can remember all material related to the course. Many Economists argue that our way of teaching is not well and we are teaching the wrong directions as well. Every teacher should keep in mind that every principle is a tool not a ...

Visualize a particular time when you needed to acquire a new mobile phone. The processes of deciding on a particular model are usually complicated and thus as a prospective buyer, you may have opted to acquire one of the most popular brand. Another method of simplifying that decision would have been going for the brand that worked well for you in the past and opt for the newer improved version of the same. In other cases, a recommendation from a friend or just copying what your peers are using may have influenced your decision to go for a particular ...

In any society, there exists an interaction between people of different backgrounds and characters. Hence, it calls for legal checks to ensure a good relationship within the occupants of the region. The wrongdoers in any society are monitored and punished by the law enforcers in that particular locality. While investigating any crime committed, the law enforcers use a stipulated procedure and apply various criminology theories to understand the offense adequately for proper evaluation. In this article, criminological theories will be assessed, and there is a review of their application in crime analysis procedure. Through criminology, criminals, and their behavior ...

Rational Choice Theory

Rational choice theory forms the basis for understanding and modeling the reasons why people make decisions or perform actions that lead to specific results and for prediction of their decisions and actions under specific circumstances. The roots of rational choice theory lie in political and classical economic theories. Its sociological use is innovative as allows to explain how social interactions influence people’s decisions and shape social order. However, rational choice theory is criticized for several reasons including over-rationalization of human thoughts, modernism, and ignoring of the social determinants. This critic seems well argued, as social behavior does not ...

General Context

The outbreak of the civil war in Syria in March 2011 resulted in the migration of an estimated 9 million Syrians who fled from their homes and sought refuge within their country and in neighboring countries. The United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) reported that more than 3 million Syrians have fled to the immediate neighbors including Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. This means that about one-quarter of the population has been displaced from the country. An additional 6.5 million are internally displaced within the country. Over the last two years, the migration of these refugees has worsened ...

Background information

In 2011, Syria plunged into political violence in the wake of the Arab Spring. The protests were aimed at the government of incumbent President Bashar al-Assad and later developed to become a rebellion. The country witnessed unprecedented destruction, occasioned by loss of property and human lives. The rebel group fighting to ouster the government were countered by pro-government Shia groups. Despite many years of international intervention, the Syria civil war has degenerated into a bloodbath. Consequently, many Syrian nationals have fled the country while millions others are in need of urgent humanitarian aid. Studies by Lobatos revealed that by ...

Elements of a Book Review

Book reviews is a very essential element of a sound criticism, which pushes literature to further development. The practice demonstrates that writing a good book is rarely done from the first attempt. Instead, the writers have to complete many editions, revise it continually and introduce modifications, so that their writing becomes heartily perceived even by the inveterate critics from the community. Thus, the main purpose of a book review is to interact with the writer, and to inform him or her whether the work was a) relevant to the today’s interests of the community and b) whether the ...

Criminology

Contemporary critical criminology and its power on crime and terrorism Contemporary critical criminology main goal is to assess how criminal law is used as an instrument of social control. O’Conner (2014) states that it views crime as a product of social conflict and economic inequality. Contemporary critical criminology defines power as the economic and social structures that control all human beings. In the past decade or so, critical criminology has been more evident than ever before as many crimes and political notions have risen in the society. Among these crimes is the every growing and very dangerous crime ...

Question 1. Identify the four specific categories of computer crimes. Provide an example for each category and explain the influence on society and criminal justice operations that the crime has under each category.

According to Carter (1995), there are 4 general types of computer crimes. First is computer as target. In this category of crime, the computer is the target and types of offenses under this category include theft of intellectual property. Other crimes falling under this category include theft of market information, unlawful access of government records and trespass. This crime has a great influence on society and criminal ...

There are different perspectives of international politics and relations. While some ideologists assert that there is constant competition between different members of the international structures and politics, others indicate that these structures work together and in turn affect the ideas and communication of the agents. Constructivism seems to disagree with the realists and liberals in most of their assertions. However, the latter two perspectives share some concepts as discussed in this paper. Neo-realists and neo-liberalists have greatly debated on several issues based on a shared commitment to rationalism. Most of the social theoretical perspectives rely on rational choice in asking ...

Dompere basically discuss an old issue in the philosophy and in many other sciences including economics: rationality. Rationality has been defined by many scientists in terms of different dimensions such as ethical rationality, emprical rationality, logical rationality etc. He is interested in a rationality definition in terms of decision-making process of an individual. Understanding human decisions and choices provides us important information to comprehend human behaviors.

We believe there is a rationality behind human behaviors upon observing human behaviors and decision-making process and human's choices. There exist a nationality we believe in, however, there is no concensus among scientists how rationality ...

The rational choice and deterrence theories of crime attempt to explain the causes of crime and the spirit in sentencing. For that reason, the theories enable an understanding of the relationship between criminals, law enforcement, courts, corrections and society.

According to the rational choice theory, individuals commit crime on reasonable grounds. In many cases criminals would opt to commit crime so as to earn a living. This shows the relationship between society and crime. It suggests that crime would be prevalent in societies without decent opportunities for the people to earn some form of living. It is, therefore, essential for ...

Introduction

In a negotiation process, the participants in the process essentially attempt to undertake some form of exchange or trade. The exchange can take different forms such as services for services, goods for services, money for services or money for goods. In all these forms of exchange or trade, each participant privy to the negotiation process aims at maximizing his/her advantage. In other words, the negotiator will try his best to come out with a good if not the best deal or cut. This means that each party will aim at gaining much more for little consideration or exchange.

Depending on the ...

A graduate student at Maryland University shot his roommates at the doorstep of their house in campus. The student later shot himself at the same spot. The police found a bag containing several weapons close the crime scene; the weapons included a baseball bat, a semiautomatic weapon and a machete. The student who was later identified as Dayvon Green is said to have set several fires in the basement of the school. Green later asked the two roommates to come help him set out the fire; Green shot the two friends when they came out to help him with the fire. One of ...

1. In your OWN words, define the following concepts of deterrence theory--general deterrence; specific deterrence; celerity; severity; certainty; AND explain utility principle for rational choice.

Specific deterrence is when an individual is punished for a crime; general deterrence is others decide not to commit crimes because they saw someone else get punished. Rational choice weighs the benefits and repercussions of a particular action, and takes into account: celerity, how the quickly punishment follows the crime; severity, (pg18) how harsh the punishment is and how well it suits the crime; and, certainty, how likely someone is to be punished for a crime. Both ...

Economics

Economics is a field of study that deals with analyzing the factors involved in the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. Economics strives to explain how economies of different countries function and the interaction between different agents operating in those economies. Economics as a field of study finds application in different spheres of the society including businesses, governments, health, education, politics and other social institutions. There are two major categories in this field and they include microeconomics and macro economics.

Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

Micro economics is the branch of economics that deals with the basic elements of the economy. It deals with ...

The rational choice theory is of the opinion that an individual acts by weighing the costs and benefits brought about by an action at the end through the use of personal advantage. As far as crime is concerned, the theory assumes that the rational decisions made by criminals to engage in any crime are made through the revision of all outcomes and possibilities. The outcomes depend on the benefits the criminals get by committing these crimes. Criminals do however consider the consequences of their actions, such as imprisonment and tread with care in the process of committing a crime. The ...

Introduction

The juvenile system of justice refers to the laws that govern juveniles, which refers to persons who are under 18 years of age. Consequently, juveniles can be punished for the crimes they commit and even in some cases, they can be tried in the same way as adults. However, there are several instances where parents have been fined or convicted for crimes done by juveniles. Additionally, there are laws that have been established to hold parents accountable for the various crimes committed by children who are minors. The issue of take the parent’s responsibility for their children’s ...

Social learning theory came about during the late 1800s. William James’ and Dollard and Miller research in 1941 formed the foundation for the 1963 development of the theory and concepts by Bandura. Researchers note that Bandura was the first theorist to apply the social learning theory to education. However, in 1983, Bandura renamed the theory as Social Cognitive Theory. Additionally, Bandura detached his theory from the behaviorists’ theory because he did not believe that the environment had any influence on the theory. Over the years, Bandura conducted numerous studies, but the most popular of these studies included young children ...

In the recent decade, global climate change became one of the widely accepted social problems. Also called the greenhouse effect or global warming, climate change is an increase in mean global temperatures because of the release of greenhouse gasses produced by human activities (Redclift, 1994, 2). The awareness of global warming as a threat reinforced the public’s concern on environmental problems and therefore provided environmental scientists, activists and policy-makers with a new momentum in their dire efforts to ensure promotion of environmental protection. It is not surprising that opponents of these efforts have mobilized themselves in recent years mounting intense ...

Introduction

This paper hypothesizes that the traditional Westphalian state will continue to perform minimal traditional functions. Its relevance will not be washed away despite emerging transnational elites and technological innovations that suppress sovereignty and legal boundaries. As the power of the state reduces, key functions in security, economic and technological sectors will remain relevant. Scholars, studies and policy makers in international relations have predicted about the fate of future inter-connectedness in the global village. They assert that there shall be no hegemonies. There shall be multi-polarity, but no mono-polarity or bipolarity led by mega powers like US, EU and ...

Introduction

Stalking refers to repeated unwanted attention or obsession targeting a particular individual that would make any reasonable person to feel apprehension or fear (Nadkarni & Grubin, 2000). For a behavior to qualify as stalking, it has to be intrusive and unwanted, and there must be a strong preoccupation with the victim. Stalking activities fall into three categories: following, communicating, and aggression (Nadkarni & Grubin, 2000). Following involves trailing victims to their workplaces and homes, and engineering coincidences. Communicating involves the use of anonymous phone calls, letters, gifts or emails. Aggression involves harassment, threatening victims’ friends and families, vandalism or spreading rumors meant to embarrass the ...

This paper takes a detailed discussion on the rationale choice theory. The discussion will begin with a brief review of the literature review, and then examine the relevance or applicability of the theory. In the conclusion part the paper will try to look at the application of a different theory besides the rationale choice theory. The rationale choice theory depends on the essential doctrines of classical criminology. It provides that people normally make a free choice of their behavior and that they are guided by the desire to avoid pain and seek for pleasure. People assess their selection of action in relation ...

Introduction

Criminal theories seek to examine the reasons why people commit crime. This is significant as it helps to come up with ways through which to handle and prevent crime in the society. Over the past, several theories have emerged and the continuous efforts to explore them are clear evidence about the efforts that are being put in place to reduce crime. In achieving this, the theories are analyzed both as a combination and individually. Criminologists seek to find the best ways to reduce crime levels in the society. This paper seeks to describe all criminal theories in accordance with the ...

Social disorganization theory

According to the theory, the social environment and physical environments are one of the main causes of the behavioral choice that a person makes. The theory highly emphasizes on the importance of neighborhood or locality for the shaping of their behavior. For example, a person belonging to an area where undesired social factors such as Illiteracy, unemployment, lack of moral education and ignorance are in abundance, the chances that the residents may involve in criminal activities are higher. This gives rise to other undesired aspects, such as, if someone does not want to indulge in criminal activities, but lack of educational ...

(Course Name and Number) (Date Submitted)

Developmental Perspective

Coherence and Conceptual Clarity The developmental perspective to social work has two facets – community development and strengths-based development. Community development seeks to fulfill “needs, gaps, problems and deficits,” while strengths-based development involves “democratic, participatory [and] people-centered approaches” built on a strong human rights foundation (Gray, 2002). Such allows social justice to thrive, which is seen to benefit clients in social work to have equal opportunities, equal resource access and self-determination. Thus, strengths-based development under the developmental perspective empowers clients in social work as it urges social workers to reevaluate their developmental approaches based ...

Definition of the theories

Rational choice theory is a criminology concept that holds human being as a reasoning actor who can assess the costs and benefits, means and ends and make a rational decision (Miller, 2009). Social disorganization theory is defined as the inability of the members of the community to solve the existing problems or achieve shared societal values in unison.

The Strain theory claims that the existing social structures within a community may influence the citizens to engage in crime.

The theories are the most defendable theories today because they involve prevailing events and ideologies in our society. The theories help to explain why people engage in the criminal activities. For instance, people commit crime because it can be easy, satisfying and rewarding.

Relevance of each of these theories to crime in the 21st century

...

The idea of woman suffrage had to go a long way of suffragist activism led by women until it was achieved in the beginning of the 20th century. Lucy Stone is one of the key figures of this process in the United States. She was a reformer, an abolitionist, i.e. a person who favors the abolition of a practice, an institution or a law in this particular case, and she was a public speaker fighting for woman suffrage. Lois Porter brings to public a term “a Lucy Stoner” as a nickname for those who fight for the same ideas as Lucy did. Calling her also “a woman of firsts” ...

According to Yuichi Shoda and Walter Mischel’s study, they identified that to be able to delay immediate satisfaction for the sake of future consequences has been considered a crucial achievement of human development (1990). The marshmallow test has been continually developed in several experimental studies that seek to determine self-control in different age groups. This marshmallow test has been developed to test the cognitive development in children, which relates to rationally. Other studies have also replicated the marshmallow test to determine why willpower fails in adults when they might need it the most. This research study compares different research ...

Introduction

The topic of the paper is murder, and its mission is to discuss the crimes of Jeffrey Dahmer and relating this crime with the three categories of crime causation. Murder is the deliberate taking of another person life. Murder can be first-degree and second-degree murder where in the first degree both the intention and the killing is planned (Brown et al, 2010). This paper will also discuss how Jeffery Dahmer killed people deliberately out of ill will.

The Crime

The paper will address the crime of murder and will discuss the life of an American serial killer and sex offender Jeffrey ...

Abstract

Ration Choice Theory is also known as Rational Action Theory or Choice Theory. It is basically a framework that rests on the assumption that decision makers have complete mental models of the consequences, events and acts that constitute their environment. The rational choice theory is an approach used by social scientists and other professionals to understand human behavior. Rationality is usually interpreted as “desiring more rather less of a good”. This assumption however is widely used in the analysis and macroeconomic models as well in human decision-making. Rationality therefore means “in a thoughtful clear headed manner” or basically “sane”. It then follows ...

Any study focusing on religion should begin with a definition of the concept. However, the term religion assumes different meaning depending on perspective of people. In his book, Religion in society: A sociology of religion, Johnstone Ronald takes a sociological perspective in defining religion. The author defines religion as “a system of beliefs and practices by which a group of people interprets and responds to what they feel as sacred and, usually supernatural as well” (Johnstone 13). Johnstone derives the meaning of religion from the Latin word ‘Religare’ meaning, ‘to bind together,’ pointing to the concept of fellowship or a group (7). The definition ...

Critical Review

Religion in Society: A Sociology of Religion is a book written by Ronald Johnstone. It gives an overview of the role of religion in the society. in his presentation, Ronald focuses on the position of religion as an agent of socialization in the United States of America (USA). This paper gives a critical analysis of the text. It does this by critiquing the author’s position on his definition of religion, church, denomination, sect and cult; rational choice theory; bureaucratization of religion and elements in religious socialization. In his writings, Ronald gives accurate definitions to religion, church, denomination, sect and ...

- Introduction This paper aims to explore and explain different issues associated with human rights. The focus of this paper is on the violations of human rights in China. In this paper, different theories of human rights have been discussed including rational choice theory, strain theory, differential association theory, and others. - Discussion - Human Rights: Theoretical Overview 2.1.1. Rational Choice Theory The rational choice theory has made valuable contributions towards the development of international scholarship. The theory has described different aspects of international law within the framework of rational choice (Murdoch 989). The ...

Self-determination theory is a motivational theory that is premised on human feelings. The theory seeks to examine factors that motivate an individual from within. It is concerned with internal motivators. Under self-determination, a person would arrive at a decision or make a choice based on the internal motivators rather than extrinsic consequences. Self-determination theory was propounded by Ryan and Deci. According to the two professors, intrinsic determinants should be divorced from extrinsic determinants. The former would fall under the self-determination theory. Self-determination theory influences human being in arriving at decisions and conclusions. First, a person would consider the overall effect an approach would ...

Certain theories explain the causes, nature, and extent of crime; for example, the theory of rational choice explains that individuals commit crime to fulfill their pleasures (Reynald, 2011, p. 23). According to this theory, individuals choose to do wrong if it results to rewards and fun rather than pain. The theory of trait argues that individuals are born with certain characteristics that make them engage in criminal activities. The social structure hypothesis argues that the surrounding influences the behavior of people. According to this theory, a person becomes a criminal if he or she lives with criminals (Walker, 2011, p.59). The ...

Module #3

Module #3 According to Exum (2002), there is research evidence that will show that that alcohol causes an impairment on the ability of the drinker to understand the consequences of aggression. At the same time, some of the offenders who have been provoked can lead to anger that may increase the probability of aggressive response. In the study of the author of alcohol and aggression, it was shown that intoxication fosters violent behavior when participants were angered (Exum, 2002, p.936). Towards the end of the study, it was revealed that alcohol and anger and enhances the violent decision ...

In today’s world, everyone seems to cry for justice. The poor want justice, the rich want justice, the disabled want justice and the citizenry want justice from their governments. This begs the question: what is justice? Well, justice means different things to different people, and there in no universally acceptable definition of the word. This is because justice has a social dimension to it, and different cultures have their own parameters for assessing justice. Nonetheless, there are some common aspects people look for when defining the realms of justice. For example, people want to see equality, fairness, equity, and ...

Question 1

- Based on Morgenthau’s article Six points of Political Realism, Do Political realists focus on absolute power or relative power at both the individual level and the international system? Central idea to bear in mind : According to realists, the competition that characterizes the international system is due to the fact that nation-states and other state actors would like to maintain their relative power in relation to other actors in the international system. - Based on Fourteen Points by Woodrow Wilson, what role does rationality and sovereignty play in shaping the alignment of the Central and ...

The debate between the neorealists and the neoliberals had swept the international relations theory for the past decade, especially in the United States. The ‘neo-neo’ debate had shifted the views of many theorists regarding the international system and the definition of what is international politics. Both neo-realism and neoliberalism are considered the progeny of the main theories of realism and liberalism respectively, presenting a new definition and framework to determine the nature of issue. Under these two progenies are also several versions, which diversifies the debate of both IR theories on issues pertaining to international relations and politics. However, while ...

Criminal Law

Abstract This study aims to present the concept of child abuse in the view of the criminal justice system. It will also present the history of child abuse in the United States as well as the prevalence of child sexual abuse in the United States, particularly in the state of Michigan. This research paper will discuss the current federal policies on child abuse and the intervention strategies and policy scheme involving child abuse cases. Finally, the conclusion of this study will present the new laws that will prevent sexual abuses cases and the role of the government to ...

Areport on Some of Factors That Associated With Rational Theory of Crime

Introduction Rational choice of theory of crime is where it is believed in the field of criminology that man is like a reasoning actor who looks at means and ends, benefits and costs then a rational choice is made basing on some of these factors.

Body

Some of the factors that gears one towards making such decisions include the following: Effects This is where it is believed that the effects of a crime are as a result of the choice made by the offender. Before one indulges in making any crime he weighs overall effects like the costs,benefits,risks among ...

Abuse

This study aims to present the concept of child abuse in the view of the criminal justice system. It will also present the history of child abuse in the United States as well as the prevalence of child sexual abuse in the United States, particularly in the state of Michigan. This research paper will discuss the current federal policies on child abuse and the intervention strategies and policy scheme involving child abuse cases. Finally, the conclusion of this study will present the new laws that will prevent sexual abuses cases and the role of the government to revise and ...

The rational theory of crime advances the argument that first and foremost, man is a rational being. Consequently in making a decision, he will reason out the options available to him, examine the end and the means to be used to attain that end. Additionally, he also weighs the costs and benefits of the act he is going to undertake. It is only after one is through with process that he can be said to have made a rational decision or choice. In the context of criminology, the theory puts forward the position that a criminal will carefully weigh all the factors surrounding a ...

Criminal Law

According to Siegel (2008), the development of rational choice theory is intimately related to the Classical School of criminology initiated by its founder Cesare Beccaria. Under the classical theory, the principle of Utilitarianism steps in as man is expected to make a rational choice and shall be held responsible for his actions which may entail a penalty for misdeeds. The rational choice theory is a combination of rational behavior and human capital and the outcome is a criminal activity. One economist named Gary Becker applied his views on this theory and he discovered that offenders are engaged in a predictable behavior before crimes are ...

An Overview

As per the theory, the behavior of breaking the law should be considered as something that takes place when a la breaker makes a decision to take the risk and violate the law after surveying one’s personal surroundings which may include personal values, the desire for money as well as learning experiences. Also situational factors come into play which includes the affluence of the neighborhood, how well an area is protected, and the efficiency of the local police. So before a reasoning criminal decides to get into action, he definitely takes time to evaluate the apprehension risk, adversity of the punishment ...

The rational choice theory is one of the theories of criminology, which seeks to explain the causes and motivation that lead to criminal behavior. The theory is premised on the assumption that a criminal is a rational individual, who will make choices that are beneficial to him under the circumstances. It argues that a criminal will make a cost-benefit analysis before engaging in criminal behavior. If the benefits outweigh the cost, then he will engage in them, and vice versa. This brief report will canvas some of the features that are critical in the theory.

Effect

Choices have consequences. When a person chooses to engage ...

Classical Vs. Neoclassical Theories of Criminality

The classical school of criminology obtains its fundamental ideas from the “period of enlightenment.” This occurrence took place at the beginning of the eighteenth century in France. The main contributors to the classical school of criminal thought were Cesare Beccaria (an Italian) and Jeremy Bentham (an Englishman). The neoclassical school of thought on the other hand is a continuation of the classical school of thought. It subscribes to modern theories of criminology such as social control theory, drift theory as well as the classical school theory of rational choice. This paper will compare and contrast the two schools of thoughts ...

Introduction Scholars of international relations have deemed the neorealist-neoliberal debate as the conventional paradigm of their discipline. Yet, the emergence of social constructivism in international relations has challenged that standard, and critics both acclaimed and disputed the approach in relation to the established ones in place (Zehfuss, 2002, p. 2). Whereas social constructivism proved influential within scholarly circles of international relations (Checkel, 1999, p. 545), its extent of influence has received indefinite assessments. The extent to which social constructivism has transformed international relations serve as a gap that this study seeks to ...

Criminology and public policy

Relation to juvenile status offenders According to the biological theory, criminals are born with less advanced biological features as compared to other normal law abiding citizens. In that vein, juveniles with less advanced features such as hairy bodies, broad chins, and shapeless ears are likely to indulge in crime. According to this theory, the tendency to commit crime is inherent as early as at birth. On the other hand, the psychoanalytic theory attributes crime to the nature of upbringing accorded to a child during the period of his or her childhood. In that breath, juveniles who went through tough ...

Annotated Bibliography

The above journal article as done by Kay Peggs explores the pertinent issues regarding animal testing paying attention to the European community. Peggs reviews the moral issues, economic implications and scientific importance of nonhuman animal testing vis-à-vis a directive by the European Community endorsed in the year 2008. Peggs first appreciates that nonhuman animal testing has been the main methodology that scientists around the world use in performing scientific research. Further, the author argues that the European Community has had divergent rules and legislation with regard to animal testing. However, nearly all member states have a deep concern for animal ...

Crime and the Criminal Justice System

According to our criminal justice system, people are innocent of any crimes they are accused of until proven guilty. The criminal justice system is a system that comprises of agencies at federal, local and state level. In order to fully comprehend the criminal justice system, it is important to understand what crime is, the different aspects of crime and how crime relates to the criminal justice system.

What Is Crime?

Crime can be defined as an injustice or offence against society declared by the law and punishable by society, depending on the circumstances it was committed under. (Clarkson, Miller, Jentz & Cross, 1995) ...