Essays on Reciprocity

Happiness is a notion, which is widely discussed since it is cannot de described exactly. Different people have different understanding of the term. But one thing is for sure that it is reflection of one’s good deeds on others, return of a favor in other words. Reciprocity is returning the favor on the one hand, but can be vengeance on the other. This is the natural feeling, which makes the human complete when he returns the favor or takes vengeance, whereas incomplete and depressed if he can’t. Empathy is also one of the descriptions of reciprocity from ...

INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY

Introduction Objective of discussion The aim of this essay is to critically review the reliability of the legal registration and protection system as it relates to protection of innovation ideas. The essay will specifically discuss about national and international protection system. Innovation as per Thumm (2013) is basically developing a new idea and putting it into practice. May (2013) states that it is crucial to restrict and protect innovations so as to develop a unique new value to customers. Innovations are protected by the legal registration and protection system. However, a number of innovations have failed to receive a ...

Research Paper

Abstract Armed conflicts, both domestic and international, have used children in combat, either directly-- as soldiers-- or indirectly. Children are preferred by numerous commanders because they are more obedient, more easily persuaded, and more loyal than adults. However, this phenomenon has become a national and global issue because of the physical, emotional, and psychological damages it bring to the children who are involved in combat. The international community has actively addressed the issue through legal actions. The 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocols came into being as part of the efforts of the international community to protect ...

Dr. Robert B. Cialdini proposed six principles of influence to apply consumer behavior. The principles actually depict the science behind consumer behavior and change management. Here are some ways in which the principles of Reciprocity and Social Proof apply to consumer behavior.

Reciprocity: Give something to get something in return

Reciprocity is Cialdini’s first principle of influence and states that there is an innate tendency of humans to return favors or treat others the way we have been treated by them. We feel obliged on paying back our debts in some way or the other. For instance, a practical internet blog provides its readers useful information ...

Central to Book V of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics is an analysis of the correlation between not only laws and justice but also the one that exists between a combination of the two and virtue. Apparently, no matter how one looks at a given situation, there are high chances that he or she is both right and wrong simply because justice is a complex phenomenon. Notably, the man’s assertion of just people does not stem from small actions or situations that either show or compel an individual to act in a just manner. On the contrary, as Aristotle ...

Reciprocity and Exchange can be hard to establish and maintain if either party believes they are in control. Similarly, highly cooperative individuals may find it difficult understanding the importance of both concepts in social arrangements. Marcel Mauss’ The Gift uses the value of reciprocity and exchange as part of building unity and continuity for human social arrangements. The book’s analysis of archaic communities shows how objective exchange can help establish and maintain relationships between groups. In archaic societies, Mauss establishes evidence that early communities existed around the obligation to give, receive, and reciprocate for social continuity. Exchange systems ...

The task herein includes a two-part essay of a recruitment letter composition, and commentary. The perspective aligns from a recruiting officer of the Caucus for the Abolition of Free Clothing attire (CAFC), designed for IDC students to join and support the unpopular agenda. Forbidden are incentives, bribes, free offers and such in effort of seeking to eliminate distractions in college classrooms by the requirement of wearing IDC uniforms. Six different strategies will exclude deception and balance theory, but include: (1) perceptual contrast, (2) door in the face [DITH], (3) foot in the door [FITD], (4) attractiveness, (5) liking, and ( ...

Introduction

Over the years, little has changed the way romantic relationships are formed. Both scholars and the average dater agree it usually begins with physical attraction and perceived similarity, and progresses in a somewhat predictable manner from there. Typically, this progression has followed theoretical frameworks such as Knapp’s stages of relational development and Taylor’s (1968) social penetration theory. What these theorists might not have accounted for in the 1970’s (and what seems to be transforming the way young people pursue relationships) is the invention of the Smartphone.

Literature Review

One of the earliest perspectives on communication during romantic initiation ...

Rational Choice Theory

Rational choice theory forms the basis for understanding and modeling the reasons why people make decisions or perform actions that lead to specific results and for prediction of their decisions and actions under specific circumstances. The roots of rational choice theory lie in political and classical economic theories. Its sociological use is innovative as allows to explain how social interactions influence people’s decisions and shape social order. However, rational choice theory is criticized for several reasons including over-rationalization of human thoughts, modernism, and ignoring of the social determinants. This critic seems well argued, as social behavior does not ...

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the traditional institution of trade and economics among the Trobriand Islanders. The primary focus is on the symbolic interpretation of the acts involved in the kula ring and in yam production, display and distribution. The first section of the paper explains the kula ring and how it operated in Trobriand society at the time of the first ethnographic description of the Trobrianders by Malinowski in 1914. The second section examines how social hierarchy is expressed in trade within the kula ring. The third section looks at the difference between symbolic gift ...

Interpersonal Theory

Introduction When two individuals meet, those individuals may feel uncertainty and are motivated to communicate in order to reduce the amount of uncertainty. This is the idea of uncertainty reduction theory. Uncertainty reduction theory states that people attempt to understand interpersonal situation by reducing the amount of uncertainty. “Initial interactions between strangers are characterized by information seeking in order to reduce uncertainty” (UKY, 2016). This is done by seeking information in order to get to know the individual. Thus, reducing the amount of uncertainty that exists around the interpersonal communication. This paper discusses uncertainty reduction theory and explains the ...

One most important challenge I identified negotiation process is inter-group trust. Notably, our workgroup has made numerous initial assumptions and offered multiple proposals prior to first, scheduled negotiation round. In so doing, our workgroup has attempted to perform an in-depth SWOT analysis and information-gathering activities in order to avoid a sense of clueless during actual negotiations. However, our group members and I have failed to properly consider for trust between negotiating parties. If anything, trust and specific qualities are not built over one day. Predictably, given our workgroup members are hardly known to one another before our group formation, ...

Food is a fundamental necessity of life and therefore becomes a rich conveyor of cultural traditions and norms and attracts patterns of symbolic significance much like a magnet, for example, who is entitled to eat with whom, and when, and how food is to be shared. The cultural understandings surrounding the sharing of food illuminates social dynamics by distinguishing cohesive social units and social distance. Indeed, it can be said that a culture is encoded in the expectations of behavior associated with the communal act of dining. The purpose of this paper is to examine the historical continuity of ...

Altruism is the quality of a person. This quality is diametrically opposite to selfishness. Altruist is not indifferent and ready to help even when he/she does not have any reward in return, and when he/she does not expect any gratitude (Hewstone, Stroebe& Stephenson, 1996).. There are different theories which explain prosocial altruistic behavior, reasons and motives of this behavior, etc. For example, altruism can be explained by the fact that a person who helps other people has some external or internal reward. A businessman can improve the image of his company by doing money donation. In this case, ...

Trust in Negotiation

Introduction Trust is a relationship that exists between two or more parties whereby the trustor gives the right to the trustee to hold title to an asset or property for the well-being of the third party (Docherty & Jayne 2004). In a negotiation process there exist two types of trust namely living and testamentary trust. Living trust shows effects during the lifetime of the trustor while testamentary comes through the will of the deceased individual. The study by Ury and William (1993) shows that trust can apply in negotiation if the party benefiting is under age or is mentally disabled. ...

Criminal justice is one of the most important aspects on today’s political and social agendas of the United States of America. The practice shows that the American criminal justice system in general and the law enforcement framework in particular is one of the most effective and productive in the world (McElreath, p. 98). Statistically, the ratio of successfully investigated crimes is somewhat higher than in the majority of Asian countries, much higher than in Africa and goes on a par with the European countries. Yet, our world is dynamically changes. Thus, organizational systems, as well as organizational behavior ...

Mike, one of my friends, had a birthday last month, and his father presented him a gift that Mike had always dreamt about. For his birthday, he received a black high-powered Chevy Camaro from his father. Definitely, it was a great birthday present from one of Mike's closest people.At first sight, it seems that the primary motivation of Mike's father was making his son the happiest person in the world by giving this amazing present. However, another motivation could be that Mike's parents were going to get divorced, and Mike's father wanted Mike to take his side in conflict.Birthday ...

Ching K’o was a guest in Prince Tan’s house, an assassin who would kill for his host and a noble man who did not renegade on his promises.. He was an expert in martial arts, spiritually disciplined and loyal to the core. Ssu-ma mentions Ching K’o in his book Shiji as an assassin who attempt to kill the Chin king failed. The short story about Ching K’o is reminiscent of Chinese short stories of that era. The principles espoused in the stories and by the characters share no similarity with their European counterparts and the ...

Spring in a Small Town is a Chinese film directed by Fei Mu in 1948, right after the Second World War. The marriage life of the main film characters, Liyan Dai and Yuwen Zhou, has been affected by the disastrous war. This movie represents how their marriage life is further turbulent during the visit of Liyan’s friend Zhichen Zhang, who was once Yuwen’s past lover. Although spring was criticized during the Communist revolution for its petit-bourgeois decadence, researchers find that many Confucian principles are embedded in this film. For instance, in the drinking scene at the birthday ...

Everyone who as ever interacted with their grandmother will truly say that grandmothers are the best caregivers. They spoil children and adults alike and they provide emotional, financial and maternal comfort to these grandchildren. Almost every child looks forward to birthdays and Christmas as there is the guarantee that grandmothers will provide that additional cash or buy the ideal gift that parents would never buy. The role of grandmothers is an important one as grandmothers provide the rich traditional love and attention that children and even adults crave. These grandmothers are the key to the past as they are ...

Abstract

Grandmother caring is a common phenomenon in many families of US. It has become a heated topic in almost every household because it concerns a problem that every family faces, that is, child raising. Many grandmothers in US offer care for their grandchildren. The queries are; are they all totally willing to do so, or do other social factors compel them? In my opinion, the grandmothers are driven by both the joy and responsibility, and cultural expectations and pressures from social and interpersonal realities or their life histories. The degrees of expectations and realities that pressure the grandmothers are ...

Introduction

Christianity has had its own definition and essence of marriage for some 2,000 years. The Christian definition of marriage is based on the Bible and over the years, marriage has adapted to the social structures within which Christians live. The purpose of this essay is to critically analyze and review the concept of spousal love and its essence and features.

Marriage and Love in the Bible

The very foundation of marriage is found in Genesis 2:18 where the Bible says that “it is not good for man to be alone”. This was mainly because man was created and was alone and although all the ...

Training remains a critical component of HR functions. By offering proper professional development at different job levels (entry, middle management or executive), a staff member is not only able to maintain an up-to-date knowledge of most recent career developments but also, more significantly, will be able to pursue a meaningful career in different organizational contexts. The case for professional development, particularly for entry-level workers, has acquired more significance in recent years for a unique demographic reason. The evolution of what is currently being referred to as "Millennials" has come to shift paradigms in different social, economic and political contexts, ...

Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT), developed by Berger & Calabrese in the year 1975, is an experiential theory that states that individuals always feel the need to reduce uncertainty in initial face to face relationship interactions so as to feel comfortable about developing those relationships further. URT proposes that behavior in early acquaintance communication is clearly understood through the individual’s ability to predict and explain the behaviors of self and partners. URT posits that the early interaction between two strangers is primarily motivated by the goal of uncertainty reduction and this involves making the behavior of oneself and that of ...

Theories of liberalism, realism and Marxism evolved at the different historical periods and have a large number of conceptual differences. First and foremost, each theory has a different goal. Marxism is mainly concerned with the class equity. Realism targets the state security. On the contrary, liberalism is more positive and targets beneficial bilateral or multilateral cooperation and consequent increase of the wealth. Marxism emerged in the XIX century. In general, this theory was focused on the interests of the workers as the largest class of the society. For Marxists, the state is a non-neutral structure that represents the interests ...

COURSES

Introduction Prometheus Bound is an Ancient Greek tragic play that is one of three plays concerning the larger than human figure, Prometheus. Prometheus and Zeus, the main ancient Greek god of the time, argue, and Prometheus is punished to a life bound in chains. This is where the title, Prometheus Bound, is given to the play. Even being bound in chains Prometheus manages to annoy Zeus as he gives to mankind the gift of fire, even though Zeus does not want this to happen. Prometheus is chained through the whole play but he portrays a strong moral character. Zeus, ...

Art and Politics

Life has become lot more complicated than what it was ever before in the history of mankind. Probably, even in comparison to as late as the last fifty years, life today is far more complex, communicative, and all life events seem to happen in real time. Today, there is so much knowledge about everything and knowledge is virtually free. Knowledge no longer endows a strategic advantage on the holder of knowledge. There is so much complexity that everything seems specialize. Knowledge is so freely available today that everyone acquires it at all levels and therefore carry an opinion of ...

Section 1: Benefits and Problems of Group Decision-Making in Organisations

Introduction In a globalised market, organisations with the capability to recognise and understand as well as rapidly respond to emerging issues and opportunities are likely to have the greatest chance of retaining their competitiveness and profitability in the long term (Chakraborty et al., 2013). Group decision-making is a process of arriving at a response to issues and opportunities based on the participation of several individuals working as a collective (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2013). Reaching a group decision is not easy. Due to the important role of group-decision making to the success and longevity of the organisation, the discussion provides ...

MIM Applicants are required to submit answers to essay questions as part of the application process. Essays may be typed in the document below, saved and uploaded in one document when requested during the application process.

Essay Question #1

Success in any pursuit requires two important components that rely on each other. These components include a person’s motivation for achieving a goal and the theoretical knowledge for refining the practice of doing something that a person believes strongly in. My motivation for choosing the Masters of Science in Management (MIM) comes from an interest in business, economics and finance that has ...

In management influencing and politics are important in ensuring that goals are achieved to the required standards by team. The article talks about using three elements of management namely Reciprocity, Networking and negotiation for an organization manager to achieve their goals and ensure that the organization meets its intended goals. Reciprocity in management can be defined as whereby one creates an obligation to others to get work done. In this case a manager may give the employees some favors and as payback the employees will be obligated to repay by abiding to the request and managerial requirements of the manager. ...

1. "No Losers" Strategy

Mandela’s “No Losers” Strategy is based on his philosophy of forgiveness and reconciliation so as to heal the wounds of apartheid. Boraine claims that the Truth and Reconciliation process aimed at democratic transformation and justice but this justice was not going to be retributive justice. The focus is on healing the victims and the ruptured society. After the decision to dismantle apartheid and change of power, the issue of dealing with the apartheid crimes gained currency. There was a strong opinion lead by Kader Asmal in favor of “a South African equivalent of Nuremberg trials” ( ...

The critical importance of morality in leadership lays not in the highest standard of behavior it can set; but in the disastrous outcomes it can prevent, or at least, help prevent. The problem, however, is in the relativistic environment it has to deal with. Relativism has no standard, other than the standard of the individual. And, in the corporate world, that standard often rests in the position of power. Anyone in power has the official incentive to impose personal standards (“individualistic morality”) upon others. That, however, does not mean that a morality based on personal standards is morality at ...

The power dependence relation is a simple theory developed to explain the concepts of power, authority, leadership, influence, dominance and status. These terms are commonly used in social situations, politics and business, yet most individuals do not understand their meaning. Despite the existence of extensive research in this area, Emerson (1962) feels that there is a misconception regarding social power. This flaw in thinking is best demonstrated by the common thought that power is attributable to a specific power or group of people. This misconception raises the question of the power structure in society and the aspect of power as property.

Emerson ( ...

This chapter expounds and gives more insight into social influences. Social influences are both used for entertainment and can be used to explain certain scenarios or conditions that make people act in a certain way. Additionally, the three forms of influence; conformity, compliance, and obedience are discussed.

The social influence effect varies on individuals. Individuals may decide to obey or resist commands, conform to a certain group norms or may maintain their own independence and can comply with a request or be assertive. Social influences are automatic as evidenced by studies that indicate infants learn by imitating what their mothers do. For ...

According to Walen Reciprocity in the Northwest coast art took the form of the potlatch ceremony where the host and relatives gave out gifts to all guests that had been invited who were expected to accept the gifts offered tothem.They would also give back in the same kind to those who gave tothem. This notion of reciprocation was also shown when the host was accorded prestige and status in direct proportion to his expenditure. Catherine and Val Napoleon (2008) Througha story ofRaven, the exchange is shown when he impregnates a man’s daughter who in turn gives to him his ...

The birthday parties are always conducted in at least a bigger percentage of the people in our generation now, in those parties, there are gifts that are given to the host of the party, in the thesis we will try to take a survey of those colorful gifts that are brought in the ceremony. In most of the western cultures and societies the very colorful decorations accompany the United States and Australia particularly. The parties that are held to commemorate one's birthday many times, for instance, the balloons and sometimes the streamers. The birthday cake, a crucial element of any birthday celebration ...

In Plato's Justice from the ``Republic,'' Thrasymachus believes justice is ``really the good of another, the advantage of the stronger and the ruler, and harmful to the one who obeys and serve (Westphal 45).'' This was because he believed that a just man doesn't profit as much as that of an unjust person. A just man follows the law and does good but he ends up being at the losing end if compared to an unjust person who in simple terms end up the one getting the guns, the gold and the glory. That ...

Social exchange theory is a collective psychological and sociological perspective that defines community change and permanence as away of discussion of relationship between groups. The theory states that all human beings relate to each other mutually where they must benefit from each other. For example when an individual in a relationship feels that he/she is not benefiting as earlier on expected, then the theory foretell that in one way or the other the individual will abandoned the relationship. Theorists further clarified that if the cost and gains are the same then that relationship is biased. The idea of equity is central ...

Summary : Managing business ethicsLinda K. Trevino & Katherine A. Nelson. Wiley; 5th edition

Chapter 4 – Addressing individuals’ common ethical problems

Ethical issue when people work together (privacy, discrimination, sexual harassment or simply how people get along. Key is fairness meaning equity, reciprocity, impartiality - Equitable is when something is divided between 2 people according to the worth & inputs of the 2 individuals. Most people think it’s unfair when 2 people have performed the same duty but receive a different share of the reward - Reciprocity: “if you do this for me I’ll do this for you”. Most ppl think it’s unfair if ...

Compare the significance for Canada of the Treaty of Washington, and the Alaska Boundary Dispute.

Introduction The Treaty of Washington and the Alaska Boundary Dispute both were significant incidents in the history of Canada. Both share some amount of similarities. At the time when the Treaty of Washington was signed in 1871, the Dominion of Canada was newly formed but still it was under the imperial control of the British Empire. The Alaska Boundary Dispute also took place at the same time when the Dominion of Canada was formed in 1867, but all the foreign affairs of Canada were still controlled by the British Empire. The Treaty of Washington was signed on the ...

Final Essay:

Explain East Asian moral theory and practice. East Asian moral theory and practice derives heavily from Confucianism, which is a way of thinking that focuses much on several moral aspects. Confucianism in itself possesses key tenets on maintaining a moral life, ensuring propriety at all times, determining behavioral patterns and providing directions in everyday life and in society through a sensible set of guidelines. Thus, it is important to study Confucian moral theory and practice in further understanding societal virtues in East Asia, particularly as it provides communities and society with a set of basic structures, grants adequate orientation to people as ...

AbstractIt is hard for a starting business to get customers or clients. It is true especially when the marketing budget is little. Having the right service or product that you are positive will draw customers to your business is not quite enough. Clients will not just find you on your website or location only because one has begun to sell a service or a product. Most business holders have to go frequently on hunting missions to find clients and maintain them. The objective of new business owners is how to attain new clients. To get enough clients, it all depends on ...

This chapter details the authors attempt to improve organization performance through investigating of cognitive and effective domains of human. The chapter mainly dwells on the three basic domains of personality, perception and attribution. At the start, the paper describes personality theory as factor that is mainly influenced by heredity and the environment. The paper recommends that mangers need to carry out personal personality measure in order to adjust well in the organization (Ashkanasy, 2002). This approach will enable him/her to apply effectively utilizes personality theory in the organization and understands that his/her team members have diver’s personality. The ...

Introduction

Nicholas Kurzon’s ‘Sight Unseen’ is an ethnographic documentary film, having claimed about a dozen local and international film distinctions. The documentary focuses on ‘Bali’, an Island Province of Indonesia. Bali has metamorphosed into a great international tourist fascination. The main impetus behind this charisma is that Bali has been encountering a process of ‘Balinese Globalization’. Globalization can be defined as the process of international integration of ideas, politics, economy and products with the inherited cultural change appeal of the mentioned items. Increasing global adherence and appreciation for Democracy, Capitalism, Free Trade, coupled with the resultant advancements in means of communication and ...

The poverty alleviation programs adopted by various states at different points of time have been an issue of much debate. There have been a number of research and empirical study on the effects of different benefit schemes for the poor and the unemployed. Researchers and policy makers have also come up with different instruments to combat poverty and destitution. It is the primary goal of every welfare state to ensure a respectful and quality living for all its citizens. The article that we are going to discuss today is a critical analysis of the Unconditional Basic Income (UBI) scheme. This scheme has ...

Utility and sub game perfection

Ultimatum Game is an appropriate paradigm that investigates the discord between social motives like fairness and self-interest. UG bases on the assumption that bargainers maximize their outcome. The acceptance of the smallest offer can yield high outcomes and the alternative of refusing means no outcome at all. The social utility model implies that the utility of the outcome depends on both payoffs. The study aims to identify factors that can affect the relative importance in making UG. A strong reciprocity model in the evolution of human cooperation gains acceptance because of support and experimental findings. An observation that unfair ...

Apparently, prevalence of a particular pandemic illness host and foster the emergence of various ethical considerations. In this way, the policy makers are left with the obligation of applying the significance of these ethics. In an effort to formulate policies that will be deemed appropriate and valid base on the context of a given pandemic illness. With the above said, this paper seek to establish the importance of ethics to the process of policy making regarding pandemic outbreak and other future pandemic issues. Firstly ethics is of utmost significance in policy making essentially because it encourages fairness and respect to ...

Community service is an elemental aspect in the societies today. Community services encompass voluntary actions and operations by people in all aspects. Community services are continual activities in the societies that many people attach great importance. In many organizations and institutions today, it is an added advantage for employees and job seekers to have been participants in community services. As such, they suggest the contribution of people to their societies. I undertook my volunteer work as a community service at the Food Share Company. While at the company, I engaged fully with the operations of the organizations in volunteer work. ...

Literature Review

Abstract The increasing and rapidly evolving use of social media in general and Facebook in particular have reflected substantially on the different forms of friendship. This reflection can be seen as both positively and negatively. This literature review presents an analysis of how social media and in particularly Facebook has effected friendship. The paper has discussed various studies, research and surveys based on friendship, the human nature and behavior in respect to friendship and role of social media, especially role of Facebook on the forms of friendship. Different literature reviews have been used to present information and to ...

2-1. Food Foragers, Hunting and Gathering, and ‘Insulting the Meat’ and Egalitarianism

Food Foragers Food foragers are essentially ‘in tune’ with their environment such that they have developed the senses and the skills to forage for food. Foragers survive by fishing, hunting, and gathering edible plants in their surroundings. Since foraging not only requires skill but also shared efforts among people in the community. For this reason, foragers were the ones that put together the fabric of ‘community’. “It was as foragers that we became truly human, acquiring the basic habits of dealing with one another and with the world around us that still guide the behaviour of individuals, communities, ...

Introduction

“Eating Christmas in the Kalahari” (1969) and “The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari” (1968) are two articles by Lee Richard Borshey that detail the everyday life of the Kung bushmen of the Kalahari Desert. The author spent some time living and interacting with members of this community and learnt a lot about their way of life. His experiences shed light on some of the characteristics that define different societies including adaptive strategies, means and modes of production, division of labor and reciprocity. One of the most interesting thing that comes out in the article “The Hunters; Scarce Resources ...

Personal Employment Portfolio

[Institution Title]

~William Goodwin

My Personal Philosophy

There are three things I value more in life than anything else –education, camaraderie and integrity. However, these does not mean that everything else is worthless or has no value to me. In fact, I think that value is something that varies among people depending on how they were brought up and what they wanted to accomplish out of life. I value education because my parents reared me believing that a good education is one’s person only asset that cannot be taken away nor would run dry. Camaraderie is important for me because I believe ...

ID Number

Responses

a. What are your personal reactions to this movie? Be descriptive. “The Princess Bride” is a charming, funny Gothic film filled with colorful characters. The most captivating part of the movie is the sense of sincerity with which Director Reiner tells the story. The princess’ enchanted appearance also adds more interesting features to the film. “Princess Bride” is a postmodern fairy tale movie that affirms and challenges the principles of a genre that may be devoid of flexibility to provide support to the movie. The character of Patinkin is a joy to witness in this film because of his longhaired ...

Introduction and Background:

In this contemporary world the concept of psychological contract is now emerging within the western region. It has received increased attention by the employers and employees for increasing the reciprocity. As, it is referred to the beliefs of an individual pertaining to the terms and conditions of the exchange relationship with another party, it is important to understand its significance in order to maintain a positive and healthy relationship. This concept is based on broader social exchange theories; proposing that the social relationships entails implicit and explicit expectations and obligations. The influence of culture and religion will be also be ...

The cultural identity of a civilization is the utmost important factor in the comprehension of the nature of the community as it represents “the totality of ideas” and behaviors which the people who live in that community share. One needs to comprehend what cultural conflict is in the context of learning more about the culture of the communities across the globe. The conflict is a purposeful action on the part of two or more parties who are in a competitive situation. Such situations can even come into existence without the conscious awareness of the conflict among the players. Incompatibility is the primary ...

Experts in child development and related practice hold a common view that parents should learn parental sensitivity to child behavior. The responses that parents give to their children have a significant impact on the development of the child. Interestingly, studies on the parental sensitivity project limit focus on the adolescent mothers and fathers. Parental sensitivity focuses on the response pattern to the infant’s behavior. Mary Ann McGovern article “Sensitivity and Reciprocity in the Play of Adolescent Mothers and Youth Fathers with Their Infants” explore the adolescent mothers and father’s sensitivity and reciprocity to their four month old infants. ...

Abstract

With the passage of time, the perceptions regarding primate studies have changed drastically. The initial studies on primates were focused towards the structural similarities between human beings and apes. However, with time, the studies also focused on behavioral and biological similarities among these species. Cooperation is a common phenomenon in human beings and primates. However, human cooperation exceeds the level of cooperation in primates because of the variety of cooperative strategies used by them. Furthermore, the cooperation among human beings and primates also differ in terms of the cognitive skills possessed by them.

Introduction

This paper has discussed changes in the ...

The key ingredient for treading toward a better future is through the apotheosis of democracy across the entire globe. The concept of democracy and democratization is closely intertwined with the civil society. The civil society constitutes the life and blood of the system in question. Thus, the government and the civilians have to work together to ensure the success of the democratic process. Any impediments in the way of working together would mean that the democratic structure would get weakened and the very basic aim of democracy would not be achieved. The American society has seen a gradual fall in civic ...

Q1. Milgram’s study of obedience was an experiment set to investigate the effect of authority on obedience using the background of German soldier who committed horrific deeds during the Holocaust, whereby he concluded that people practiced obedience out of desire to appear cooperative or out of fear. This study was an example of the power of persuasion since it involved the investigation of what influenced people to do something (obey) in relation to those in power. Coercion and persuasion overlapped but the experiment involved more of persuasion since he did not threaten the autonomy of the subjects ...

In The Economic, Social, Spiritual and Political Spheres of Aboriginal Life

In The Economic, Social, Spiritual and Political Spheres of Aboriginal Life Reciprocity is an underlying principle expressed throughout Aboriginal societies. The first thing to recognize when considering any aspect of Australian Aboriginal Society is that this is not one single social group but rather a society interwoven by more than five hundred social groups. Many attributes of each society are different from group to group. There are different languages, life styles, customs, and practices. There are certain core beliefs and customs that do cross the continent and appear universal. Reciprocity is a learned behavior. This is easy to see when ...