Essays on NATO

Part 1

Mass media is extremely useful in defining how certain issues are handled in the society. The flow of information in the media has influence various activities and decisions in the past following the sensitivity of the kind of information that members of the society release. However, different people will have variant views on certain issues as they are reported by the mass media. Recently, there have been extensive reports on revolts in North Africa, as well as the Middle East. These reports have led NATO interventions as the solution to the rising levels to a country like Libya.
Based ...

NATO has seen enlargement through its period of inception. Since its establishment in April 1949 with a mere half a dozen members, its current standing stands at nearly 28 members from different parts of the world engaged in defense and military alliance. However with the developments taking place and the end of the Cold War and Afghanistan invasion, the need has been felt for expanding the circle of members list of NATO. This decision would have its repercussions in multiple facets and all these must be taken into account. Each of the member state has its own views and ...

The Libya civil war took place in the year 2011 and is usually referred to as the Libyan Revolution. The armed conflict was fought between the forces of loyal of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and people who were seeking him out of the government. The first war was preceded by protests in Zawiya in 2009 and later ignited by the protests, which occurred in Benghazi in February 15, 2011. The protests led to clashes between the people and the security forces. The security forces ended up firing into the crowds to disperse them. The National Transitional council was created as ...

Introduction

Currently, there are many international organizations in the world that address issues in all areas of the human life, including economic and political ones. The acutest problems of today, in my book, are the problem of war and peace, of disarmament and resolution of armed conflicts. Safety concern of every state has led to the creation of the military and political organizations. One of which was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). NATO creation was a consequence of the Cold War and, therefore, all its efforts were aimed at confrontation with the Soviet Union and with other socialist countries ( ...

What the US Retrenchment means for Europe and NATO?

Recent events and occurrences point to the fact that the United States of America now graces itself as a pacific, than a European power. This can be vividly understood in the President Obama’s military strategy review of 2012. However, the need to stave off the worst economic crisis in human history is making the European Government plundering their defenses cottage.
Any of the aforementioned developments, on its own, would have a profound impact on how the transatlantic alliances function. When merged, both would, most likely, put NATO into irrelevance. In his report Frecios Heisbourg, pointed out that “the ...

Establishment

Abstract
America took the initiative to create the security mechanism to involve the majority of democratic countries and stabilize Europe, because the fact that the Soviet Union no longer controlled the surrounding countries increased the tensions in the region. In April 4, 1949, the countries signed a final treaty that established NATO. The USSR has strongly opposed the formation of the organization. In a response, it created its own structure to maintain its stability in the Western Europe. Not all countries became beneficial because of the creation of NATO. Some countries found themselves on the wage of the war ...

Introduction

NATO or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an agreement between participating countries to support and give assistance to other allied countries who have signed treaty to the agreement. This concept of supporting each other and giving each member a sense of security when it comes to attacking elements from external parties give members of the organization a chance to grow and give attention to aspects of development without necessarily being fully or over-concerned about how they are going to fair in case military operations rise against them. Considerably, NATO’s role is to serve as the safety-net that ...

Relations between Russia and USA have been on the knife edge because Russia experienced instability and civil disturbance after the disintegration and many analysts predicted that the world had seen the last of Russia as a true global force. But, under the leadership of Putin and his United Russia party has overseen a period of strong development driven by dominance of Europe’s energy sector. Nearly all of Europe’s Natural Gas requirements are being met by the Russian wells and such that the former Soviet exerts a strong influence in this area especially on the Eastern European nations ...

- Some argue that NATO is not just a military alliance, but also a political organization. To what extent is this valid argument?
NATO is perhaps one of the most continuing and complex political and military organization on the global field in the modern times. All over the six decades of existence, it has been thoroughly evaluated, studied, analyzed and commented upon, however many theorists are still determining its operations.
Both these scenarios justified the establishment of NATO that could deal effectively with the Soviet threat as well as the USA’s dominance of the region. The European countries ...

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The main lesson of the last five decades is that the process and reconciliation in Europe based on the European security system. If it were not for NATO, France could not have a sufficient sense of their own safety to settle their differences with Germany. If there wasn’t NATO then France, and the UK more actively opposed to German reunification. Suffice it to recall the desperate attempts Thatcher and Mitterrand tighten (and thus even prevent) the reunification of Germany, to evaluate the role of NATO in the eradication of the ...

Towards the end of cold, Europe was divided into East and West, with each affiliated to Soviet Union and United States respectively. With the collapse of the Warsaw Pact in 1991, there was great enthusiasm on the part of its former members to join the Western alliance lead by NATO. Moreover, as the European Union went ahead with absorbing new members from East and South, its geographic center moved toward Germany. In the process, adding to Germany’s already increased political and economic weight on the continent (Mayhew 1998).
The expansion of became the new meaning for the European ...

- Introduction
Germany is situated in central Europe. It comprises the Central German Uplands (Mittelgebirge), the Southern German Highlands, and the North German Plain. Germany has a size approximate to that of Montana. Germany's major rivers are the Danube, the Weser, the Elbe, the Oder, and the Rhine. It has for its borders the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, and lies between the Netherlands and Poland, approximately south of Denmark.
The very first inhabitants of Germany were the Celtics. The Holy Roman Empire in the 14th century consisted of a loose federation of German princes. These princes nominated ...

Question 1

- Based on Morgenthau’s article Six points of Political Realism, Do Political realists focus on absolute power or relative power at both the individual level and the international system?
Central idea to bear in mind : According to realists, the competition that characterizes the international system is due to the fact that nation-states and other state actors would like to maintain their relative power in relation to other actors in the international system.
- Based on Fourteen Points by Woodrow Wilson, what role does rationality and sovereignty play in shaping the alignment of the Central and the Allied ...

The NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is a military composition in North Atlantic signed in 1949. NATO is also referred to as North Atlantic Alliance. It consists of collective defense where a member state mutually agrees to defend one another in case of an external attack by an enemy. Its headquarters is located in Brussels Belgium, it constitutes of 28 member’s state the newest members being Croatia and Albania who joined in April 2009, it’s also interesting to note that over 70% of world defense spending originates from NATO member states. For the first few years, NATO ...

The United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have had great influence on the politics and the economics of Post-Communist states. This paper seeks to examine and explore US and NATO military influence in post-communist Poland and East Germany. It further analyzes the role played by the strong presence of the Soviet Republic in both Poland and East Germany in limiting as well as increasing the US and NATO military involvement in the region. Since US foreign security policy in Europe is tied to NATO, the paper will analyze the effect of the military influence of United ...

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was signed in April 4, 1949. NATO is an intergovernmental military alliance, which has its headquarters at Brussels, Belgium, and it is based on the North Atlantic treaty or agreement. The organization has a collective defense system where member countries mutually agree on the defense mechanism in response to the external attacks (Andreas et al 76)
The presence of NATO in Afghanistan has been beneficial to the Middle East though some people argue that it has increased conflicts and misunderstanding than before. The NATO ongoing operation in Afghanistan and Iraq has enhanced strategic ...

Today, in the era of high technologies and scientific improvements, humanity is still trying to understand what is happening and how to predict future. From the point of international relations, this discourse is relevant for understanding of motivations behind states' behaviour. In this paper, realistic theory of IR is used in order to explain conditionality of NATO transformation after the end of Cold War. In this context, attention will be paid to explanation of changing political and security environment in the world and shift in the international system.

Key Words: the Cold War, NATO, realism, international relations, national interests.

The Post-Cold War Realism of NATO Transformation
In the history of ...

The massacre of forty unarmed civilians in the village of Racak on the fifteenth day of January the year 1999 marked the climax of the armed Conflict of Kosovo. At this point, the international efforts aimed at establishing a diplomatic solution to the seemingly endless internal conflict had totally failed (Hosmer 2001). President Slobodan Milosevic was in constant breach of the internationally mediated agreements, exhibiting highest disregard for diplomacy. When the last endeavor to find a subtle solution to the otherwise unjustified killings failed, the American ambassador, Mr. Richard Holbrooke tried to convince Milosevic to embrace ...

Introduction 3

Definition of large and small nations 3
Background and Theory of Alliances 3
Theories 4
a. Free-riding theory 4

Challenges Mobilizing Nations to Produce Public Goods Globally 6

b. Game Theory 6
c. Dependency theory 7
d. Pareto efficiency 8
Conclusion 8

Bibliography 10

Introduction
Strategic alliances have been used over the decades by firms pursuing diverse economic goals. Strategic alliances have become an essential feature in the global economy, especially due to the challenges paused by factors such as rapid globalization. As an emerging way of action, alliances have been viewed as a solution to implementing efficient global strategies capable of enhancing growth of a state or nation. Despite ...

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) wields a significant military influence within Cyprus, Greece and Turkey, with the aforementioned states being member-states of said organization. Verily, the NATO is an alliance of different nations that takes primacy in terms of securing defense within member-states in the face of attacks from without, thus making it the “first resort” in terms of mutual defense of Cyprus, Greece and Turkey (Cebeci 94). Several announcements reaffirmed NATO’s position as the prime protector of said member-states. The 1999 Washington Summit emphasized that NATO stands as the main body that ...

NATO’s Intervention in the Libyan Crisis

The instantaneous cause of the Libyan revolution and powerful anti-authority movement came following the arrest of human rights campaigners. The protests escalated at an unprecedented rate to other towns within the country. With Gadhafi clinging on to control and vowing to fight until the last drop of blood, the consequences of the Libyan revolution were set to rise1. The consequences were worse, as evidenced from the unparalleled massacre of the people and downright end of the regime. Western nations had to intervene into the situation, and this saw the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) being given the authority to ...

The cold war referred to the progressive state of military and political tension between the western World spear headed by America and its NATO allies and the Communist world led by Soviet Union and its allies. The cold war so named because it never featured any direct military action. However, they both threatened each other with nuclear attack and both fully participated in proxy wars through supporting the so called allied nations.

The origins of the cold war began with uncertainty and mistrust between the West and the Eastern blocks countries in Europe. The objective of the Russians was ...

Research Paper: Chemical, Biological, Radiological

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Other

Introduction

Background/Literature Review
- Description of the chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear (CBRN) weapons
- Identification of basic threats associated with CBRN weapons

Discussion

- Summary of past terrorist use of CBRN weapons based on case studies
- Comparison and contrast of various CBRN weapons that could be used in a terrorist attack
- Examination of critical knowledge of the current CBRN threat.

Conclusion

Recommendations
Abstract
This research paper explores chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear threats (CBRN) to United States of America within the last decade. The exploration encompasses a description of the chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear (CBRN) weapons used as ...

Introduction

The collapse of the Soviet Union between 1989 and 1991 meant that the countries that were formerly under its rule and control were now free. However, many of these countries that were formerly under the rule of the Soviet Union encountered great difficulties in reclaiming their national and independent identities. One of the countries that faced great difficulty was Yugoslavia. First the integrity of this country was hugely questioned. The nation functioned as an unstable assemblage of people of various ethnic groups. These include Croats, Serbs, and Bosnian Muslims. The country eventually split into various competing factions. Serbia and ...

The present and future of computer based espionage and terrorism.

I. Introduction

Computer based espionage and terrorism

Computer based espionage is a form of spying through the use of computer devices and internet. It involves organizations, governments, or individuals obtaining confidential information without legal permission from the information holder. It is mainly done or kept secret because of the fact that it may be illegal thus punishable using the law. However sometimes computer based espionage may be considered legal as being part of intelligence operation. In such cases the organization or individual conducting the intelligence, does it using ethical means and mainly utilizes public sources of information. Governments are the ones mostly involved with ...

Not long ago many headlines on terrorism appeared in newspapers all over the world. The event happened on the 11th of September, 2001 made countries to pay more attention to this issue. In 2001 President Bush declared that a “war (that) would not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated.” Still, no one knows whether this campaign will be successful or not (Rapoport, 2006). One of those things that people can do to decrease the terrorism is to learn history, as the terrorism is not new in the 21th century. The history ...

Since the close of World War II, the US has remained committed to transatlantic security. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in 1949 and saw the transatlantic nations become the core of world security. It is in this light that NATO has emerged as military alliance that remains important to the US. There are about 80,000 US military personnel located in about 28 operating bases in Europe. These are mainly in the UK, Italy, Germany and Spain. While the Cold War led to the setting up of these bases, America defends Europe due to a number of various ...

Methods of Engagement in Afghanistan: Security, Identity and Economy

The cultural differences between the United States (U.S) and Afghanistan are huge. The U.S. celebrated its independence from the British Empire about 1236 years ago compared to Afghanistan’s population who has lived there for generations. The U.S. first became involved militarily there when it armed Afghan fighters against the Soviet invasion between 1979 and 1989. A devastating ten year Civil War followed. (Rohde & Crossette, 2001) Next the Taliban came to power and then lost power when the current U.S. war against Afghanistan started in 2001. Unfortunately after over a decade war in Afghanistan the suffering of the people ...

UN POSITION ON NUCLEAR WEAPONS

There are more than two dozen countries of the world that have nuclear power, however, only a few have nuclear weapons and few are suspected of making nuclear weapons. During the cold war era between US and USSR, nuclear arms race was the most alarming feature as both the super powers rapidly built up their stockpiles of nuclear weapons. Later when both realized, there would be devastation caused by nuclear weapons, they embarked upon a number of agreements for reduction in the number of nuclear weapons. Efforts were speeded up after disintegration of the USSR; however, the issues remained ...

Essay for Lesson 11: German Reunification

Introduction
The division of Germany into West Germany and East Germany emerged as a stopgap solution for the woeful state of the nation following its defeat in the Second World War. With the United States (US) ultimately gaining full control over West Germany, East Germany increasingly became alienated towards it, as it went under the influence of the Soviet Union (USSR). West Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), rapidly grew into one of the most politically and economically influential nations in Europe representing the democratic interests of the US in the region, while East Germany, officially the ...

After the ending most widespread war in the history of mankind - the Second World War, the world entered into the New World Order. With the last shot of this war the European colonial period ended, and began new era –era of the two rival superpowers. Almost immediately after the ending of the war “Iron Curtain” has crossed the continent but not only the continent across the entire world. So let’s analyze to what consequences WWII led and how it impact on positions of all major players in the world. The first major consequence of the Second World ...

- Characteristics of the nation-state and transnational entities
A nation-state refers to an organized community living under one government that derives administrative legitimacy from serving an independent unit for a realm as an independent territorial entity. The term nation-state is derived from nation and state. Nation refers to a coming together of people sharing a culture and language. A nation does not necessarily assume a formal political entity. On the other hand, a state is a political legally formed entity that comprises of a defined territory, a government, a permanent population, and the ability to enter into legal relations ...

The start of the crisis in Ukraine initially goes back to 21st of November, when Victor Yanukovich the former president of Ukraine abandoned the trade agreement with EU, to have closer ties with Moscow. Since that, the public started to protest against this decision, and the public support grew as the pro-EU and anti-government protestors were slammed by Police Special Forces called Berkut. In Kiev and just in Independence Square 300,000 people protested, and the activists seized the City Hall. The situation even got more as the anti-protest law in parliament was passed. Three protestors were killed, and ...

Throughout the semester, I have learned about the security, and security is one of the most important issues in the world. Many people think security means safety and peace as same as I thought, and I thought security is like a password. Nowadays, many people have a password to protect their information in the world. When we use the internet and bank service, they always require a password, and many people have different passwords each other because of protecting personal information. Of course, it is one of the security issues, but security divided by three parts. According to the “ ...

Russia has been quite active on the international front of late, particularly in the Syrian question where it has played an important role in holding back Western military intervention With President Vladimir Putin continually increasing his powers at home and going on a charm offensive in the West, the stature of Russia has grown immensely and is seen as a counter to NATO and the softer policies of the European Union.
In his 2012 speech Vladimir Putin is talking about the new Russia which must face up to its challenges in a global context. In fact from the very ...

Part 1 Portugal

Part 1 Portugal

Introduction

Portugal is a European nation located in the south-western part of the continent. It is one of the Iberian nations that constitutes Portugal, Spain and Andorra. The country is a member of the European Union. Its history dates back centuries back when it was the world’s most dominant maritime power. Portugal has good relations with other nations on the international scene, especially the South American nations such as Brazil, its former colony. Like other European nations, Portugal has a population structure where there is low population growth and the elderly outnumber the youth. Portugal plays ...

The problem that the United States is facing when it comes to terrorism is complex. However, one of the key issues concerning the United States is the fact that al-Qaeda, its primary terrorism concern, is an enemy unlike others the United States has faced in the past. The United States has always gone to war with nations, or with recognizable groups; however, today, the United States is not at war with al-Qaeda; at least, it is not solely at war with al-Qaeda, although it is fighting al-Qaeda in a variety of different ways.
After the September 11th, 2001 attacks ...

Global capitalism will continue to expand in the 21st Century, and its center will increasingly shift from the West to Asia, but wars between the great capitalist powers is far less likely than an ongoing ‘clash of civilizations’ due to cultural and religious particularisms. There is no end in sight to the counterinsurgency and nation-building conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Middle East, which will probably drag on throughout the 21st Century or to Islamic terrorism. Cooperation between the capitalist and imperial powers will continue, despite certain periods of crisis, and even seems to have survived even the strains ...

The war on terror has been one of the most expensive battles to burden the United State of America economy. In the most recent decades, the war has been waged against terrorist groups like the al Qaeda and the Taliban. The main challenge on the fight against the al Qaeda group is the lack of a central region of operation and use of guerilla war tactics. The group is spread in Afghanistan, Pakistan and some part of Africa. The 11th September 2001 twin tower attacks on the United State soil saw President George .W. Bush officially declare war on ...

In the article, Why the Military Needs to Leave Afghanistan, and Soon, Phil Sparrow makes a case against continued western military presence in Afghanistan. Phil Sparrow argues that while NATO, led by the United States and British military should leave as soon as possible, the political capacity builders should stay to help Afghanistan rebuild the governmental institutions that are vital for the country’s structural revamping. Phil Sparrow’s article is a response to Jillian Hacking’s article that argued that many Afghans favored the continued presence of the NATO military forces because they assured security to the citizens. ...