Essays on Free Energy

Calculations for ΔG and KeqΔG=-NFECELL=-296.4850.45=-86836.5ΔG=-RTlnKEQ-86836.5=-8.3144293lnKEQlnKEQ=-86836.5-2436.1192lnKEQ=34.65e34.65=KEQKEQ=3.545 Based on the numerical value for Ecell (measured), the reaction is spontaneous. Being that the redox reaction has a positive value for Ecell, the reaction is spontaneous. It would cease to be spontaneous if the Ecell value is negative (Aus-e-tute, p.1). Based on the numerical value for delta G (calculated), the reaction is spontaneous. Delta G, or Gibbs free energy can have a positive, negative or null value. A reaction is non spontaneous when delta G is positive, and spontaneous when the value is negative. A reaction is said to be at ...

Living organisms depend on biochemistry to power various chemical reaction cycles which are important for the overall biological functioning of an organism. Chemical reactions occur at a specific rate in certain conditions and require input energy (activation energy) to be supplied before a reaction can begin. Since a reaction cycle consist of many consecutive step, slowing one step slows down the whole cycle. Enzymes are proteins which act as catalysts in biochemical reactions and speeds up reactions to rates that are high enough for biological functioning. Enzymes manage this by providing an alternative reaction route with lower activation energy.

The breakdown of ...

1.0 Introduction

Nano-thermal analysis is a primary technique used in the study of the characteristics of pharmaceutical materials in the initial phase of drug design and development. Some of the drug properties that can be studied using nano-thermal analysis include the spatial distribution of the constituents, shape, and size particularly in multicomponent drug sample. Using nano-thermal procedures the different components of these multicomponent drugs can be studied and characterized without having to dissociate the drug. The technique is particularly useful in increasing the dissolution of drugs with low water solubility hence improve their bioavailability. This is by facilitating the formation of solid ...

Introduction

These days, after the rise of industrial revolution, almost every economy is dependent on industrial activities which businesses pursue to not only make profits but create value for the society at large. While pursuing such an activity, the manufacturing concerns are also required to take care of the environment as well. This is because the production activities not only involve the release of dangerous wastes but also involve the emission of carbon dioxide gas which is harmful for society, environment and marine life as a whole resulting in a rise of global warming. Carbon dioxide (having a chemical formula of CO2) ...

United Kingdom adopted the market for energy approach in 1982 under the stewardship of Mr. Nigel Lawson the then secretary of state in charge of energy. From that time, the power was to be a traded product, just like other commodities and it supply was to be settled in the marketplace. The adoption of that idea was slow and by the early 1990s, most of the energy parastatals had been privatised. Electricity, coal, gas and the nuclear power were all privatised. The old mechanisms and commands like Central Electricity Generating Board were replaced by many companies for generating and distributing ...

“Abstract”

Cholesterol plays a pivotal role in the fluidity of plasma membrane in cells. Evidence of cholesterol evolution from lanosterol suggests that cholesterol has little sensitivity to changes in temperature as opposed to lanosterol. Simulations also revealed that there is no ld-lo coexistence and 3-phase lines in lipid/lanosterol systems as opposed to lipid/cholesterol systems. The sterol also favors a strong interaction with lipids having saturated acyl chains (Miao et al.) which is a key factor in understanding and characterizing the lipid bilayer model. Based on surface potential measurements, cholesterol and ergosterol reduce the penetration of water into the lipid monolayer. Results revealed that excess ...

Introduction

During the Solubility Product experiment you calculated the Solubility Product, Ksp, for calcium hydroxide, an ionic solid that is sparingly soluble in water. This was achieved by titrating a saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 prepared at a certain temperature. The saturated, aqueous, solution of Ca(OH)2 is represented in equation form as shown below.

The equilibrium expression for calcium hydroxide is shown below.

Ksp = [Ca2+][OH–]2 Eq. 1 Equilibrium constants are temperature-dependent and the value of an equilibrium constant can be related to temperature and the Gibbs Free Energy, Gº, through the equation: ∆G°=-RTlnK Eq. 2 In this case we can substitute our ...

Funding is requested from the National Science Foundation in order to carry out proposed research based on the calorimetric study of enthalpy, Gibb’s energy, and entropy. The technique of calorimetric experimentation has changed a great deal from the early 1960s when studies of the heat ionization of water were conducted. The first adiabatic bomb calorimeters were very simple and controlling the difference in temperature between the inside and outside jackets was hard to control. The difference in temperature needs to be as small as possible, close to an infinitesimal amount. Technology has developed to sophisticated levels. The automatic capabilities ...