Validity And Reliability College Essays Samples For Students

For a sample to be suitable it must be representative of the relevant population. When a sample fails to include all the characteristics available in the population it is said to be biased. Selection bias a rises when the sampling procedures are insufficiently random resulting in a sample that is not representative of the relevant population, the result is a sample that over represents or under represents certain characteristics of the population (Lucey, 2003). The data set of Little Town café has a sample size of 57 observations of its guests over a three year period. Since the data ...

People, since the past years, have been slowly but surely realizing the impacts of commission and or omission of certain actions on the environment and how it contributes to the worldwide phenomenon that is climate change. What makes this worldwide phenomenon eye and attention-catching is the fact that it has already caused the loss of thousands of lives and billions of dollars’ worth of property losses and damages all around the world. Life-cycle assessment is a technique that centers on the process of assessing the impacts (i.e. environmental impacts) of a certain product from the stage that it was produced or ...

Overview

The following paper provides a critique of the study on “Long-term retention of older adults in the cardiovascular health study: Implications for studies of the oldest old.” The paper utilizes epidemiology and biostatistics concepts to analyse the study. Some of the important concepts discussed include identification of the research problem, research questions, generation of hypothesis, research design used and its validity to the study, justification of research methods, and suitability of data analysis procedure. Epidemiology and biostatistics concept provides an individual with skills to design and implement fundamental and practical research healthcare (Texas A&M Health Science Centre, 2014).

In which paragraph(s) of the study is a research problem stated?

The research ...

The most important thing in carrying out research is to avoid confusing the concept of research vigor with concepts like the quantification, measurement precision and generalizability. The researcher must be cautious before making claims that data collection and data analysis techniques are rigorous than other methods or techniques (Noble, & Smith 34). Therefore, rigorous or the trustworthy in any research implies the need to use appropriate tools that meet the goals and objectives of investigation done. For the investigator to determine whether there was rigorous in data collection, he or she will ask some questions on data collection procedures or ...

Nursing research generates evidence that ensures the effectiveness of nursing interventions. The strength of the evidence relies on the quality of the data collection procedure and the validity and reliability of the instruments. In addition, utilizing the results of studies in clinical practice requires consideration of applicability. As such, it is important to determine if the research conclusions can be generalized to the setting and patient demographics of one’s practice. These points are illustrated in the following description of a randomized controlled trial of a nurse-led intervention seeking to enhance patient enrollment in cardiac rehabilitation.

Sample, Demographics, and Study Setting

The sample consisted of 242 ...

Data reliability is a concept used to explain the consistency or uniformity of a measure (Tracy, 2008). For instance, in a research with five respondents and each is given a test, the results should be the same no matter the number of times the test is repeated. Data validity refers to the extent to which a research accurately assesses or reflects the specific claim that the researcher is trying to measure (Tracy, 2008). In other words, reliability ensures the accuracy of a procedure or measuring instrument, whereas validity ensures the success of the research at measuring or determining what the investigator intend to measure.
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Literature review

Kaasa, S. (2015). Is Cancer Pain Control Improved by a Simple WHO Pain Analgesic Ladder Approach Combined With Tumor-Directed Treatment?.Journal of Clinical Oncology, JCO647537.

Article summary

This article takes into consideration the role that the WHO analgesic ladder plays in addressing cancer pain in palliative care patients. The authors identify that cancer pain occurs in 90% of cancer patients but only half them are under proper pain management. To this effect, therefore, there is the need for applying opioids under the WHO ladder guidelines as a way of addressing cancer pain in oncology care patients.

This is a narrative qualitative research ...

There is the need for taking into account the key concepts which will determine whether a particular study that has already been done is useful and can be incorporated into practice. The primary components that will make a particular study helpful for use in a certain research process determine how such information can be incorporated into the nursing process. As such, determining the validity of different forms of study is an important step towards achieving evidence-based care (Fineout-Overholt et al., 2010).
The first reason for conducting a critical appraisal on a particular study is to determine whether there are ...

Introduction

The current paper critically evaluates the research study conducted by Zenobia Chan and Joyce Ma (2003). The purpose of the paper is to attempt to develop an understanding of qualitative assessment provided in the selected journal article by critiquing and appraising the research. Chan and Ma (2003) explored the patient’s subjective experience of anorexia nervosa and assessed that how people with anorexia nervosa exhibit certain expressions of annoyance, apprehension, and nervousness. The study of Chen and Ma proves that anorexia nervosa is an affecting disorder in a human being that is characterized by an obsessive desire to lose ...

A review of the technology trend paper, on the topic of Health Information Security, reveals that the author has an in-depth understanding of the impacts that technology may have on the health care industry. The paper is insightful, as it provides readers with information on all the key aspects associated with the area of study thereby promoting overall validity and reliability of the paper. The author ensures that the paper is easy to follow through the usage of subheadings to cover all areas of study for the research paper. That acts as a guarantee that readers would have a ...

1. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches
In the realm of research, two major approaches to gathering information and reporting this information exist: quantitative and qualitative approaches. The qualitative approach focuses on comprehending an occurrence from a closer point of view. The quantitative approach on the other hand leans towards an approximation of phenomena from larger numbers of individuals by applying a variety of survey techniques. Each of these approaches has its upside as well as its detriments and areas where it is most suitable. This essay examines the difference between these two approaches using at risk youth to illustrate them.
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Sampling is the process of selecting a group of subjects to act as a representation of the entire target group. The selected representative portion of the population is called a sample, and it upon which generalizations of the research findings is done to apply to the whole target population. There is one principal way through which a sample might not be a representation of the entire population. This occurs when randomization is not done during the process of compiling the sample. It should be noted that randomization is the key to building an effective representative sample for the study. Randomization involves the selection of ...

Research, by definition, is a scientific approach to describe and investigate phenomena. In the field of nursing, research plays a substantial role in the practice of safe and ethical nursing practice, thus a term called evidence-based nursing practice has been introduced in the profession. Nursing research involves the use of qualitative and quantitative research designs. Qualitative research typically aims to understand and interpret social interactions through open-ended responses, survey, interviews, participant observations, field notes and reflections. This type of design follows an inductive pattern whereby theories and assumptions are generated based on the responses, reflections or interactions of the respondents in the ...

Research tools, tests, scales, and population are indispensable to research studies in social sciences. The choice of an instrument, test, and scale to be used in measuring various characteristics of a given population influences the validity and reliability of the research tools employed. The characteristic of a population being measured in a particular study determines the choice of tools most appropriate for the study.
Different tests used in social science studies are related in various ways. Therefore, they are classified based on their relationships. For instance, chi-square, phi, logistic regression, and Cramer’s V are applicable where the independent and dependent ...

Independent and Dependent Variables

Measuring the current competency in the provision of vital public health services and training is crucial to enhancing competencies. The effort helps to ensure reliable leaders in the provision of health services. Hence, the Council on Linkages has undertaken the task of establishing various Core Competencies for public health personnel (Council on Linkages, 2001). In addition, the Council on Linkages (COL) has established a set of competencies for assessing the staff in public health (Council on Linkages, 2005).

The COL Core Competency set has eight substantive areas:

• Communication
• Cultural Competency
• Policy Development and Program Planning
• Community Dimensions of Practice
• Basic Public Health Science
• Financial ...

Studies show that stroke survivors with poor oral hygiene have a poor quality of life (Armstrong and Mosher 2011). (Lam et al. 2014) have explored the effect of clinical oral health and socio-demographic factors on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in patients following stroke. Oral health-related quality of life results were received before and after provision or oral health promotion interventions. Eighty-one patients faced a stroke rehabilitation ward. OHRQoL have also determined the outcomes after in-hospital oral health intervention programme. They observed a significant association between the absence of regular daily brushing and majority of measurement scale items (6 out of ...

The article “Offender profiling: Psychological and methodological issues of testing for behavioural consistency” by Salfati (2008) summarized the research results of various studies in the field of offender profiling with specific attention to using the concepts of offender profiling to linking serial crimes and offender consistency. The article aimed to discuss key methodological issues, mainly focusing on validity and reliability of offender profiling and its development as a field of science, in three interlinked areas of recent profiling research, which included individual differentiation, behavioral consistency, and inferences about offender characteristics.
The first key point was to discuss shortcomings in ...

Abstract

This paper is a case study that aims at characterizing preschoolers daily outdoor play frequency together with the associated factors. The study was conducted among the pre-school aged children whereby a representative sample was picked from various families their parents and guardians were interviewed and given questionnaires to fill.

Introduction

Different families have different frequencies of supervising their children while playing outdoors. Some parents devote much of their time to take their children to go and play and supervise them, other parents take their children to their neighbors while others do not have time and so they rarely take their children to ...

Reliability and validity are two terms commonly used in statistics and research. The two terms generally refer to the truthfulness of something. Reliability refers to the repeatability of research findings while validity refers to the believability and credibility of those findings (Litwin, 1996). In order for research data to be of use it must be both valid and reliable. Validity and reliability are therefore mutually dependent.
In the case of reliability, questions to be asked include: if the same study was to be done a second time would it still yield the same results? If indeed, the study was ...

Analysis of celebrity endorsement as an effective destination marketing tool

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 RATIONALE FOR STUDY
While promoting destinations, the primary and secondary characteristics are usually emphasised and it includes various qualities of the destinations including scenery, climate, hospitality of the local people and traditions. There are secondary factors as well, which add or reduce the value of a particular destination and they are basically the events, transportation, public facilities etc. The communication-saturation in the society is sufficient to adequately promote the above qualities, and the buyers and sellers get aware of these in advance. Morgan et al. (2002a) comments on the above situation, ...

3.1. As a care worker in a specific care setting:

3.1.a. Explain what you understand by reliability of information during complementary therapies.

As a care worker in a specific care setting such as geriatric care or cancer care, there has to be more than enough information needed to support any decision to turn to complimentary therapies for relief. Although some of the unconventional therapies are said to have originated from ancient practices, it is still not enough to justify its effectiveness and reliability. Some health clinics offering alternative healing advertise their services through the internet, newspaper or magazine. There is still a need for ...

Description of assessment methods

The administration of exams in schools and institutions is based on the ability of that particular exam to measure the content and learn-ability of the learner without any bias or prejudice. Therefore the validity and reliability of a test is of pertinent importance to the proper analysis of the student’s understanding of a particular area of specialization. There are a variety of methods used in determining the validity and reliability of a test or exam. Some of them as advanced by Heffner (2004) rely on the ability of the genre of exam to follow specific format and criterion.
There are a number ...