Essays on Anti-Trust

Introduction

Just like his grandfather who was the ninth president of the U.S, Benjamin Harrison followed the in the footsteps on how his grandfather governed the country during his tenure from 1889 to 1893 as the 23rd president of the America. His election gave a confirmation that the White House demands a great personal skill and political expertise (Moore & Hale 13). Not meeting these attributes would stimulate a short-lived reign. During Benjamin’s administration, there wasendorsement of the protective tariffs that resulted in the increase of the consumable goods and considerably triggered the country’s economic despairs. Benjamin’s bold ...

Many sectors of the business world, in US, have long criticized the government regulations and the restrictive nature of business practices. Most businesses often cite the regulations as an impediment to the small, and corporate business profits, and a waste of time and effort. The regulations had been denounced and side-stepped since the early 20th century when the anti-trust laws and income tax laws were enacted.

The anti-trust laws address the following; price discrimination, conspiring to fixed market prices, conspiring to boycotts, monopolization, and conspiring to allocation of markets and consumers. Businesses have to discuss prices with competitors, even ...

The anti-trust laws against Microsoft by the US and the European Union because of its dominance in the market. Given that Microsoft is a monopoly and due to this fact, the company can hold process above that marginal cost in order to get more profits. Microsoft, which is owned by Bill Gates, is one of the most valuable companies because it reaps a lot of profit from its sales. It is crucial to note that that the anti-trust laws were invented by the government to control major industries in the market. Given that a large market share demonstrates more power in terms ...

Question one

K Company has restricted the European based from using the operating system to develop their computer brand. It denied them the right of sharing the copyright and patents of its software. It thus meant that it was the only company in the market trading the computers using that particular operating system. The company’s action violates article 81 and 82 by not a binding to set regulation of the agreement. Article 81 and 82 of the European Community Treaty are agreements that bind the activities or transaction-taking place between two nations. According to article 81, it states that all parties ...

Introduction

My current employer has employed me for seven years as an Assistant Hospital Administrator. However, the Company has noticed my sharp business acumen and dedication to service excellence. Therefore, they have offered me a promotion and relocation package to become the Senior Hospital Administrator of the new Jacob's Hospital Wing for long term care and elderly care, located in Venice, Florida. My responsibilities will be to manage the wing. My job as senior Hospital administrator is to oversee all aspects of healthcare administration. This essay presents a formatted business summary that will be presented to the Jacob Board updating them on ...

Abstract

Comcast Cable currently enjoys the number one market position in the United States. The company has a long history of fueling and sustaining its growth through the acquisition of other companies. In the past, Comcast’s implementation of this growth strategy has worked well and has remained unchallenged by government regulatory agencies. Since Comcast’s early growth was fueled by the acquisition of indirect competitors, the company received positive results by being able to expand its technological capacity and customer base. Comcast was able to grow its profits exponentially as a result of its series of acquisitions. The company’s 2014 ...

“175 U.S. 211 Addyston Pipe and Steel Company VS United States, (1899)”

Abstract

The arrangement was begun in behalf of the United States under the alleged Anti-Trust act of Congress passed July 2, 1890. It was commenced for the resolve of obtaining an embargo perpetually ordering the six corporations that were made defendants and were involved in the sale, manufacture and shipping of iron pipe at their individual places. The companies were refrained from further acting under or resounding the combination supposed in the petition to have entered into amid them. This which was quantified as illegal and unlawful under ...

The Oltz v. St. Peter’s Community Hospital The Oltz v. St. Peter’s Community Hospital Anti-trust laws or statutes are of fundamental importance to the health sector, as they influence existing health care entities in several ways. Influence is significant in factors such as how the health care entities grow and expand, especially regarding their relations with medical providers and suppliers and in their own individual or group interaction. Anti-trust statutes, as found under the United States anti-trust law, pertain to a collection of both state and federal government laws that are crucial in regulating the overall ...

The 1912 United States of America presidential elections can be termed as the most progressive in America's political history. This election attracted frontrunners, Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt who both demonstrated Progressive philosophies. Woodrow Wilson can be compared to Theodore Roosevelt in terms of policies. Progressive era, where citizens were the center of focus was the primary policy of these two leaders. Both of them formulated strong foreign policies with Roosevelt building a national park and a strong navy. Wilson tried not to overexert his authority over businesses and unions as opposed to Roosevelt who was bold by his actions. Even though, both ...

The United States district court for the District of Columbia is a case that was brought against Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV (ABI) to oppose the acquisition of Modelo group by ABI. It was brought up since the government felt that the proposed merger was violating the law through illegal ownership or acquisition of another firm. In addition, the government felt that the acquisition was threatening fair competition in a free market, and the consumers would suffer most as a result of the merger.

Facts to the Case

- The case involved two beer companies in the United States, which were ABI and Modelo Company. The two were ...

Educational Institution

Google has been in the middle of a conflict with the European Union for nearly half a year now. This conflict was initially caused by the “right to be forgotten” legislature that was adopted in the European Parliament in May 2014. Main concept of this legislature is the right of an individual to request erasure of personal data. The conflict was later on exacerbated by the recent attempt of the European Parliament to split up Google and break off its search engine from other services of the company as a part of anti-trust activities. Even though this decision of the EU Parliament ...

Introduction

One of the most depictable historic events was the appointment of Roosevelt as the president of the United States. Before becoming the president, Roosevelt had realized that many people were calling for the attention towards the exploitation of the child labor, the corruption in the city governments, the ruthlessness of the business empires owned by a few individuals and the lynching of individuals. In order to tackle the issue of business exploitation, Roosevelt had to deal with the already grown corporate power. Through the introduction of the Anti-trust laws, the Justice Department sprang 44 anti-trust suits, impeaching railroad, beef, oil, ...

Since its inception as a nation independent of European political control, American politics has flaunted a ethnic and historical diversity which few nations have begun with. It can be argued that every one of the original thirteen states which formed the United States of America were in some way culturally and historically unique from the others, either in having a different origin or a different combination of origins. With this as the historical backdrop, it is only natural that the founding fathers had initially envisioned a confederation of states rather than a union. Under such a system, each state was effectively a sovereign political entity with a weak ...

Apple Anti-trust Case

Facts to the case The publishers of the books were able to control the prices of e-books but with Amazon Company selling the books at a cheaper price, the publishers could not control or raise the prices at will. Amazon was using a discounted model strategy to sell the publishers' books, but the publishers could not keep up competition. This is because they considered the price to be very low and could not compete individually with Amazon. The publishers, therefore, ganged up and collaborated in order to alienate and force the Amazon to sell the books at the publishers ...

Capitalism has been associated with the kind of economy that solely centered on profits.it is centered upon an economy that whose goals do not go beyond the making of profits. Mostly, capitalist economies are coupled with the privatization of land and property, where the ruling class owns most of the properties in the nation (Bowles, 2012). The lower class provides low-wage labor for the rich, and the economy is the greatest beneficiary of all these. The United States is among the states that are most associated with capitalist economies in the world. In the USA, entrepreneurship is the leading ...

Federal Trade Commission V. Morton Salt Co. 334 U.S. 37 (1948)

Question One: Abstract

The Federal Trade Commission v. Morton Salt Cocase is a US antitrust landmark case. The respondent, a salt manufacturer, sold one of its brands on a standard discount system under which only few large-scale firms qualified. The Commission then issued a cease and desist order against the respondents herein having found them liable in price discrimination contrary to section 2 of the Clayton Act as amended by the Robinson-Patman Act. The respondent petitioned to the Circuit court of Appeal which quashed the Commission’s decision. Thereafter, the Commission appealed to the Supreme ...

- Abstract of the case

Dates: Reargued January 9,10,11,12, 1911; Decided: May 29, 1911.

The objective of the case was to ascertain whether the actions of the defendants amounted to a restraint on the ‘interstate commerce in tobacco’. Drawing precedence to a previous ruling against Standard Oil Co., the court was of the opinion that the company has violated the provisions of the Antitrust Act, 1890 on two grounds, by restraining interstate trade of tobacco and by monopolization of the tobacco business. The court reaffirmed that the actions of the American Tobacco Company was against the public interest as it involved ‘combinations’ that attempted to restrict competition. The court was ...

Introduction

The National Labor Relations Act/the Wagner Act has essentially been defined as perhaps the most fundamental piece of legislation that the United States Congress has ever enacted. The Act is named after Robert F. Wagner, a New York Democratic Senator. Wagner Act is a 1935 federal law, which provided for the collective bargaining and recognized the workers’ rights to choose their representatives to present them in the bargaining unit. The Act promised to prevent the recurring depressions, uphold a full flow of the purchasing power, and guarantee a wise wealth distribution between labor and management. In the mid of 1930s, the United States ...

Anti-trust law aims at ensuring fair competition in business. The law proceeds from the position that the presence of free trade enables businesses to thrive, and benefits the consumers and the economy. In its quest, the anti-trust law has had far reaching effects on business practices and their organization especially in the United States. To this end, the law has evolved measures to proscribe monopolization and restraints of trade by businesses among other practices.

Reason for creating the law

The Sherman Anti-trust Act was the first piece of legislation to be enacted by the United States Congress to proscribe trusts and other non-competitive practices. ...

346 U.S. 537, Theater Enterprises, Inc. v. Paramount Film Distributing Corp. et al (1954) - Abstract of case The case relates to a Supreme Court appeal decided on January 4th 1954 in which the petitioner was seeking to have the court find the defendants liable in violation of the Anti-Trust laws. The petitioner resided on the Sherman Act and the Clayton Act. The contention lay in the manner in which the first and subsequent runs of a film were conducted by the defendants to the detriment of the petitioner and whether their action (which in the opinion of the ...

- Abstract This decision of 1911 related to an anti-trust suit brought by the United States against a group of 65 corporations collectively known as the American Tobacco Company. The United States argued that the organization resulted in an unlawful restraint of the tobacco business, similar to the one found in the oil business under the Standard Oil decision that had just been decided. American Tobacco stated that the purchases were just a matter of diversification within a fragmented market and not done with an intent to monopolize. The Court disagreed, affirmed the lower court decision, finding for the United States. ...

Hanover Shoe, Inc. v. United Shoe Machinery Corp. - Abstract In this 1968 case, Hanover Shoe was a customer of United Shoe Machinery, leasing their shoe-making machinery. Previously, United Shoe lost a suit brought by the United States based on the anti-trust effects of their leasing scheme. Hanover used this finding as a basis for suing United Shoe themselves, requesting treble damages. The Court found that the prior case did stand for the proposition that the leasing scheme was illegal monopolization and found for Hanover. United Shoe argued a “passing on” defense and that Hanover’s additional taxes should be excluded ...

Introduction

Predatory Pricing refers to the practice of some dominant firms in selling goods and service at a rate so low that the competitors are likely to phase out of the market if they are unable to compete the lower price. This predation in price also acts as deterrent for potential new competitors to make an entry into the market. Though consumers are benefitted when the price war wages between the predators and their competitors, but when the competitors eventually go out of business, the predators create a monopoly in the market which is not at all beneficial for the consumers in ...

Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

The Nature of Competitive Market Structures Market structures define the nature and characteristics of the competition that exists among the firms or sellers in a particular industry. There are generally four areas that are the foci in the study of market structures of industries: (1) firm boundaries, (2) seller concentration, (3) product differentiation, and (4) conditions of entry (Church and Ware, 2000). Firm boundaries apply to questions like why companies integrate vertically or why they outsource products and services. Seller concentration pertains to how many firms account for a greater percent of the market revenues or sales. Product differentiation refers ...

Progressivism is a reform movement that arose in the late 19th century and ran through the first decades of the early 20th century. Proponents of progressivism sought to address social, political and economic reforms. This was necessitated by the need to address the changes brought upon by industrial revolution and capitalism. There was also the need to prohibit child labor and create better conditions at home and at work. Among the first proponents of the progressive movement were Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson (frontrunners of the 1912 US presidential election). Both men were fortunate enough to serve as the presidents ...

Landmark Antitrust Case Study Assignment

Dr. Mozayeni

Assigned #:__________________________ Monopoly 221 U.S. 1, Standard Oil of New Jersey v. U.S. (1911) 1. Write a 100- word abstract of the case, including the date of the case. The Standard Oil of New Jersey v. U.S. was a case that took place in 1911 and gave the Supreme Court gave its verdict on May 15, 1911. In this case, the Supreme Court of the United States found Standard Oil of New Jersey as being guilty of engaging in monopolistic and anticompetitive actions. These actions of the Standard Oil were as an attempt to monopolize the ...

Is Microsoft a Monopoly?

The very reason that Microsoft was charged with an anti-trust case way back in 1998 is because it was dominating the computer business by way of bundling its operating system. A consumer cannot get its operating system when he/she does not also buy the Microsoft software programs. Microsoft also indicated monopolistic competition when it gave out free browser and toppled its then rival, Netscape. (Economides, 2003) The federal government accused Microsoft of stifling competition by making it extra difficult to install other software running on the Windows’ operating system. I definitely agree that Microsoft is violating the anti-trust ...

Kinney National Services, Inc. was established in 1966 as a result of the merger between Kinney Parking Company and National Cleaning Company as a media and entertainment company. As at the time of its formation, the company had Steve Ross as its head. In 1967, Kinney National Services, Inc. expanded its operations through the acquisition of National Periodical Publications (quite often known as the DC Comics), Ashley-Famous (the talent agency of Hollywood) as well as the Panavision. In 1972, Kinney National Company was reincorporated as Warner Communications, with Steve Ross as the organization’s chief executive officer. Charles A. Agemian, the ...