Essays on Electric Field

An Assay

Mathematics Background of the Maxwell equations Let us consider Maxwell equations system: (1) (2) This is a system of the two dependent variables, x and y, which generally depend on independent scalar, i. e. t (say, it be ‘time’).

In the matrix form it is:

dX/dt = A*X, (3) where X = (x; y) is a column of the two coordinates, x and y, on the Descartes’ plane;

A is a 2 x 2 matrix of scalars: a11, a12, a21, a22,

Where a11 = 0; a12 = –1; a21 = 1; a22 = 0. There we understand A*X as a product of matrices A (a 2 x 2 matrix) and X (a 1 x 2 matrix, or a column two-component vector of ...

1. 2. A. Yes, there is an electric field inside the box. Electric fields exist as a consequence of a charge body, and electric field is present at a point even if there is no charge at that point of space as long as there are nearby charged bodies.

F=8.988 ×109 N∙m2C22 C×0.01 C3 m2 F=1.9973 ×107 N C.E=kq1r2 E=8.988 ×109 N∙m2C22 C3 m2 E=1.9973 ×109 NC 3. A. The direction of the force would be downwards, or pointing towards the negatively charged plate. B. C.E=FC E=9×10-6 N-3 ×10-9 C=-3×103 NC D.Vab=Ed Vab=-3×103 ...

Introduction

Taking measurements may require the conversion of the measured quantity to electrical quantity. Transducers are devices or elements that perform this function by transforming physical quantities such as quantities like sound, light, or temperature into electrical signals like current, voltage, or capacity. Transducers consist of inputs, sensing elements, transduction elements, signal processing, and electrical outputs. The inputs known as the measurands are the quantities, states, or properties that are to be translated into electrical outputs. The sensing elements accurately measure these input energies and sends the information to the transduction elements to be transformed into the desired form. The ...

Introduction

Tooth development involves a complex process whereby teeth are formed from embryonic cells, and then eventually mature after erupting as evident in the mouth (Eckhardt, Jágr, Pataridis, & Mikšík, 2014). The development usually originates from mesoderm and ectoderm. At the ectoderm found in the oral cavity, there is the development of enamel and other tissues also come from associated mesenchyme. All teeth don’t develop at the same time, but rather in stages (Eckhardt, Jágr, Pataridis, & Mikšík, 2014). First buds are always observed in the region of anterior mandible, followed by anterior maxillary area then finally ...

Investigation of Solar cells

Introduction Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, rely on the photoelectric effect to convert the solar radiation into electric energy. Photoelectric effect refers to the tendency of materials to emit electrons when light is shown on them. The electrons dislodged from the surface of an object as a result of light being shown on the surface of such materials are referred to as photoelectrons. Not all materials exhibit the ability to emit electrons when placed along the path of light. Most with the ability to emit electrons are metals. Silicon is a key ingredient of a solar cell. ...

1. Introduction

During early days people do physical work to complete a job. The physical work made by the people made them tired and people time gets wasted. Let us take a construction work. The construction works involves major labors to construct a building, in early days people spends major time to construct a building. The labors have to give more energy to construct the building. Some of the labors even sacrificed their life by accident case inside the building. But today’s technology makes sure that the construction of any type of building can be modeled and executed within a year. Labor also ...

- Linear and Non-linear devices A linear electrical component is an electrical element that has a linear relationship between current and voltage in a circuit. Examples include resistors, capacitors and inductors. Non-linear electrical elements do not have a linear relationship between the current and voltage. An example is a diode where the current is a non-linear function of the voltage. The load line analysis is a graphical analysis of the characteristics of non-linear electronic circuits to show the constraints that is placed on the non-linear devices by the rest of the circuit. Using a simple diode (a non-linear electronic device) to explain the ...

Instrumentation

Advantages and disadvantages of different types of photomultiplier tubes (PMT) in the context of the gamma camera Tubes with GaP(Cs) The Tubes with GaP(Cs) is an example of a PMT. Fliyckt and Marmonier (2009) state that one of its advantages as the high secondary emission coefficient of the GaP(Cs) which enables it to reduce the unexpected fluctuations of gain in most PMTs and therefore, improving the energy resolution. This is especially beneficial for light pulses that can allow the cathode produce only a few electrons. Since the GaP(Cs) also has a dynode, it allow the viewer ...

LIST OF FIGUTES 3

LIST OF TABLES 3 1. ELECTRO DISCHARGE MACHINING – EDM 4 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 History of Electro Discharge Machining Process 5 1.3 Detailed Explanation of how the process works 6 1.4 Uses/applications of the Electro Discharge Machining Process 8 1.4.1 Prototype production 8 1.4.2 Coinage die making 8 1.4.3 Small hole drilling 8 1.4.4 Metal disintegration machining 9 1.5 Examples of products produced by Electro Discharge Machining Process 9 1.6 Advantages of Electro Discharge Machining Process 9 1.7 Limitations of Electro Discharge Machining Process 10 2. ...

Abstract

The word technology may be in the talk of time for most individuals, however, little do they know what impacts all this development. The existence of visual systems, audio systems and other complex equipment all give credit to the early discoveries. Discovery of atoms, ions and later electrons simplified everything. It is from theses that energy was developed. One of the most promising techniques used by scientists is the charge to mass ratio of electrons. It helped in observing the nature of materials. This lab report aims at analyzing the Sir J. Thompson`s experiment of evaluating charge to ...

Introduction

A capacitor was originally called a condenser; it is an inactive two end points of an electrical part that is used to store energy electro-statically in an electric field. There are different forms of capacitors that differ extensively, but all of them have at least two different conductors separating them by insulators (dielectric) for instance one the construction, which has metal foils separated by a layers of thin insulating film. Capacitors are required in many common parts of an electrical circuit (Fawwaz, 2009). When there is a significant variance across the conductors, an electric field is created transversely in the dielectric, ...

Introduction

Electromagnetism refers to the creation of a magnetic force from the movement of electrical charges. In order to find application in most electrical appliances, electromagnetism concerns the use of electric current to make electromagnets. This field of electricity is called Electrodynamics. It can also mean using magnetic field to induce an electric current. This field of electromagnetism is called Electromagnetic Induction. Almost all electrical appliances use one of the two types of electromagnetism mentioned above especially those with moving parts. This paper discusses the application of electromagnetism in a speaker.

Application of electromagnetism in a speaker

The speaker is basically an electronic transducer which converts electric energy ...

Polarized Sun Rays

Light wave has two components, the magnetic and electric components. These components are mutually perpendicular. The electric component forms the plane of oscillation for the wave. When an atom emits light wave in a single event, such wave has a fixed plane of oscillation. When several atoms emit light waves, the waves may not have same plane. Sun ray consists of various light waves, each with different planes of oscillation, and there is a random change in the light’s direction. This kind of light is unpolarized. When light is polarized, the waves come in with the electric and magnetic field ...