Essays on Hypoglycemia

Abstract

Regretfully, diagnosis of diabetes is very common nowadays. Diabetes has become a worldwide epidemic and one of the leading causes of premature morbidity and mortality because it often leads to amputation of limbs, loss of sight, kidney failure and provokes cardiovascular disease. However, it is not that hard to suspect a high risk of developing diabetes or the disease itself before the analysis of blood sugar levels. Many of the signs of diabetes are visible to the naked eye. Paying attention to them in timely manner can avoid the severe consequences of the disease. Patients with diabetes can lead ...

Type 2 diabetes is also referred to as NIDD, which stands for non-insulin dependent diabetes. This diseases presents no symptoms at an early stage but then advances from insulin resistance to hyperglycemia and then full blown diabetes that requires medical attention. The most prescribed course of treatment is the use of sulfonylureas with diet and exercise. Type II diabetes can be attributed to mutations in various genes (Halsted and Edelman, 2000). Risk factors that increase the chance of getting Type II diabetes are aging, being inactive and obesity (Halsted and Edelman, 2000). Glipizide was first commercially marketed in 1984. ...

Delirium Case Study

Acute confusional states also known as delirium are medical emergencies associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden (Bassetti, 2007). The core characteristics of delirium are acute cognitive dysfunction and inattention. Delirium can result in permanent sequelea or become chronic (Fong, Tulebaev, and Inouye, 2009). This paper will examine the case of a 64-year old lady who presents with acute confusion, disorientation, and agitation. It will identify the key information provided and other essential information that needs to be identified. It will also examine the differential diagnoses and the most probably diagnosis for the patient. It will explore the ...

Diabetes is a chronic disease that requires continuous medical care, ongoing patient self-management education and support to prevent its advancement and the occurrence of acute complications. It also requires evidence-based recommendations and management to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Of importance to note is that diabetes care is a complex endeavor that revolves around many issues that go beyond the glycemic control management. Research has shown that other interventions are required to support the improvement of diabetes outcomes (Burant, 2012). These are caring standards provided by patients, researchers, payers, and clinicians. These standards address how children suffering from ...

The goal of every nurse practitioner is to work with the patients in achieving healing and good health. In this process, the nurse makes a number of decisions. For these decisions to be successful in providing the expected outcome, nurses are expected to base their decisions on well validated scientific evidences. This is called evidence based practice. It is important to know where one is getting with once decisions and this is the fundamental for evidence based practice. This will ensure that the clinical practice is based on the foundation of strong scientific knowledge. Likewise, diabetes specific evidence based ...

In the medical field, there are constant inventions that are intended to improve the quality of care for patients. These interventions are based on qualitative and quantitative research whose results indicate the effectiveness of the practice on different patients. Patients living with medical conditions like Diabetes rely on these practices to make their lives better. The adoption of the interventions is based on how well the medical professions understand it and how it changes the lives of their patients. The following is a detailed look at one of the practices and how I would ensure its adoption in a ...

Summary of the teaching plan

Health promotion is a vital activity across the lifespan of an individual. Thus, older people are not too old to start exercising, change their diets or stop smoking, etc. This teaching plan is aiming to teach older adults about the prevalence of diabetes, the risk factors, and the available prevention measures. It will focus on the teaching strategies to be adopted by the older adults so as to accommodate for the typical aging changes. This is because chronic illnesses tend to increase after 50 to 60 years old and hence, there is a need for seniors to focus on ...

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Introduction

Worldwide diabetes in children and adolescents is a heavy burden, 
but in developing countries it is associated with even greater 
difficulties. MODY is a kind of disease that strikes young people; and although the disease is spread worldwide and represents one the same pathology, a condition in which the disease can be fundamentally different.  Diabetes among young people happens when glucose is not trapped in the cell accumulates in the blood; and sensitivity to its own insulin called insulin resistance is decreased. Insulin resistance usually precedes the ...

Approximately 3 percent to 10 percent of pregnancies within studied populations are affected by gestational diabetes, a condition involving elevated blood sugar levels in women previously not diagnosed with diabetes (Metzger et al., 2007; Moore & et al, 2005; Schneider, 2014). Due to changes in diagnostic criteria, the prevalence of gestational diabetes may occur in as many as 20 percent of pregnancies (Kim, 2010). Insulin receptors begin to dysfunction secondary to factors related to pregnancy and blood glucose levels rise. There are relatively few symptoms of gestational diabetes and screening of pregnant women is the most effective method of diagnosis. ...

After reviewing several topics, the population I have chosen to study is the local African-American diabetic population. This population is where I feel the greatest positive impact will occur. Currently employed with a nonprofit hospital, it is evident that many individuals lack health insurance and currently suffer from multiple, uncontrolled chronic medical issues. I have confidence in the fact that through teaching, the cycle of having uncontrolled chronic illnesses can be broken.

Aggregate Details

The aggregate chosen for the Capstone project will focus on the local African American diabetic population. The chosen population, largely located within the city of Ft. Pierce, ...

Diabetes mellitus in itself is considered an endocrine issue. When determining the priority diagnoses for an admitted patient, however, it is important to consider taking an all-encompassing perspective with regards to the pathophysiology of each patient and address each issue accordingly. The priorities in the selected aggregate for diabetes mellitus are as follows: Firstly, there is the situation of unbalanced nutrition often evidenced by increased urinary output (or dilute urine), recent weight loss and a decrease in muscle tone, disinterest in eating, diarrhea and an increase in ketosis. Some of the pathophysiological factors that may have led up to ...

How to Manage Diabetes

Managing diabetes is a daily challenge that is worth the effort. The most important thing in managing diabetes is to ensure the blood sugar maintains the levels recommended by the physician (Yee Cheng et al. 3). Eating the right foods and substituting regular soda and juice with drinking water, eating foods such as bread pasta, rice, and whole grain cereals since they contain more fiber helps maintain the right blood sugar levels. Also, it is advisable to avoid high-calorie foods and instead, choose foods like vegetables, whole grains, cereals, and skim milk. It is also important to be active ...

Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder wherein an immune response targets the insulin-producing beta-cells of the pancreas leading to cellular damage sufficient enough to significantly reduce, and later on eliminate, the synthesis of insulin (Van Belle et al., 2011). It typically manifests in people below 30 years of age. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2016) estimates that 29.1 million or 9.3% of Americans are diabetics but of this number, only 1.25 million or around 5% have type 1 diabetes. The purpose of this paper is to describe the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and management, and ...

- How would propylthiouracil affect metabolic rate in a normal rat? Explain why.

It would decrease metabolic rate since propylthiouracil decreases the production of thyroid hormone (“Propylthiouracil,” n.d.).

- Explain the action of insulin on body cells.

Insulin acts on the body cells by promoting absorption of glucose from the blood stream to the body cells. This is done when insulin attaches to the insulin receptors in cells triggering a response that increases the levels glucose transporters (GLUT4) (Cartailler, n.d.).

- If the body is not producing enough insulin what happens to levels of that substance (your answer to ...

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune metabolic condition of childhood onset. It occurs as a result of autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β cells. The disease is incurable and managed through administration of insulin, physical activity, nutrition management, blood glucose monitoring, and avoidance of either severe hypoglycemia or prolonged hypoglycemia. The aim of treatment is to maintain optimal control of blood glucose levels so as to prevent micro- and macrovascular complications. Diabetic retinopathy is one of these complications. If it is not treated early, it causes microvascular changes in the eyes that result in avoidable and permanent blindness. In patients with ...

Report on Case 1: Diagnosis of Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Enzymes act as biological catalysts, they speed up biological reactions and are also capable of regulation. Enzymatic reactions can be anabolic – where a new substance is built from smaller ones; or catabolic – where a substance is broken down to yield simpler molecules. In the example of fructose, enzymes catabolize this simple sugar to substances that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway, allowing fructose, a 6-carbon sugar, to be used by cells to obtain energy in a way similar to glucose (also a 6-varbon sugar). Aldolase B is one of the enzymes involved in the catabolism of fructose, and its deficiency results in ...

Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment

Public Health November,2014 Abstract Type II diabetes has negatively influenced millions in the United States. Adverse impact of type II diabetes in children is ever increasing and needs some serious strategic and professional input from nurses deployed at schools. Unfortunately, the sensitivity of diabetic issue is never addressed appropriately. Moreover, the lack of research on the topic has also resulted in a significant increase in childhood type II diabetes. The research indicates that controlling type II diabetes in children is possible. School nurses employing the knowledge of physical exercises, dietary plans and emergency response can readily ...

Introduction

This review covers the pathophysiology, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, management and complications associated with diabetes mellitus commonly known as diabetes, a disorder that affects more than 385 million people worldwide (idf.org). The long term prognosis and impact on the quality of life are also discussed. Diabetes is defined by the American diabetes association as a group of disorders that are characterized by hyperglycemia stemming from deficiency in the activity of insulin or reduced insulin secretion, or both. There are three main types of diabetes namely type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Diabetes mellitus has no cure. It is a lifelong ...

Von Gierke Disease

Introduction Von Gierke disease or Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1 (GSD-1) belongs to a group of rare metabolic disorders with a reported incidence of 1 case per 100,000 births per year. The clinical condition results from deficiency of key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway resulting in an increase in intermediate metabolites and accumulation of glycogen in the affected tissues. It is a genetic disorder with a natural history of severe developmental abnormalities and long term complications. This paper provides an overview of GSD-1 based on studies published in peer reviewed journals with a focus on its genetic determinants, clinical picture, available therapeutic ...

Introduction

Diabetes refers to a metabolic disorder of several etiology. The disorder is typified by chronic hyperglycemia and metabolic disturbances of fat, carbohydrate and protein due to insulin deficiency, defect in its action or a combination of both (Alberti & Zimmet, 2004). The chronic hyperglycemia leads to damage, dysfunction of several organs including the eyes, heart, blood vessels, kidneys and nerves (American Diabetes Association, 2011). Diabetic patients present primarily with excessive thirst, loss of weight, blurring of vision and weight loss. Long standing diabetes is associated with complications such as retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, hypertension and metabolic abnormalities. There are two types of ...

Heart failure is mostly described as a chronicle disease where the heart is unable to pump the blood sufficiently to the body, with other terms like congestive cardiac failure often been used interchangeably. Some of the symptoms are leg swelling, excessive tiredness and breath shortness. Breath shortage is mostly the worse since lying down and sleeping at night is difficult. Most of the common causes that lead to heart failure are blood pressure, atrial fibrillation and valvular heart disease. These causes lead to failure in functioning of the heart structure mainly due to left ventricular and fain normal ejection fraction. ...

Preterm or premature births pertain to births earlier than 38 weeks of gestation. The WHO (2013) estimates that each year around 15 million infants are born before 37 weeks. The preterm birth rate varies across 184 countries but range from 5-18% of all live births. On one hand, estimates show that approximately 75% of preterm mortality can be prevented even without intensive care interventions (WHO, 2013). On the other, prematurity has become the top cause of newborn mortality with over a million deaths every year which accounts for 35% of total newborn mortality (Lawn et al., 2012). Third world or ...

Meal Planning for Type II Diabetes Mellitus

As the Diabetes Education Centre dietitian, you must provide SG with dietary guidance. - Based on the information presented develop a nutrition diagnosis for SG. Write this as a PES statement. - Patient’s uncontrolled glucose and hyperglycemia is related to type 2 diabetes as evidenced by high fat and carbohydrates intake and abnormal laboratory results of Hb-A1C. - At the risk of cardiovascular and hypertension related to excessive consumption of saturated fat and trans-fatty acid food and pre-packaged products as evidenced by high lipid profile including high total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride level in laboratory results and ...

Even though diabetes is a medical condition, its negative effects are observed only in an individual’s physical health. Diabetes also has far-reaching effects on the individual’s social condition, as well as on his or her financial and economic capacities (National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2010). According to the National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2010), diabetes has been known to cause blindness among older individuals. Diabetes has been the leading cause of blindness among adults 20-74 years of age (National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2010). Worldwide, diabetes is the ...

Abstract

This paper answers four questions. In addition, through a case study, the paper illustrates considerations made in order to prioritize care given to hospitalized patients. A case study is given of six patients with various complications and care needs. The paper points out that those with airway problems are usually considered first for care delivery before other patients with other conditions. This is because airway problems pose more acute danger than other conditions. In this case, the paper gives a case study of patients with various complications and how the complications are managed. In addition, the paper, through another case study, ...

Abstract

The rate of diabetes ketoacidosis complication is on the rise in line with the rate of population increase as well as urbanization all around the globe. Learning how to handle this complication and maintaining the blood glucose within the suitable levels is becoming a big challenge for those with diabetes, outlining the need of educating the patients as a modality for self-empowerment, treatment which is necessary for betterment of the quality of the lives of the patients. This paper seeks to analyze a patient’s condition and describe various factors that led to associated symptoms and the effects of those symptoms. The ...

Abstract

The paper articulates the electrolyte and fluid study by describing functions and location of various body fluids and factors that affects variations in fluid compartments. These body fluids involves Body fluids involve blood plasma, mucus and lymphatic fluid, saliva and gastric juice, and other fluids such as tears, sweat, semen and vaginal secretions. The functions, regulation, sources and losses of the main electrolytes in the body are also described. The paper also outlines the basic principles of some of the processes that occur in human body such as osmosis, filtration, active transport and diffusion. In order to understand ...

Introduction

The majority of the 220 million people around the world who suffer from diabetes have either Type 1 where the pancreas, no longer produces insulin and is usually caused by an autoimmune syndrome where the body attacks the pancreatic beta cells or Type 2 that develops from the body’s inability to metabolize insulin or glucose properly. . It is difficult to separate nutrition needs from lifestyle choices. An active individual requires more calories to maintain their activity levels, therefore lifestyle must always be looked at when considering dietary choices. Fortunately, both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes respond to ...

Afrezza Product and Company Overview

Afrezza is an ultra-rapid-acting form of inhalable or mealtime insulin that is currently in its late stages of clinical investigation. Afrezza is purposely developed to provide treatment to adults suffering from type one or type two diabetes mellitus and Afrezza will be suited for the control of hyperglycemia. Afrezza is a drug-device that is combined with Afrezza inhalation powder that has been measured into meter level representing single dose cartridges and the Afrezza inhaler (Datamonitor Report 4). Afrezza is a proprietary product being developed by MannKind Corporation.

MannKind Corporation is a US based biopharmaceutical company involved in the discovery, development, and commercialization ...

Abstract

Depression refers to a mental condition that is characterized by several symptoms that include but are not limited to: lethargy, isolation, prolonged periods of sadness, sudden emotional outburst such as crying for no particular reason, bouts of rage, self destructive tendencies such as cutting or biting, anxiety, paranoia, loss of appetite or unusual increase in appetite characterized by binge eating, insomnia and hostility. Recent estimates indicate that 1 out of every 10 individuals in the United States in termed as clinically depressed. The study also found that those likely to e depressed are: persons without any source of income, those ...