Essays on Immunoglobulin

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) is a blood-related disorder that occurs in a fetus or a newborn infant. This problem usually arises, when a mother has different blood type than her unborn baby, i.e. a condition known as “incompatibility”. Most common form of this incompatibility is ABO incompatibility, which is not very severe condition, and the least common form of the incompatibility is Rh incompatibility. Due to these differences in blood types, antibodies in the blood of mother attack the red blood cells of the developing baby resulting in the destruction of blood cells of the baby causing ...

Introduction

Proteins are food substances that are consumed with intention of maintaining the human hygiene and improving the status of health of living beings. However, there is a differentiated class of proteins that is referred to as the deceptive proteins. Grammatically, the term deceptive means something that is likely to create a notion that is different from the truth. In this case, the term deceptive protein is used to mean a category of protein that is intended to ensure balanced diet but instead creates a different impact in the performance of the body organs. For instance, deceptive proteins are said to create ...

Introduction

CD4 is a cellular immune response co-receptor that raises the avidity of relationship between an antigen-presenting cell and a T-cell through interaction with non-polymorphic parts of the complex between T-cell receptor and major histocompatibility class II molecules. It directly contributes to transduction of signal via cytoplasmic relationship with the lymphocyte kinase. CD4 also plays a role as the high-affinity receptor for attachment of cells as well as entrance of HIV. The CD4 extracellular part consists of domains that resemble immunoglobulin D1 to D4. This component of the CD4 has been qualified as a recombinant soluble protein, and crystal structures have been identified for ...

Asthma is a respiratory disorder that affects the respiratory airways. It is characterized by inflammation and subsequent narrowing of the air passages. It leads to episodes of wheezing, coughing, dyspnea and chest tightness. It mostly occurs in the night or in the early morning hours. It may affect people of any age, but commoner in young children. In the United States, there are approximately 25 million asthma patients, out of these, 7 million are children (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2015). In this paper we will discuss about a 15 years old boy who is diagnosed with asthma. We ...

Specific Aims

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) encodes a DNA-editing deaminase, which is a group of the Cytidine Deaminase family (Bello). This protein is concerned in somatic gene conversion, hypermutation, and class-switch recombination of Ig (immunoglobulin genes). Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) has been expressed in B cells at germinal center and starts the events, which lead to class switch recombination of immunoglobulin genes and somatic hypermutation. Additionally to this primary responsibility in immune diversification, deviant targeting of Activation-induced cytidine deaminase activity leads to translocations and point mutations of oncogenes linked with B-cell lymphoma. Lately, AID has been related in active DNA demethylation (Sariah). ...

Introduction

Cells are independent units of life. However, when a cell becomes part of an organism, it becomes part of a tissue and organ system. Cells in a tissue are joined to each other and to the extracellular matrix (ECM) by cell junctions. There are three kinds of cell junctions: Occluding junctions, anchoring junctions and communication junctions. Occluding junctions occur in the epithelium where the adjacent cells are so tightly sealed together that even small molecules cannot pass. Communicating junctions allow the exchange of chemical and electrical signals between cells. Anchoring junctions are the ones which attach a cell either to its neighbor or ...

Cholera Toxin Enhances Vaccine-Induced Protection against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Challenge in Mice

This experiment is an animal experiment made in accordance with the basic guideline the UK Animal Act 1986. Methods use was by collecting mice of 6-8wks. BCG Pasteur vaccine administered. Others vaccines are MVA85A and cholera toxin. Intradermal agents administered are the anti-IL-1A blocking antibody and the isotype IgG2a. Animals were then challenge with Biaera AeroMP aerosol nebulizer at a targeted pressure and dose. Organ harvest and stimulation for immunogenicity was then done. The lungs and spleen are the organs harvested aseptically. The organs were then processed with different steps such as mincing and digestion with DNase/collagenases. The cells collected ...

Abstract

The adaptive immune response comprises of antibody reactions and cell-mediated responses that are carried out by diverse lymphocyte cells; B cells, as well as, T cells, respectively. B Cells are the main cells involved in the formation of antibodies that flow in blood plasma and even the lymph fluids, where they bind specially to the alien antigens. Binding of antibody inactivates viruses and microbial toxins by blocking their ability to bind to receptors on host cells. Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulin, are big Y-shaped proteins that are typically comprised of two big heavy chains, as well as, two small ...

Immunoglobulins (Ig) are also known as antibodies and they have molecular weights between 160000 and 970000 (Guyton, 2006, p. 443). They are key components of the vertebrate immune system and are a part of the humoral immune system, forming the base of the B-Cell. Igs function in cell-cell recognition as well as structural organization and regulation of musucle (Harpaz, Chothia, 2004). All Igs are made up of a light and a heavy polypeptide chain, usually two of each, but they may contain many more (Guyton, 2006, p. 443). They contain discrete domains of approximately 100 amino acids that are divided into categories ...

Among International Students?

Today in the conditions of fast-changing world and ever-increasing body of knowledge that international students face every day, the problem of stress management becomes more and more important and topical. There is a common belief that stress is harmful for every person, and in this paper I want to focus on the implications of stress for emotions and health of international students in particular. Stress – is a reaction of body to the psychological or physical intervention, which violates its usual rhythm. From the point of view of psychology, physiology, and medicine it is possible to distinguish not only the negative ...

With more than 25 percent of the world’s population reportedly suffering from allergic-reaction related conditions, allergy is increasingly becoming one of the world’s widespread conditions. Oft marked with a characteristic features such as itching, sneezing and vasodilatation, an allergy, according to Ahmed (2011), is an overreaction of an individual’s immune system to a substance (allergen) which does not usually cause any reaction to other people. Such an overreaction occurs when the body recognizes a substance as foreign thereby inducing an immune response marked with the production of antibodies.

Mechanism of an Allergic Reaction

An allergic response, as affirmed by Ahmed (2011), can conveniently be ...

Introduction to proteins

Proteins are polypeptides made up of amino acids joined together by polypeptide bonds. The number of amino acids in a protein molecule can vary from several amino acids to thousands of amino acids. Proteins are made of a combination of several of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids as well as other minor amino acids. Proteins are very important molecules in the body .They form the structural components of animal and human tissue (Yildiz, 2009).

The primary structure of proteins is determined by the sequence of the amino acids in the protein. A functional amino acid must contain the correct sequence ...

Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori was previously known as Campylobacter pylori because of its resemblance to campylobacter (Lee & Marks, 2012). It is a motile helical spiral gram-negative bacterium. It is microaerophilic, as it requires oxygen for its survival. It is a flagellated organism, possessing multiple unipolar flagella, which allows it to move from one location to another. It measures between 2.4 - 4.0 m in length and it is an S-shaped, spiral rod (Santacrose, 2011) Enzymes that the organism produces include oxidase, vacuolating cytotoxin, catalase, lipopolysaccharide and urease (Santacrose, 2011). Urease, produced by the organism, converts urea to ammonium and bicarbonate thereby neutralizing ...

Myasthenia gravis

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antibodies, which are directed against nicotinic acetylcholine postsynaptic receptors located at the neuromuscular junction. This leads to a gradual decrease in the number of acetylcholine receptors at the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction. There are two different variants of myasthenia gravis, which include the ocular myasthenia gravis and the generalized form of myasthenia gravis. The result of the reduction in the number of acetylcholine receptors lead to a concomitant reduction in the muscle strength (Paul, 2000). However, there is recovery of the muscle strength resting it for some time (Kulkantrakon & Jarungkiatkul, 2010), ( ...