Essays on Offences

Issue: Criminal Accountability of UN Officials on mission

Position: Head Chair/Co-Chair Introduction The criminal accountability of the UN Officials on mission is one of the legal issues, which has been debated through the Legal Committee for numerous years. The legal gaps make it difficult for the UN to hold personnel accountable for crimes committed in the missions under its jurisdiction. The UN personnel are being currently accountable only to their countries and their legislation or being protected by the international legal statute of immunity. The lack of accountability makes the whole organization less credible and reliable. With two different groups of UN personnel the troop contributing countries ...

International Criminal Law

Question 1 A. There are several modes of the liability that are used for the determination of the liability of the person prosecuted for the international crime. Given the merits of the case in question, the prime minister of Sanchista should be liable for the order issued in reference to the Nisum Campaign. The provisions of the ICTY are designed in the manner so that to address all criminal offences that are committed by the state bodies and relevant executives in the prosecution of particular persons. The article 6 of the ICTY defines that committing of the criminal actions ...

The term ‘actus reus’ refers to the physical component of the crime, while ‘mens rea’ addresses the mental aspect of the offence. Situations, when the alleged perpetrator has the actus reus, but lack mens rea can be different, and a solution depends on the constituent components of a particular crime. First of all, strict liability offences and a range of other offences that differ across statutes and common law under different jurisdictions do not require proving mens rea. Strict liability often refers to minor offences (e.g., selling alcohol to an under-aged individual), where it is hard to determine the ...

A chronic juvenile offender is a young person having multiple criminal convictions that are spread over multiple criminal events (Baglivio, et al., 2014). The young offenders are either 11 years and younger having committed ten offences and have been arrested within twelve months or between 12 and 15 years with 15 offences and have been arrested over a duration of eighteen months. These offenders are also responsible for majority of the violent crimes (Fox, et al., 2015). Thomas Jones cannot be classified as a chronic young offender since this is his first time to commit the offence. Henry Thompson ...

Discussion

Facts: Neil was a student in Medicine, who had serious shoe fetish, finding brown men’s shoes extremely exciting. One of his course mates, Thomas, bought designers loafers in Neil’s favorite brown color, and Neil was strongly attracted to them. Neil began to follow Thomas everywhere, wearing his new brown shoes in the university, taking photos of him, and often Neil made Thomas presents as brown shoe polish cream, new laces, or leaving pictures of him in his student pigeon-hole. As a result, Thomas became ill because of stress just before his exams and asked the doctor to ...

Criminal Liability

ISSUES According to the facts presented containing information on Neil, Thomas and Kate the following are some of the pressing issues; The first issue dwells on the fact that Neil is following Thomas everywhere in the university taking pictures of him and his brown loafers, Neil also places those pictures Thomas’ pigeon hole, he also leaves gifts of brown polish on Thomas’ door step all of these actions lead Thomas to suffer from depression. The second issue deals with Kate’s actions whereby Kate who is a sado-masochist uses her red patent stilettos to walk on Neil’s back ...

the Person Act of 1861, and the Common Law Facts: Neil, a student in medicine, a heavy shoe fetishist, who found men’s brown shoes a real turn on. His course mate Thomas bought a pair of designer’s brown loafers which attracted Neil very strongly. Neil started obsessively to follow him and to take pictures of him wearing the brown shoes. He even started to make him small presents as brown shoe polish, laces or even pictures, leaving them in his student pigeon-hole. Just before his exams, Thomas felt himself ill, through all this stress, and asked the ...

Exposure to Racial Discrimination in Criminal Justice System

The criminal justice system of the United States comprises several challenges and flaws, while the issue with the spread of the racial disparity poses the most significant problem to the welfare of the citizens of the country. This problem is not new to the criminal justice system as it has roots in the XX century with the consideration of the cases of African Americans in trial. In the beginning of this period of time, African Americans amounted to 10% of the entire population of the United States, while the amount of the sentenced prisoners may be regarded as relatively ...

Managing the process of delivery of commercial products in New Zealand is focused foremost on the management function of planning which will be discussed in the paper. The future goals of the organization in the area of drones will be examined along with the future challenges of the company in this geographical area. The major contributions of the commercial drone delivery will be discussed and the potentials the country could have with their full implementation in the transport sector. The major challenges will be addressed such as safety, economics, civil aviation legislation as well as potential theft of deliveries. ...

There are several differences between probation and parole and this paper goes into detail to discuss the differences between these two and to give examples of each. According to Latessa and Smith (2015, p. 42), “probation represents one of the unique developments within the criminal justice system” and goes on to define probation as “a conditional sentence that avoids an offender being incarcerated; in other words, it is an alternative disposition available to the court.” Similarly, Petersilia (1997, p. 149) notes that The American Correctional Association defines parole as “a court-ordered dispositional alternative through which an adjudicated offender is ...

Abstract

Puerto Rico is a small island that is part of an archipelago located somewhere out in the Caribbean Sea. It has an approximate population of about 3.5 million people and has a small area of about 9,104 square kilometers. The population is largely Hispanic where Spanish and English are the languages that have been set aside for official use. Fridolin (2000) says that the most ideal court system in terms of ideals would definitely be that of Switzerland as it is considered the most transparent court system in the world. It boasts of absence of external interference and ...

Crimes against Persons

Crimes against persons are those criminal conducts punishable under penal law and which are mainly committed against individuals as the victims (Gardner & Anderson, 2014, p.25). In such categories of crimes, the perpetrator or offender normally has the intention to cause the victim actual grievous bodily injury and harm. Examples of crimes under this category include rape, assault and murder.

Crimes against Property

These are a category of crimes in which the offender intends to take another person’s property with the intention of permanently depriving the owner of the property without necessarily intending to use force against them. Examples of these crimes ...

Question 1

According to Tregeagle and Orr (2003), they argued that there are many Australian children that at one point or another, during their influential years, are not be cared for adequately. For many, this is a brief period that passes however for some; this maltreatment lasts beyond theirtender years and impacts their life. The abuse of children can be defined as any non-accidental behaviour by any adult in the child’s life that causes physical or psychological harm. The behaviour can be intentional, such as abuse, or unintentional, such as neglect (Bromfield, 2005; (Christoffel et al., 1992). It was meant ...

Introduction

The criminal justice system of the United States and other nations are often analyzed in an inward manner. It is treated as a local matter mainly because criminal justice is a preserve of a nation-state. However, internationally, the legal system of a country like the United States can be analyzed and reviewed within an absolute and relativist context. The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of globalization on the American criminal justice system and also evaluate it in relation to other jurisdictions and how the American system fares internationally.

Globalization and the US Criminal Justice System

The United States affected and has been ...

There are various differences between the examined countries in the area of the court system. The first most visible derives from the sole political system of the country and the division of power. The structural independence of courts and judiciary exists in both countries. The differences in the two countries court system can be found in the fact that the United States Supreme Court does and Iran’s Supreme Court does not “make” a law. Iran operates under the Code without an accepted principle of judicial review with the procedures set by the law. The Supreme Court decisions in ...

Inductive Thematic Analysis

Introduction Drug crimes are increasingly becoming a major concern on both local and global fronts. Current research (Braun and Clarke, 2012) suggests that the thematic analysis of important data sources such as sentencing remarks would facilitate the efficacy of available strategies in these crimes. The purpose of this assignment is to analyse the themes that comprise the societal understanding of the occurrence and penalties of drug-related crime. The researcher uses information from seven courtroom sentencing remarks from Adelaide, Southern Australia. This inductive thematic analysis identifies overarching themes that are evident across all seven documents. The themes include “gender and ...

Law enforcement officers may have discretion in specific number of situations depending on local, state or federal laws that govern the extent and scope of application of this discretion. The law allows them freedom to make reasonable decisions as to what needs to be done in the particular situations Some of the main areas where use of discretion may be required include, inter alia, motor vehicle violations, driving under influence, drugs, domestic violence, juveniles and vice crimes. According to Bromitt and Stenning (2011), “discretion is a ubiquitous and legitimate aspect of modern policing” (p. 319). The law enforcement officers ...

Introduction

A crime is defined as an act or omission, which establishes an offence, and is punishable by law. Crimes are committed by both males and females in any society, and the United Kingdom is no exception to this rule. Naturally, the gender of a person often dictates the rate, type and the extent of crime committed. Although a committed crime has the same legal consequences, there exists some differences in terms of who commit them, the rate of their commission and the extent to which they are committed. The rate of crimes committed by males is more than that ...

Introduction

Alternative sentencing makes way for committers of minor crimes and those with no criminal records to transform and comply with varied ethical standards as laid out by the state. With enhanced supervision as an alternative to incarceration, court administrators are involved in monitoring activities such as substance abuse treatment, random drug testing and community services performed by the offenders. The probation officers have to work closely with the Office of Community Corrections to ensure that the benchmarks set by the judges are met and that the offenders are able to contribute to long term growth and stability of the ...

Throughout the history of the development of the criminal justice system, researchers have always tried to categorize criminals on the basis of various factors in order to determine the needs of special treatment or rehabilitation process. Although the majority of offenders specialize in more than one particular type of crime, many of the delinquents and criminals "do show preference for certain antisocial acts that allow us to make rough categorization" and determine special criminal populations (Andrews & Bonta, 2010, p. 461). The two special populations that will be examined in this paper are as follows: sex offenders; male batterers. Patriarchal ...

Different cyber-crimes are a global threat in the modern world since the world relies heavily on the social life. The increase in the utilisation of the modern technology makes the organisational systems prone to cyber-attacks by hackers and non-digital criminals. Various research findings developed by different researchers reveal that there are different crimes best explained by several theories. Among the theories that explain the global rise cases of digital crime cases is the routine activities theory. Despite explaining digital crimes, the routine theory explains non-digital crimes. Another major theory that explains the occurrences of digital crimes is the Lifestyle ...

Project Name

Introduction According to Biegelman and Bartow (2012), business entities after the Great Depression have streamlined their efforts towards identification and seizure of any potential business opportunity in a bid to emerge stronger and resilient. Some employees in these companies have however opted to engage in some fraudulent activities and this has stimulated the regulation authorities to beef up their investigations and enforcement mechanisms to curb the increasing rates of corporate fraud cases. Adelphia Communications Corporation was a successful business in the US founded by John Rigas, a son to a Greek immigrant. He was assisted by his two sons ...

The Gender Discrimination in Criminal Justice System

Introduction Traditionally, women have not been viewed as criminals because of their less aggressive nature, making the act of crime to be mainly associated with the male gender. There are several theories brought forth to explain why the female gender would, or would not engage in crime. The theories, however, do not provide satisfactory explanations to the phenomenon leading to counterarguments. Also, the criminal justice of the United States of America has been viewed as discriminatory because it fails to address the gender needs of female offenders whose number has increased over time. This essay discusses the historical perspectives, ...

Death penalty, simply means the lawful implementation of an order of a court or any other public authority to kill an adult person found guilty of a capital offence; first degree murder and aggravated murder. It is a form of punishment availed to the courts or public authorities with the intention to discourage members of the public from future committal or omission of the particular offence. The methods of killing the convicted persons include hanging, gun shooting by a firing squad, electrocution, lethal injection and confinement in a gas chamber (ACLU 1). This form of punishment has proved to ...

Human Resource Management

Rights of Workers and the Consequences of Unfair Labor Practices The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) was enacted in 1935 by the Congress to protect the rights of both employers and employees, to encourage collective bargaining and prevent unfair labor practices that may harm the welfare of workers and the country’s economy (National Labor Relation Board, 2016). The NLRA assures employees of the private sector the rights of being able to organize into trade unions, participate in collective bargaining to champion for better conditions at work and better terms, and take collective action (strike) when necessary. Under the ...

Abstract

Juvenile delinquency in the United States is steadily increasing at an alarming rate. The age pool of offenders keeps on decreasing even for violent crimes such as homicide and rape. It is unclear on how the society deteriorated in successive decades since the 1970s crack cocaine epidemic. Street gangs took over droves of students into their establishments while promising acceptance. The programs that came to the aid of the criminal justice system were two pronged. The primary program is prevention. This program holds the potential to safeguard schoolchildren who are yet to succumb to the pressures and circumstances around ...

Abstract:

Theories were developed over the years, as researchers and sociologists tried to explain the reasons why there is crime within the communities. These theories include the social bonds theory, the self-control theory, the power control theory, the control balance theory, the differential coercion theory, and the social support theory. Based on the theories, there are five realities behind the causation of crime: (1) that crime is caused by weakening bonds to the society; (2) that crime is the effect of having low self-control; (3) that crime is caused by occupational patriarchy; (4) that it is caused by the roles ...

Reduction of crime is the dream of any criminal justice system. In the era where the rate of crime has significantly increased due to the use of sophisticated weapons and technology, there is an increasing necessity for the government and other stakeholders to ensure that such crimes are minimized. Having strict punishment mechanisms is one of the strategies geared towards the reduction of crimes. In Canada, this approach is the most common. Its proponents give a two-fold argument about its role in reducing crime. First, they argue that the offender is ‘locked behind bars’, hence temporarily separated from the ...

Introduction

In the year 2014, the citizens of California voted for the passage of Proposition 47 (Couzens & Bigelow, 2016). The intention of Proposition 47 was to ensure that the amount of money spent on prisons and jails of California was reduced. An alternative was to be undertaken on the nonviolent and non-serious offences. The money saved due to Proposition 47 was to be used for other important programs and activities in the state. Some of those programs include support of high-level education and treatment of those people with mental problems. After the adoption of the Proposition 47, criticism emerged as ...

How anti-money laundering compliance with regard to hawala based in Dubai with customers in all continents in the world should be conducted.

Introduction

Hawala is a system of transferring money from one country to another using a trust-based network and alternative modes of exchanging value for value (Levy, 2016). Immigrants working in a foreign country who want to send money to their families in their home country usually use this system (Pathak, 2003). A sender gives a hawala broker or hawaladar the money for remittance. The broker provides the sender with some kind of code for the recipient to get ...

Introduction

Criminal punishments in the society are approved by many as a necessary action against those who commit crimes. Despite this universal appreciation of punishment, various theories have different justifications for such punishments. The Kantian approach differs from the utilitarianism approach in justifying criminal punishments. This paper analyzes how the Kantian justification for criminal punishment differs from the utilitarian approach,

Research design and Method

This research will be based on the historical concept. It entails analyzing the characteristics of the two theories and determining how best they could justify criminal punishment in the society as a means of punishing unjustified behavior. It will employ ...

Introduction

Today the world is still reeling from the shocking surge of drug abuse cases. Drug abuse and addiction have direct negative effects for the individual and the society at large. Drug abuse is defined as the continued use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in a way or method that is harmful to their health. Prolonged drug abuse seeks to drug addiction which is a chronic brain disease that drives the victim to compulsive drug use despite the underlying harmful consequences ("Drug abuse by mature women takes its toll in the US", 1998, P. 9). ...

Introduction:

Crime has been an important study that has existed for a long duration of time. Yet it remains controversial with theoretical, historical and accounts of male and female involvement often inconclusive. The perpetrators of crime have for long being presumed to be men. Whether by design or by nature men have been the major actors in criminal activities is a matter of contention. This paper adds to the existing literature on gender differences in crime involvement by comparing different researches on crime with special emphasis on gender involvement. There have been several studies that have been carried out focusing ...

Introduction

There are four ways through which individuals in the world ultimately expire or die. The four include suicide, murder, accident and natural death. Among the four ways, the one that attracts the most attention is murder. Murder, also referred to as homicide, is the act of one individual killing the other. However, there are sometimes when homicide is not criminal. For example, a person can kill another while defending themselves. In other cases, someone may be given the authority by law to take the life of the other individual who may have committed serious crimes.

A Summary of the History and Evolution of the Law Regarding Murder

In developing the homicide ...

A contract can be defined as an agreement that is private and voluntary in nature that binds at least two parties. For instance, a car buyer could enter in an agreement with the seller to pay him the agreed amount of money over a given period while the seller delivers the car to the buyer. It can be viewed as a way of ensuring a promise is kept with the use of law which is aimed at protecting the consumer. Stakeholders in sports have the need to work based on contracts which bind these parties. Sports contracts are formed ...

Proponents of utilitarianism envision a situation where human actions are judged by their consequences. According to Bentham, the best moral action must always maximize utility. Simply put, actions should ensure they bring about the greatest happiness among human beings. An action that does not promote happiness among people therefore does not meet this threshold. Bentham further argues that such actions must involve the two aspects of happiness; quality and quantity. Consequences, therefore, not legality, should form the basis of justification of actions by humans. Stuart Mill supports this proposition by arguing that bringing or increasing pleasure among humans should ...

Introduction

Adolescent sex offenders are youths aged between 12 years and 17 years who forcefully commit sexual acts with persons of any age, against the will of their victims or without consent in an exploitative, aggressive, and threatening manner (Ryan, 2010). It is difficult to accurately determine the prevalence of adolescent sex crimes due to the absence of comprehensive or accurate national statistics. However, the police, public, and policymakers are increasingly scrutinizing the instances where juveniles commit sexual offenses. Previously, the public did not pay attention to the problem, as most people were of the opinion that boys will always ...

Policing, either through service or force, should not be momentously substandard for particular social groups and the rest. The statistical evidence by prominent researchers have indicated that individuals seen as white have a more suitable experience of police in comparison with individuals whose decent lies in Africa or Asia. Current shift in emigration patterns have called for a reconceptualization of the perception of individuals belonging to ethnic minority groups. Indeed, it is a matter of difference that has turned out to be predominant in modern societies (Cao, 2014).

Current Statistics and Historical Developments

These kind of conceptual shifts have worsen the cordial relationship between ...

Convict Women have usually been portrayed as Prostitutes and Criminals.

Convict women have usually been portrayed as prostitutes and criminals. Prostitution among female convicts was a common practice in the new colony where women convicts were considered sexual objects for men. Most female convicts were punished with transportation when found guilty of their offences for the purpose of serving the needs of other sailors. Female convicts were subjected to harsh conditions where besides receiving and giving sexual favors they were forced to work as servants as well as laborers for the few individuals who had influence within their context such as the prison officers. Only a few of the ...

There are certain situations where lawyers can use criminal defenses as a way of liberating their clients from charges of criminal offences. Such situations are not rare to come across considering the fact the people commit crimes almost on a daily basis. Lawyers play major roles in ensuring that they convince the courts that their clients are innocent and do not deserve to be punished for the crimes they are accused of. Good examples of criminal defenses are those in which the lawyers defend their clients based on the premise that such clients were inane by the time they ...

Criminal justice system has been defined as way in which the society tries to ensure social control. Usually there are certain behaviors which are regarded as having the potential to cause some chaos or danger within the society (Siegel 7). In order to prevent these situations there are certain formal procedures that have been put in place to either prevent people from committing those bad behaviors- offense or to deal with those who have already committed the offence. Usually the offenders are taken through a series of decision making after which a decision is made on their punishment or ...