Ottoman College Essays Samples For Students

The Causes to the Decline of the Ottoman Empire

In ancient history, two Empires can be considered the foundations of two of the most practiced religions in the globe – the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Both Empires dominated their respective domains, enlarged their empires, and supported their choice religion – Catholicism for the Byzantine Empire and Islam for the Ottoman Empire. While many are familiar with the history of the Byzantine Empire’s rise and fall, others only know the Ottoman Empire briefly as one of the prominent Empires in the Middle East. Like the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire can be considered its Middle Eastern counterpart as ...

Introduction

In their publication (Jean Louis & Frederic Hitzel) indicates that a vast pan-Islamic state of the Turks started its expansion in the small Turkish emirate location within the boundaries of the present republic of Turkey. It extended to North Africa, some part of Middle East and southeast Europe. It had also gained temporal authority over secluded overseas lands in the mode declarations paying of allegiance to the Sultan and Caliph. The publication further indicates that the empire was the pivot of interactions connecting the Eastern and the Western world for six centuries. This Ottoman Empire was an Islamic successor to ...

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire is one of the major forces that shaped the political, economic and the social arena of most of the countries in South Eastern Europe. Weidenfeld (1995) asserts that the might of the empire was not only felt in Europe but also in many parts of African Islamic states and in the Middle East (p.45). Osman I. was the founder of the Empire in 1299. It grew from a small state called Constantinople (now known as Istanbul) to the mighty Empire. From scratch to larger empire, Ottoman Empire was faced by numerous challenges during its rule. This article ...

Introduction

Studies are showing that the decline of the Ottoman Turks Empire in spite of the interferences to save it has always concerned the responsiveness of historians. Furthermore, the decline which begins in the second part of the 19th century is actually though to have been as an outcome of differing social and political aspect in the empire in addition to the financial condition of the empire. Other studies have mentioned that it was led to the discharge of the ottoman rulers by the Europeans as experienced rulers who could lead the empire to reconstruction. The empire was confronted with ...

Dhimmis in the Ottoman Empire

In ancient history, several records indicate that religious groups have migrated into nations from time to time to escape persecution. In the Middle East, the dhimmis or the non-Muslims became prominent in several Islamic regions as they migrated from their homelands due to persecution. However, like other religions, they were considered a separate entity from the main state due to their conflicting religions. Nevertheless, the dhimmis gained various treatments while in the Muslim territories, which is notable even up to the Ottoman Empire. This paper focuses on the nature and influence of the dhimmis in the Ottoman Empire's quest for ...

The impact of the Ottoman Empire on the Arab lands that it inhabited were many and varied, as the Empire was both long standing and powerful. The Ottomans influenced the Arabs’ religious lives, their understanding of and access to their lands, and their cultural understanding of themselves. A look at the impact of this time period is paramount to understanding the Arab countries today.
The religious experience of Arabs changed significantly during and after the Ottoman rule. While they had been Muslim previously, there was a shift in the nature of the people’s understanding during the Ottoman occupation ...

Battles of the Ottoman and the Safavid Empires

The Middle East has long been seen as one of the richest regions in the world, not just for its riches, but it was also rich of centuries-old traditions and history that has shaped mankind. The region became known as the epicenter of world trade with the establishment of the Silk Road and sea-lanes connecting Eurasia together. It was also in the Middle East wherein religions and ethnicities were created and diversified, transforming societies and cultures throughout the globe. Many nations have attempted to take this very diverse and rich land, however, the region was only controlled by a select ...

(Student’s Full Name)

“If the Empire were to continue to exist, a new understanding of its problems and fresh solutions would have to be found.”—Norman Itzkowitz in Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition, p. 108 quoted in Kevin Goodman’s “The Tanzimat and the Problem of Political Authority.”
The above statement is made against the historical backdrop after the Ottoman Empire signed a “peace treaty” that ended a “six-year war, 1768-1774” with Russia, which was referred to as the Treaty of Kuchuck Kainardji (Goodwin 2). This represented a final blow in a “series of defeats” that took place ...

Introduction

The Ottoman Empire was one of the world’s largest empires with history dates back to the Islamic medieval period from the 10th to 11th centuries. The main religion of the Ottoman Empire was Islam and most of their architecture and art was based on the religion as well. The beautiful buildings that exist today were the relics of the old Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was originally founded in 1299 by the tribe who distinguished themselves as Oghus Turks under the rule of King Osman I. Ottoman empire stretched from the mainland Turkey and controlled various countries in ...

Several historians have studied the development of cities over the Balkans during the Ottoman period. The explorations shed light on how the urban planning in the Balkans looked like and whether those cities could be labeled either Ottoman or a Balkan. However, the Balkan urbanism in the Ottoman era does need a much more profound approach. With the decline of the Cold War period, there was a revival of ethnic, national and linguistic identities in many parts of the world. The result was a new channel of expression within a group and community that led to a conflict of ...

Pan-Islamism

The evolution of the contemporary nation states across the entire Arab world is an interesting, yet, distressing process. Almost a century ago, a majority of the Arabs were part of the Ottoman Caliphate or the Ottoman Empire, which is actually a vast multi-ethnic state based out of Istanbul. Currently, the Arab political map appears more like a highly complicated jigsaw puzzle.
A manifold and convoluted course of incidents that took place during the early 1910s brought the Ottomans Empire to an end, while also resulting in the emergence of many new states whose borders apparently spread throughout the Middle ...

Introduction

The Ottoman Empire was ruled from the top by a Sultan. A collection of taxes was an eternal problem in this empire so they came up with a tax farming system whereby tax collectors were employed to collect taxes in the entire empire. The system brought about various mistreatments and the poorest received very heavy tax burdens, they did not have the capability of avoiding taxes or bribe off the tax collectors. A segment of the population lived under the millet system and it consisted of the Jews, Christians and Religious minorities who run their own schools, local communities ...

Introduction

The sixteenth century was marked by the rise of two hegemonic powers, the Ottoman and the Habsburg dynasties, which created many history pages because of their rivalry. The Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry was generated by several causes such as their hegemonic intentions of dominating new territories, their plans of settling their religion (Muslim versus Christian) in the conquered territories, their believed affiliation with the Roman Empire, or their millenary pride of ancient civilizations, which will be further elaborated within this essay.

Body

Being the two greatest powers of the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg dynasty practically divided the world ...

Art, architecture, and design are very important clues for historians to figure out what exactly a civilization, culture and society valued. Architecture, in particular, is a very important part of a larger material culture which may be used by historians as clues to figure out what impact these decisions had on the larger culture and the way each society organizes itself. In this sense, it is almost nearly inescapable that each piece of art or building will not in some way or another influence our thinking regarding how each of these societies is organized. This is true everywhere around ...

The Ottoman Empire emerged between the early fourteenth century and the late sixteenth century after a series of ten successive conquests. We, therefore, seek to answer the question, 'what were the reasons behind the Ottoman Turks military success in creating a third (but non-Arab) Islamic empire re-uniting the Greater Middle-East/Gulf region?'
The Ottoman Empire emerged in the 13th century and expanded its area coverage through a series of conquests against the Christians and non-Turks minority. These successful conquests were significantly attributed to the extemporary organization of the Ottoman army.
First, the success of any military conquest depends on its organization, ...

Ottoman Empire rose from the thirteenth century to the 1923. Just like many other empires, for instance, Habsburg, Ottoman rule was dynastic whose character and territories were determined by its administrative power and military capability. The Turks conquered many territories and converted them into Islam. This was accompanied by successive revolts from the conquered lands, which spurred the Ottoman repression policies. This polices were meant to respond to the ongoing revolts and prevent future uprisings. This paper seeks to explore the various repression policies implemented by the Ottoman rulers during 1820s to 1918.
Denial policy was a significant policy ...

The Ottoman and the Habsburg territories were the two major talked about empires that formed distinct categories in the Europe. The Mediterranean surrounded the two. Rooted in the Sunni Islam, the Ottoman Empire occupied the eastern and southern Mediterranean. On the other hand, with the Roman Catholic Christianity as their religion, the Habsburg Empire covered the western and northern Mediterranean. Though similar in some ways to the socio-economic ways, however, both the empires comprised of varying many different ethnic and religious groups. (Pál and Geza 47)
Inalcik narrates that “Ottoman judiciary the judges were the administrators in the ...

Tanzimat is the name of modernizing reforms in the Ottoman Sultanate from 1839 to 1876, when the first Ottoman constitution was adopted. The basic principles of the reform were set out in Hatt-i-Sharif, issued by Sultan Abdul-Majid on the 3 of November in 1839 while his accession to the throne.
Unlike previous reforms, the main place in the Tanzimat occupied not military but socio-economic issues. The initiative belonged to the group formed by the bureaucracy, headed by Mustafa Reşid Pasha, who became the author of Hatt-i-Sharif.
For several years he was ambassador in England and France, and then ...

The Arab-Israel conflict history has a level of convenience elasticity due to inability of objectively presenting the timelines of the events, in regard to the conflicts. The term Arab is not used in reference to a self collection of a certain society, for example, in Palestine. Rather Arabs are mostly centered in various states, in Asia such as Saudi Arabia, Palestine, United Arab Emirates among others. However, Arabs are also centered in the North of Africa and fragmented in various countries around the globe. The Arab-Israeli conflict can trace its roots in the 18th century when Zionist movements were founded in response ...

Education was a key factor in the Westernization of the Ottoman Empire. During the peak of its rule in the 15th to 17th centuries, the Ottoman Empire covered much of modern day Europe and stretch in part of Asia and Africa. This paper briefly describes the empire then discusses the processes that contributed to its westernization.

The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire began with the reign of Muhammad II in 1481 and lasted for close to five centuries until its collapse in 1918. During the peak of its power in 16th to the 17th century, its territory included present day Turkey, Egypt, Greece, ...

The essays aims to show if and how national identity finds its reflection in architecture. Turkey is the country handpicked for this particular scientific purpose inasmuch as it a solid example of a multicultural state acknowledged at political and legal levels. More importantly, it has a rich history of multiculturalism. Istanbul and Ankara are the primary examples of architectural tendencies. The essay carefully traces the evolution of western influence and the rationales behind the cultural dialogue in the days of the empire, which allows understanding the nature of possible national identity erosion in the modern Turkish architecture. The brief ...

Influence of Britain and Australia on Middle East during the Great War

The Great War, or the World War I, saw its end in 1918, but even after 86 years, there is no end in sight to the violence that it triggered. The end of the War influenced and shaped our modern world to an extent like none else. Although the reflection of today’s development, as a whole, traces its route back to the decisions taken during and post-World War I, the one place where the violent results still echo is Middle East.
Middle East had been ruled by the Ottoman Empire since four decades. By the end of 1914, ...

If the attacks of September 11 accomplished anything it was this, that great attention was focussed on Western and Islamic relations and their glaring differences in the way they handled political, social and religious values. The West is associated with words like secularism, individual freedom and tolerance, the Islamic world is associated on the other hands with words like collective rights, despotism and intolerance. The east and the west are separated by things like ‘clash of civilizations’ and these differences can be attributed to some of the irreconcilable differences and natural clashes. What makes these clashes all the more ...

The Middle East is a vast region with many countries which are differently endowed with both natural and human capita l resources. The state institution and development of societal status have also evolved differently based on the past experiences of colonial and pre-colonial eras. The Middle East region is known to have suffered economic backwardness dating back to the seventeenth century. The state of economic conditions and social developments of the Middle East countries is quite similar to those of North Africa region countries particularly Egypt. The two regions were highly affected by the ruling of the Ottoman Empire ...

The Middle East was part of the great Ottoman’s Empire which had enormous power and influence. The Empire was located in Constantinople the old Roman city. This great Islam empire ruled and dominated most of what had been the Roman empire in the North Africa. The Ottoman Empire also covered a large portion of Europe since the year 1400 and in the years of 1500 the Muslim world dominated the world economy. In 1700s the ability of the Middle East, then the great Ottoman Empire to wage war had considerably reduced.
An Empire that made income from wars ...

Introduction

The Byzantine Empire was one of the longest reigning empires that lasted for 12 centuries from 332 to 1453 AD. In their prime, Byzantine Empire was the envy of the western world and Eastern kingdoms due to their strong economy, architecture, politics and military.
But over time, problems started to creep into the Byzantine Empire most of which was based on their weakening economy and military. The contraction of the Byzantine Empire was due to the continuous array of religious enemies and internal decay that destroyed the empire. Between the Fourth Crusade of 1204 and the last Ottoman Turkish ...

How do you explain a shift in the historical trajectory of the Muslim world from a period of ascendancy between the fifteenth and the seventeenth century to a period of decline and European domination from the eighteenth century on?

Introduction

History offers us a wide variance and mosaic of human activity. The human civilization has emerged from simple hunting and gathering techniques for basic survival to an era of increasingly complex and modern machinery and technology. This journey of man through history has unravelled a series of struggles and has witnessed the rise and fall of different civilizations and empires. This struggle has been incessant ...

World War I began in the year 1914 and lasted through to 1918. While the war started off in Europe, with Germany attempting to become the supreme power in the region, its influence was not limited to that region. The Middle East too was severely impacted by the global turbulence. The Great War carved the history of the Arab world by triggering crucial political upheavals and changes in core beliefs.

The Ottoman Empire had been in power for over four centuries and had become the biggest Islamic power in the world. Neutrality in international conflicts, especially the Great War, ...

Pan-Islamism denotes a move towards achieving Islamic unity for all Muslims under one state, commonly referred to as a caliphate. The idea of a caliphate was first conceptualized during the time of Prophet Muhammad, who was seen as the de facto spiritual and political leader of all Muslims. In the modern era, the idea of a Muslim caliphate was popularized by Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (jrank.org). He was an Islamic philosopher and political activist. He worked as an advisor to the King of Afghanistan in which it has been documented that he advised on the resistance of Britain's advances in ...

1. What caused the decline of the Ottomans beginning with the 17th century up to the beginning of the twentieth century?

The reign of Mahmud II directly led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire, as his decisions hung over the empire for generations. First and foremost, Mahmud II abolished the Janissary corps in 1826 in order to reform the Ottoman Empire's army and modernize the nation of Turkey, which also led to increasing Western European influence in the nation. Nationalism began to rise even more, often centered around religion; following the Tanzimat reforms of 1839, the self-contained millet ...

Similarities And Differences Between The Armenian Genocide And The Jewish Holocaust

Genocide refers to a deliberate intention of the destruction and killing of people of a particular ethnic, cultural or religious people. The people in government who usually perform such action have attitudes and behaviors that were discriminative and racial in nature though they were being covered up in super nationalistic ideologies (Kelman, 1973). The Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust have several similarities and differences and scholars have examined both events and explored what led to such actions.

The Armenian Genocide

The Armenian genocide occurred in several steps over several years during World War 1 in the Ottoman Empire. First of all the Turkish ...

Introduction

Before the formation of states, the areas were always divided into realms. These were mainly vast lands that would always be formed primarily through the acts of acquisition. In the process of acquiring these new pieces of lands under their control, the emperors would always require that the inhabitants of these areas would always have to conform to their rules and ways of life. These may include issues such as religion, culture and even economic activities. The rise of Islamic empires throughout the world played a significant role when it came to matters of the spread of Islam throughout ...

The Muslim movements after the Caliphate

After the abolition of the Ottoman Empire, and later the Caliphate in 1924, in the modern Muslim world began "non-Caliphate" period. This process was historically logical, because the theocratic form of government suffered a crisis in the Muslim world, where national movement and bourgeois relations were growing.
Nominal power of the Sultan still existed, but only in name. In this situation, the Sultan resorted to Pan-Islamism policy, however corrupt administrative apparatus, a weak army and a weak economy, led this policy to the failure. By the early twentieth century in the country were rapidly spreading European ideas and values, ...

The story majors within the coalfield of Zonguldak, which is situated along the Black Sea Coast. The area was well endowed with mineral deposits, and as the economy entered the steam age, there was the need for a continuous supply of coal (Quataert 15). The mines were discovered, and miners from the villages had to be employed to work in the mines. Donald explains the experiences that the coal miners had in the Ottoman Empire. The coal miners came from the Zonguldak villages and the work they did would be compared to those of slaves who were being colonized. ...

Nationalism is defined as the devotion that a particular person has towards his country. It is widely described as a sense of belonging that many people feel important. This sense of belonging allows the person to put primary interest to the nation. Many historians differentiate nationalism from patriotism by saying that nationalism is a state of belonging that people have over a country that is not yet free while patriotism is the love and loyalty for a country that is free. Arab nationalism is the state that arose among the Arab-speaking nations which felt the necessary urge to unite ...

Miners and the State in the Ottoman Empire: The Zonguldak Coalfield 1822-1920

The story takes place within the coalfield of Zonguldak, which is situated along the Black Sea Coast. The area was well-endowed with mineral deposits, and as the economy entered the steam age, there was the need for a continuous supply of coal. The mines were discovered, and miners from the villages had to be employed to work in the mines. Quataert explains the experiences of the coal miners had in the Ottoman Empire. The coal miners came from the Zonguldak villages, and they worked under deplorable conditions. The miners had a difficult lifestyle since there was no free medical ...

Introduction

Pilgrimage to Mecca otherwise referred to as the Hajj, is and famous event globally and has been there through history. This religious rite is observed globally by people ascribed to the Muslim religion in present date. During the 18th and 19th century the Hajj provided grounds for various economic activities. Hajj caravan travelled annually from Damascus mainly comprising of the pilgrim. Mecca was at the centre of economic activities taking place during this time. The trade existed between various groups which include the pilgrim, the people of Damascus, and the people of Hijaz. The events of Hajj caravan during ...

Brief history of Saudi Arabia

Historic area of the Arabian Peninsula, which now occupies the western Saudi Arabia, is usually called Hijaz and Najd. At the beginning of the VII century Muhammad’s prophetic mission began in Mecca, where the Meccan pagans denied it. After 13 years he moved to Medina (Yathrib), inhabited by Arabs and Jews. A peace treaty was signed with the latter. Gradually, Arabs all of the Arabian Peninsula became his followers.

Saudi Arabia map

In 632, Arab Caliphate with its capital in Medina was founded. It engulfed almost the entire Arabian Peninsula. As a result of voluntary annexations and conquests by the IX century ...

Introduction

Kemalism can also be referred to as either Ataturkism or The Six Arrows. It is Turkey’s founding ideology. It represents the sweep of social, political, religious and cultural reforms that resulted to the consideration of Turkey citizens as equals regardless of religion as they created a national, unitary and secular state from the Ottoman Empire. In essence, this is a political ideology established by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founding father and the president.

Short Summary

Kemalism is a philosophy that focused on modernization in the sense of guiding transition between multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire to the secular, multi-religious and the unitary Republic of Turkey. ...

There is a wide accepted concept that after centuries of development, the Muslim world began to decline in the 15th century. Did it really decline? In this work I would like to illustrate the main trends of developments of the Muslim world in early 15 – early 20 century. We know that in part of the second millennium, and for five centuries later there were many Asian invasions in other regions of the world, wide expansion (Seljuk, Arab, Turkish). But then the stagnation began. Since the "golden age" of the Abbasid Empire, it has not changed territorially. And large areas ...

The thirteenth century to the seventeenth century can be considered a period of ascendancy as there are many examples of dominance and the fight for superiority between various groups and empires: most notably through the Mongol Empire, the destruction of the Abbasid Empire, and the consolidation of the Ottoman Empire.
In the thirteenth century, Mongol invasions were rampant all over Asia, leading through the Middle East and into Europe. They were sent by the Mongol Empire to gain territorial expansion across Eurasia and the Middle East. Mongol armies led by Genghis Khan invaded Iraq and Iran beginning in the ...

Toward the end of the fifteenth Century, Islamic social orders remained at a financial, political and social zenith. They were rich and rationally, deductively, innovatively, and officially exceptional. Compelling armed forces and exchange systems had spread the authority of Islamic society from the Atlantic drift through the southern Mediterranean and North Africa to the Middle East, Southeast Asia and parts of China. Difficulties were repulsed. The Crusades influenced a little piece of the Islamic world. After the dismissal of Baghdad by the Mongols (who were changed over to Islam inside one hundred years), politically and financially, Islam more than recuperated. Be ...

What factors have catalyzed developments in human civilization during the past millennium?

Introduction
Throughout the past millennium, humankind has experienced vast developments that became instrumental to reaching its eventual current state. Although there is an understanding that humankind inevitably undergoes change as time goes by, various themes in world history have characterized the transformations that emerged during the past 1000 years. Such provides valuable insights on how humankind could possibly evolve as they continue to exist. The following themes have depicted developments in human civilization – the growth of empires, emancipation from oppression and permeation of foreign influence that has countered tradition. The constant desire of humankind to expand their utility ...

The Ottoman Empire (1289-1923) and the Mughal Empire (1526-1858) both constituted the large Muslim Empires established by the Turkish speaking rulers who migrated from the central region of Asia and conquered the lands that were previously harmed due to the invasions by Mongols. They effectively employed the gun-powder arms and ammunition for establishing their ruler over the regions which were extremely diversified on the basis of religions and ethnicity.

The Ottoman Empire

In 1453, the religious warriors of Islam called ghazis successfully conquered Constantinople that was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. The ottoman Turks made Constantinople as their capital and named ...

What question does the author pose? This typically is implied rather than stated explicitly, so you might be searching for something that is not literally in the text.

Thesis/position/argument/claim

Where do you first find the argument?
The argument is first realized in page 89 where the author says “the extraordinary sensitivity of the Ottoman elite to local conditions allowed them to build an empire across three continents that endured for many centuries.”(Greene 89). It is an indication of the involved process and what it would take to achieve control over other states or people. There are other sections in ...

Introduction

On February 28th 1998 an armed conflict ensued lasting until June 1999 in Kosovo. The warring parties were namely the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Kosovo Liberation Army constituted of Kosovo Albanian rebels. The former was operating under the auspices of the Montenegro and Serbian republics while the latter had the ground support from the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the Albanian forces.
According to Christian Nielsen’s Ethnic Cleansing: Kosovo, conflict traces its roots to the historical contentions dated back to 1939. It is in this year, that Serbian and Ottoman forces went to war ...

The development of the Zionist movement created a powerful Jewish community in Palestine. Zionism describes a type of Jewish nationality. The people from this nationality believe that their survival, both physically and culturally is only possible if they return to their ancestral home. The ancestral home of Zionists is Israel. If they do not return to their homes then, they have scarce chances of surviving in the world. In the beginning, the group was more of a nationalist movement, seeking liberation so that they can go back to the ancestral home (Anita, 67). The movement began as a way of reminding Jews of ...

When the great historians are mentioned, the name Jurji Zaydan does not feature as much. However, if the history of Arab has to be discussed, then the name is a common term. For many people, the history of the Arabic language and the Arabian people is synonymous with the Islamic couture. Most of the Arabic writings have a lot to do with the Islam religion and culture. However, if the history of the region is to be set apart from Islam and discussed in detail, it emerges that some names must be mentioned. One of these names is Jurji Zaydan. However, ...

After the struggle and destruction of sultanates in Muslim empires by the Mamluks in the early 19th century, reformists started to rise into power with a dream of reconstructing their specific empires and sultanates. One of the most remembered reformists were the European educated Mahmud II and Abidulmecid I of the Ottoman Empire. Some of their reforms are discussed below.
Having acquired western education on modernization, Mahmud II had a dream of modernizing the Ottoman Empire. The first reform witnessed was the introduction of modern administration in which provinces were governed as administrative blocs which then reported to the head ...

How are cultural values transmitted? How do they change? In what ways are they gendered?

Cultural values can be transmitted through generations within a family, or between societal groups through the use of a common language . Cultural exchanges also take place through education as well as the interactions between diplomats, merchants, travelers and migration of populations. Human beings have a tendency to change and adapt their cultures and values to cope with a constantly changing environment. Hence, over time, transmission of values may lead to cultural evolution . Traditionally, values pertaining to home and family have been particularly attributed to the female gender while those of governance and trade to the male gender.

What did Victorian women find appealing in Ottoman dress?

Victorian women symbolized the Ottoman dressing ...

Explain with supporting details of actions and thoughts why conquering Constantinople was so important to Sultan Mehmet. In what ways did he demonstration his preoccupation and dedication to the task? What did he achieve he achieve for himself or for Islam after the victory?
The magnificent city of Constantinople experienced great development due to its strategic position, which created a flourishing trade. It was with time becoming an international trade centre welcoming traders from all over the continent. The marvelous goods shipped from all over the world had introduced a peculiar flavor in the immensely upcoming attraction centre. The Ottoman ...

The Armenians are a people, an ethnic group, and a nation that hails from the land of Armenia which is located in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Armenia is a landlocked country that is mountainous in topography. Countries that border it are Turkey to the west, Azerbaijan to the east, Georgia to the north, and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. Amazingly Armenians don’t call themselves Armenians in their Armenian language; they call themselves Hay which is pronounced as Hye. Thus Armenians from Armenia are referred to as Hyeastansees, Armenians from Iran are known as Parska-Hye and those from ...

The Tanzimat reforms comprised of several reforms that were promulgated in the Ottoman Empire between in the 19th century between 1839 and 1876. The intention of these reforms was to preserve a weakening Empire. The reforms took place under the reign of Sultans Abdulaziz and Abdulmecid. These reforms in the Ottoman Empire had a high influence from European ideals and were aimed at transforming the functioning of the Empire in order to conform to ideals of a modern state (Davison, 2015). Edicts were thus passed to achieve this goal including the 1839 Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane – The Noble ...

This paper will look at how the people from Eastern Europe are portrayed in Western Media. The focus of this paper will be on the stereotyping of Russian women as being beautiful, the Roma as thieves and the people of the Balkans as violent.
The popular opinion of Russia women is that they are beautiful and mysterious. They believe that they walk around on the ice in high heels, do not sweat even in fur coats and avoid public transportation. The goal of the article The Most Beautiful Russian Girls is to ascertain the kind of lives that these ...

I would like to start my analysis by introducing a little bit the movie background and how it was filmed. Almost all members of royal family of Jordan are Arabs related to the Hashemite dynasty, who consider themselves to be direct descendants of Prophet Muhammad. The exception is Prince Ali Bin Al-Hussein which is maternal Circassians. Sometime ago he came up with the idea to make a film about the Circassians living in Jordan. Choosing the director for the movie, Prince did not hesitate for too long. He called Mohy Quandour, who was living in London, known as many-sided ...

The recipe for Greek mussaka and good advices I received from my neighbor who originates from Greece. Mussaka is a main course dish that is prepared in all countries of the Balkan Peninsula and is considered as a national meal in every one of them. The difference is in the meat and some people, according to taste add two egg yolks in the bechamel sauce and change the bottom or both layers with potatoes. The word béchamel has a French origin and it came much later with many other words as names to the similar things, prepared in ...

[Full Name of the Student]
Two main ways in which States in the Middle East are formed. Examples from three countries.
One of the first and main ways in which Middle Eastern states were formed was by revolts from local conservative tribal leaders and Ottoman feudatories. The examples of Saudi Arabia and Jordan are worthwhile in this regard. Both States currently occupy territories that were a part of the Ottoman Empire. They are ruled by royal dynasties that have their origins in tribal chieftaincies that originally owed allegiance to the Ottoman Empire. After the First World War, as part ...

In the history of the Muslim Ottoman Empire during XVI - the beginning of the twentieth centuries - the era of social and political prosperity and its wreckage. National history of more than 20 modern Middle East countries, South East Europe, and North Africa is closely linked to the Ottoman Empire. In possession of the Sultans, Bogohranimogo State entered the territory of about 8 million sq. M. km. with a population of over 30 million. subjects.
In the second half of ХIХ, the expansion of European states takes place in the Muslim East, which led to the transformation of ...

Armenian Genocide as an Act of Eliminationism

Introduction
The word genocide refers to the destruction of a nation or a particular ethnic group. The word is coined from Greek words ‘genos’ and ‘cide’. Genos means race or tribe while cide means killing. A genocide is not always the immediate destruction of a nation or tribe except when it is done by the mass killing of the members of a nation or tribe. Rather genocides signify a gradual coordinated plan composed of different actions aimed at destroying the essential foundations of a group with the aim of annihilating the group. The goals of such a plan would ...

The Ottoman Empire embraced the ruling and subject classes and divisions by social affiliations. Each social group was often different and diverse based on wealth and rank in the society. The level of literacy in Ottoman Empire rose due to the presence of Christian, Jewish, primary and secondary schools. (Quataert 169).The architecture of the rural homes consisted sufficiently comfortable stone built houses. In the urban areas, the wealthy class lived in modernized and adequately furnished houses. The poorer class consisted of houses built with stone, which were plastered with cow dung (Quataert 156).
The homes among the ...