Transcription Research Papers Samples For Students

Transcriptional regulation of gene expression

Gene expression in eukaryotic cells is regulated at transcriptional, post transcriptional and translational levels (Tomizawa,  Lekstrom-Himes, and Xanthopoulos 17). Transcriptional control is the primary means of regulating gene expression. Eukaryotic transcriptional control functions at three levels: modulation of the activities of activators and repressors; variations in chromatin structure; and effect of activators and repressors on assembly of initiation complexes (Lodish et al. 368).
Regulation of transcription initiation is the most widespread form of gene control in eukaryotes. However, in some cases, transcription may be attenuated and regulated at subsequent steps, such as during or after the transcription process (Cooper ...

Phonetic transcriptions illustrate that there are various pronunciation in various accents of English. It is important to note that despite the word being spelled out the same, the fact remains that its pronunciation dictates the region or the culture that any English speaker hails from. The basic spelling of a word cannot be used to explain how a word should be pronounced. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a special system that is used in conducting transcription of an English word in different accents. A good example of a phonetic transcription is the word no. According to the IPA phonetic transcription of the ...

Abstract

Bones are formed through a process known as osteogenesis from three different lineages. This process takes place through two different methods, which are intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. A large increment in bone mass takes place in childhood, as well as puberty, through the formation of endochondral bone. At this point, growth hormones are known to play a role. This paper will focus on the process of cartilage and bone formation and the stimulation of bone formation by the growth hormone. There are a number of factors that regulate the formation of bone, while growth hormone affects a number of factors related to ...

Embryonic stem cell is a crucial factor in the developmental process of a multicellular organism. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived at early stages during development and eventually give rise to all type of tissues and organs in an animal. The ES cell lines have three properties consisting of self-renewal, primary chimera formation and pluripotency [1]. Pluripotency, a key feature of ESCs, refers to the capacity of a cell to differentiate into several different types of tissues [2]. An array of cellular factors play important role in maintaining pluripotency and determining cell fate in the developmental pathway. Negative effects on these factors may ...

Introduction

The treatment for multitudes of diseases and disorders resulting from genetic reasons have been ambiguous since long as the only cure could be the correction of genes and DNA in the specific region. Gene therapy gave a promising horizon to the correction of such genetic defects whereby molecular tools are applied to reverse the mutation or any other changes in the DNA. The advancing biomedical research have offered several tools for gene therapy since last few decades that have been able to perform the desired roles but with one or the other limitations. Lately, CRISPR-Cas9 based tools for gene ...

The Name of the Class (Course)

The Name of the School (University)
The City and State
Introduction
Literature Review
According to Geopolymer Institute (2014), Joseph Davidovits discovered Geopolymer concrete. Joseph Davidovits is a French National born in 1935. Geopolymer concrete is as a result of a reaction of source materials. Constituents of source materials are alumina, silica, and alkaline liquid. Geopolymer has a 3-dimensional structure. They are manufactured using low amounts of temperature. The manufacture of Geopolymer involves mixing several products. These products are alkali metal hydroxide and aluminosilicate. Aluminosilicate acts as a binder. It is a constituent of aluminum and silicon.
Research shows that Geopolymer ...

In the modern society, infectious diseases appear to cause a serious concern. They tend to carry severe economical and healthcare burden, and continue to be responsible for an alarming situation. Infectious disease do evolve in order to become established in a given human host and gradually become responsible for a life threatening situation An early detection and implementation of hygienic protocols is essential to get protection from such conditions. In such context, the present description is concerned with highlighting about HIV virus.
Briefly, HIV stands for Human immunodeficiency virus. It is responsible for causing AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) in people worldwide. ...

Qualitative data is holistic and strives for a whole understanding. In order to obtain the information needed, semi-structured interviews will also be conducted which have a general plan of enquiry. Case studies will be undertaken in a form of conversation in which the researcher established a general direction and followed specific topics raised by the respondents during investigations. The topic guide will guide the questions and in the interviews, the respondents’ observations will be reported. The major strengths of the qualitative approach will be that they in fact privilege the research subjects’ social realities (Rubin & Babbie, 1997).
Thematic analysis is a process that ...

Qualitative Research

Brief Description
The interview was conducted among two people on the topic “Interpretation of the migration crisis”, which turned to be quite challenging due to the sensitiveness of the topic. First of all, it was problematic to find participants, as the majority thought that the answers may affect their social or professional life, even though I made it clear that the participation is anonymous. Secondly, one of the respondents refused to continue answering the questions in the middle of the interview without explaining the reasons. However, as this option was discussed before the interview, it did not affect the ...

Abstract

Human XPA is a protein engaged in DNA damage recognition and repair. A mutation in the gene encoding the protein causes an autosomal recessive disorder, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), which renders an individual sensitive to sunlight and causes skin cancer. XPA is a 273 amino acid protein, which is predominantly localized in the nucleus. It is expressed at both high and moderate levels in several tissues. The protein serves as a damage sensor in a nucleotide excision repair mechanism, through which the damage to a DNA strand is verified and repaired by formation of a newly synthesized strand. Besides this primary NER mechanism, XPA in conjunction ...

Introduction

Scientists have discovered a way of turning off genes so as to provide room for studying how cells work and other aspects of the cells. The discovery has been deemed to be a major success towards a news technology in studying the biochemical pathways and interactions that occur in cells hence facilitating normal development as well as disease progression. Norris (Para. 1) points out that, scientists at UC San Francisco have made this major breakthrough of turning off genes in cells. They indicate that the ability to turn off genes will pave way to increase in research and making of discoveries in ...

Genetic testing also known as DNA based test, involves direct examination of DNA molecules to test for genetic disorders and diseases (Gene testing, 2010). According to the Human Genome Project Information (2010), Genetic testing can be used for various reasons to include:
- Identifying people who carry one copy of genes causing diseases such as Huntington’s disease.
- Pre-symptomatic testing of adult onset diseases/disorders such as Huntington’s disease
- Forensic testing and determining paternity.
- Newborn screening and pre- natal testing.
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid, and these are chemical Data bases ...

Chloroplast and mitochondria are membrane bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells’ cytoplasm. Chloroplasts are present in all multicellular plants and some algae species while mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells. Their main similarity is that both of these organelles generate the universal cell energy carrier known as ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
- Chloroplast DNA
Geneticists have long established that many chloroplast associated traits display cytoplasmic inheritance. This suggests that nuclear genes are not responsible for encoding of these traits. In 1963, it was discovered that chloroplasts have their own deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) known as chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). ...

Introduction

This paper discusses Lassa fever, an infectious disease with regard to its causality organism, transmission, epidemiology, and factors causing the illness, clinical manifestation and diagnosis and the role of the nurse in controlling the illness. Lassa fever is a severe viral hemorrhagic infection caused by Lassa virus, which is affiliated to arenavidae virus family. Sierra Leone comprises of approximately 90% Africans of various tribal groups. The Temne people occupies approximately 30% of the total population in Sierra Leone and reside in the Northern part of the country. The current prevalence rate of the infection in the entire west Africa is ...

Posttranslational Mechanisms Regulate the Mammalian Circadian Clock

The issue of interest in these three research topics is the Circadian Clock. The first article, ‘Posttranslational Mechanisms Regulate the Mammalian Circadian Clock’ examines the posttranslational regulation of this clock in the liver of a mouse. The study published in this article used the mPER1 and the mPER2 proteins, the BMAL1 and the CLOCK proteins to show their significance in the stabilization of phosphorylated mPER2 proteins by the mCRYs. This article shows the Circadian rhythms to be greatly influenced by the biological clocks in the mammalian bodies. The timing system in mammals for example, is shown to be organized in a ...