Essays on Tomb

The Mawangdui tomb paintings has been analyzed very carefully by a number of experts who have different interpretations based on the belief systems prevalent at the time of Lady Dai's life and death. Given how rich Chinese history is, in terms of its beliefs, there are a number of texts and sources that can be used to explain this four-layered coffin and that has become the subject of much debate (Holloway). In the first reading, the question as to why paintings are even kept in tombs is asked and where one reaches the conclusion that it is probably assumed ...

Glassmaking Technologies in the Late 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, 1351-1323 BCE

Description of Project The XVIII Dynasty of ancient Egypt is likely the most familiar period of Egyptian history for people today. This is due to the major news event of 1923, when Howard Carter opened the sealed tomb of Tutankhamun, a teenage pharaoh who ruled from 1332 to 1323 BCE (Schultz 2010). King Tut, as he was nicknamed by the press, was laid to rest in the Valley of the Kings in a tomb full of precious objects, with rich drawings on its walls that illustrated the young king’s life. Many of those objects were made of, or ...

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built by the king of Babylon Nebuchadnezzar. The gardens were built in 600 B.C. They were built near River Euphrates in the modern Iraq. Exclusive art was involved in the construction as the gardens had been built 75 feet above the ground on a big brick terrace that was square in shape. The brick had been designed in a steps-like theater (Laliberte et al 35). King Nebuchadnezzar had designed the towering gardens with the aim of pleasing his lover. The art was meant to be romantic to Amytis following her admiration for the ...

Gilgamesh and Odysseus are well-known heroes from old epics of Mesopotamian and Greek cultures, correspondingly. The two characters have similar traits, such as courage and physical strength. However, there are also differences between the two of them. Each hero’s traits divulge fascinating information about their cultural ideals. Additionally, cross-referencing fictional individuals with real-life cultural ideals is worthwhile when examining any culture, at any point in history. Contemporary American culture, for example, appears to value physical attributes and attractiveness, more than anything. Examining Gilgamesh and Odysseus can be helpful not only in revealing details about the different cultural ideals ...

Introduction

Etruscan is an ancient italic culture that was developed from a prehistoric civilization referred to as Villanova. The Etruscans mainly settled within the central region of Italy specifically between Tiber and Arno rivers. The Etruscan civilization was once a brilliant culture that has disappeared over time but represents the foundation for ancient development of Roman art and culture as well as the Italian Renaissance. The Etruscans were considered as the first “superpowers” in the entire peninsula currently referred to as Italy. In fact the Etruscans established most cities in Western Mediterranean by working alongside Greeks. Cities such as Pisa, ...

Introduction

The White Temple, Uruk at Iraq circa 3200 B.C.E., and the Stepped Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara, circa 2630 B.C.E. execute the basis for architectural comparisons. Despite the ancient origins of each respective architectural building, several components of the designs such as composition and style, will attempt to inform a cogent analysis and discussion herein. Each structure holds a particular meaning or function in its architectural design. A brief overview of history of the White Temple at Uruk, Iraq, will reveal that the citizens of this ancient dwelling eventually abandoned the region until approximately 300 AD, due to a ...

Architecture of Madain Salih

One of the mysteries in the historical science of our time is the origin of the monuments Hegre in Saudi Arabia. In the historical literature, it is assumed that this city was built by the Nabataeans - the people, the basis of the life of which was to ensure the caravan trade. These people, who lived here from the III century BC to the I century BC, carved facades of tombs, built many kilometers of waterways in the rocks to collect rainwater and left behind a lot of mysteries about their religion and language (Khairy, 167). Madain Salih (Hegra, ...

Women in Video Game

Video games are the games that are played against a computer. History of video games may go back to the year 1940, when a computer game, “Nim” was designed by Edward Condon. The game had the ability to be played by one player (Kondrat 171). In the recent times, video games have covered a huge market. It has been reported that about $16.6 billion were spent on video games in the U.S. in the year 2012, and the worldwide video game market was at about $67 billion (Fox, and Wai Yen Tan 314). The representation of men and women ...

The Mask of Agamemnon

There are a lot of artworks that will always contain some secret concerning its true origin and authenticity. One of such sculptures is definitely the case with the Mask of Agamemnon. This artifact from the Greek Bronze Age was discovered by distinguished German archaeologist, Heinrich Schliemann, in Mycenae dated 1876. After the stunning discovery of the real location of the legendary Troy, Schliemann was next planning to find the final resting place of Agamemnon, the famous king of ancient Mycenae who headed the Greek troops during the Trojan War. All his grand triumphs and tribulations are eulogized in Homer’ ...

After analyzing the monuments of art, handed down to us from a distant era of the ancient Egyptian civilization, we can definitely identify the two main themes in the art of Egypt in the period around the IV millennium BC to 332 BCE. This is the theme of power and the theme of death. The power of the Pharaoh over the borders of Egypt, the Egyptian state supremacy over the neighboring tribes and kingdoms became firmly established. The question was how to combine it with the death, which is the worst thing that awaits man? It is not possible ...

Three poems, which have been chosen for this paper: “Because I could not stop for Death” by Emily Dickinson, “A Supermarket in California” by Allen Ginsberg, and “Sailing to Byzantium” by W. B. Yeats, are all very different and belong to different literary trends. However, they all are focused on the subject of death, which they depict from different standpoints, systems of beliefs, and values. In the first poem, “Because I could not stop for Death”, Emily Dickinson describes death using the image of a gentleman, who takes her into his carriage: “He kindly stopped for me – The Carriage” ( ...

The most beautiful and fascinating artistic aspect of the Chinese ritual objects was the use of bronze. In ancient times, vessels were made to be used for drinks and foods and came in different forms. Some of the containers had accents of rounded and molded handles which rest on well-created bases. Bronze vessels have a well-designed covering which depicts mythical images of mostly animals (Chang, p. 529). Since the beginning of the millennia, they left these vessels with shades of green. There was an addition of hues that helped in bringing a visual display of the art. In the ...

Introduction

The Minoan Civilization was the forerunner of the ancient Greek culture which emerged from the island of Crete. The island of Crete was isolated from the rest of the Greek mainland by the Sea of Crete to the north and by the Mediterranean Sea to the west. The island with its mountainous rugged terrain and white sand coastal areas proved to be a great spot for international affairs and trade routes especially for the European, Africa, and Asia Minor merchants. Because of its isolated landscape, many scholars have proposed the existence of cultural interactions between Cretan civilization and those ...

Antigone and Creon are characters who assume parallel perspectives. There is a sharp contrast between the two and in almost all instances—they do not seem to be in harmony. Oedipus was Antigone’s father. There arises great tension after his departure on who would be the next king. Antigone’s brothers, Eteocles, and Polyneices had agreed to share the leadership roles in the throne. Creon is Antigone’s father (Schakel, and Jack 1105). The two are brought out as very different characters with conflicting ideologies on religious law and the law of men. They also differ on issues ...

Introduction

Various communities have had different customs that they respect and follow in their daily activities. As time moves on some of the traditions and myths, have been forgotten while others are still practiced. Some beliefs have lost value because the society has evolved, and new things have come up in life. The false door of the Royal sealer neferiu is a tradition that is well known in Egypt, mostly the upper northern part. The custom existed since the old kingdom up to 2010 BC. The Egyptians had a belief that once a person dies the soul freely enter and ...

In the play ‘Antigone’ by Sophocles, the central idea is misfortunes in life. The play is about the tragedy that befalls Antigone; a strong-willed woman who tries to stand for what she feels is right but suffers at the hands of a bad ruler. The author uses vivid symbolism, imagery, and a tragic tone to bring out the theme of misfortunes in life, through Antigone’s life, her family and the entire Thebes. The central idea of misfortune is supported by the literary element imagery. For example, the tomb is used in the story to represent the tragedy that ...

As a self-taught photographer Samuel Bourne has given the world a view of India that is as prolific and beautiful. His photographs are an example of the true photography artistry and the photos remain a gem even in this time. The history of the mutiny in India against the British dominance is captured in a way of contrast between the old and the new. Bourne is centered at the period of disruption in the Indian lifestyle and portrays both the good and the racially charged emotions of the times. Bourne shot his photographs in the 1850 and 1860’s ...

Racism and class struggles are common challenges that black face in the society. The history of the African-Americans in the United States has been built on the slave trade and the lack of rights for the black race trying to survive in a white dominated society. Although many civil rights groups in the past have fought for equality among the blacks and the whites, the blacks, such as the current President of the country, continue to fight against the racial discrimination in the society. Espada’s “Litany at the Tomb of Frederick Douglas” and Blake’s “The Little Black ...

1. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are one of the ancient wonders, which had been constructed in Babylonia’s capital city, Babylon, situated in the Persian Gulf of the present-day Iraq. King Nebuchadnezzar, who ruled Babylon for over 43 years, built the gardens for his wife, Amyitis in seventh century B.C. . The gardens were 400 feet in length and width, with a height of over 80 feet. The gardens consist of arched terraces placed one above another, which rest upon huge cube-shaped pillars. The terraces are not only hollow, but filled with earth to ...

Abstract

In this paper, we will discuss and describe the application of mathematics in architecture. Starting from the explanation of the meaning of architecture, we will consider the relationship between architecture and mathematics since ancient times. One of the most significant contribution of mathematics in architecture is strengthening the building constructions. This property can be traced in many ancient structures (for example, the Parthenon, the Colosseum, Stonehenge). The evolution of the types of construction design was tightly related to mathematics. In our research, we will discuss various designs, such as pyramidal, post-and-lintel and carcass construction systems. Special attention will be ...

In the formation of art of the peoples who lived in the Mediterranean basin, a huge role was played by the so-called Aegean, or Mycenaean art. The Aegean culture was formed and developed in III—II millennia BC and was created by tribes that lived on the island of Crete, the Peloponnese, the West coast of Asia Minor (Boardman 21). In 1871, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated Hissarluka on the hill "pre-Homer" cities that can be dated to the III Millennium BC and which belong to the prehistory of the Aegean culture. Soon Schliemann began excavations in the ...

Comparison between Tourism in Delhi and Beijing

Beijing and Delhi are some of the world's renowned cities, located in some of the worlds, most populated countries. They are also major a tourist attraction sites in those countries contributing a significant amount to the country's GDP. They also have some of the oldest sites that preserve the native culture and the national heritage. India and China have become popular tourist destinations due to the presence of these cities. In essence, in the past decade, tourist volumes have increased following extensive marketing and improved international relations, especially in China. The paper shall compare and contrast tourism for Beijing ...

The name of this woman is shrouded in the fog of romanticism and mystery associated with the legend of extraordinary beauty and mysterious death. What was this woman for real? What is the secret of interest in her? Why did historical tradition and Shakespeare bound together the names of Cleopatra and Caesar, Cleopatra and Anthony? Cleopatra VII Philopator was born in 69 BC. Her father was Ptolemy XII Auletes. Besides, her family had two sisters and two brothers, both younger than her. Ptolemaic Dynasty at this point of time existed for nearly two centuries. Their power in Egypt appeared ...

Culture:Roman

Medium:Marble Dimensions:Overall: 34 x 85 x 36 1/4 in. (86.4 x 215.9 x 92.1 cm)

Classification:Stone-Architectural-Inscribed

Credit Line:Purchase, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, 1955 Accession Number:55.11.5 The magnificent, highly detailed and splendid in design Late Roman marble sarcophagus displayed in Metropolitan Museum of Art immediately draws viewers attention. The exhibit is extremely well preserved for the work dated A.D. 260–270, it is clear even for non-professional eye. The museum records state that ‘it has been preserved almost intact and only a few of the minor extremities are now missing’. The literature available in the museum collection also states that ‘originally it ...

Egyptian Pyramids

"Visiting card" of Egypt is the pyramids. There are about hundreds of them - large and small, with smooth and stepped sides that have survived virtually unchanged and more look like a shapeless heap of stones. They are located along the West Bank of the Nile in small groups near the place, where in the era of the Old Kingdom was the capital of the country - Memphis. The most famous of the pyramids are on the outskirts of Cairo, on the edge of the desert plateau of Giza, looming over the green valley of the Nile. Here at ...

The dawn of a new era beckons everyone to forget the past and focus on the future. The hardships and discriminations of the past have lost their foot and the society is now emerging based on equality and sovereignty. The poem, "Litany on the Tomb of Frederick Douglass" by Martin Espada is just one attempt by the poet to welcome this dawn and the winds of change. The poem focuses on how the racial barriers of the past centuries have broken their bind to usher a new era where a Black man is chosen as the president of United ...

“Chateaubriand, intending to only write a memoir, has created the history of the 19th century – no more, no less” – said French writer and critic Jules Janin. I believe that it is impossible to say any better about the genius of Christianity’s great creation. His work has left a significant mark on the history of his homeland. Moreover he not only depicted the past but also left a few lines for the future he has seen. He begins this narrative from his childhood memories, which are highly detailed with descriptions of his lineage. It would be unfair not to ...

"Visiting card" of Egypt is the pyramids. There are about hundreds of them - large and small, with smooth and stepped sides that have survived virtually unchanged and more look like a shapeless heap of stones. They are located along the left, West Bank of the Nile in small groups near the place, where in the era of the old Kingdom was the capital of the country - Memphis. The most famous of the pyramids are on the outskirts of Cairo, on the edge of the desert plateau of Giza, looming over the green valley of the Nile. Here ...

Piye was an ancient pharaoh to the Kushite Empire, now known as one of the great black pharaohs. Though, as a great Kushite King, he ushered in what was to be known as the Twenty-Fifth Egyptian Dynasty in Africa, racism kept Piye’s depiction as light, and pale in many of his statues and paintings . This was standard for many of the African pharaohs. Piye ruled from 747 BCE to 722 BCE, from a stronghold in Napata, located in Nubia. Today the region is known as Sudan . Pharaoh Piye came from royalty himself, as the son of Kashta, a ...

The Great Zimbabwe’s ancient plan is divided into two distinct parts: the hill complex and the valley complexes. The king preserved most of his treasures in the hill complex. Even though he resided in the Imba Huru, most of his time was spent in performing rituals on the hill. The hill complex is characterized with numerous enclosures. However, the smelting and the iron-keeping enclosures are considered as the most recognized in the structural mysteries of the Great Zimbabwe. The mystery of the valley complexes is that they were built using impressive blocks without making the use of modern ...

This article clearly shows the beautification of the Mughal art and architecture. Taj Mahal made by Shahjahan for his beloved wife, and the art of this place makes many to wonder. The historians of that era wrote in a very clear manner that this art piece will be thoughtful for the people in the coming time, and people will remember its architecture for years. And the same thing happened. The Taj Mahal is not only the tomb of the Mumtaz Mahal, but it was an opening for those who love nature and beautiful places. The Shahjehan has made many other ...

The best servant leader who ever lived on earth is Jesus Christ. He was born of Virgin Mary after His conception through the Holy Spirit in the book of Luke 1:26. This was a fulfilment of the prophet Isaiah prophecy in the book of Isaiah 7:14. Isaiah prophesied and said that a virgin shall conceive a child whose name shall be Immanuel meaning, God with us. The Law of Moses in the book of Deuteronomy 18:15 states that God shall raise a prophet like Moses and he shall be hearkened by many that live on the land. Inspiration also continues to say ...

Authorship of the Gospels

The Gospels of Mark, Matthew, Luke and John have or have not been written by specific individuals. The Catholic tradition has always believed that Matthew, Mark, Luke and John are specific persons who have recorded the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. According to Felix Just, SJ. (Who Really Wrote the Gospels, and Why Should we Care), recent scholars have argued the anonymity of the original authors. In his comparative chart of the gospels, Just identified the gospels’ traditionally attributed as well as the implied authors. Mark was John Mark of Jerusalem; Matthew was a tax collector and apostle; Luke ...

- Paleolithic cave paintings and the Neolithic Susa vessel have a common subject matter; they both illustrate the animals, hunting scenes and cuneiform writings. The Paleolithic art which was made during the old stone period has two styles: Franco-Cantabrian which was attributed to the Cro-Magnon man whose designs depict horses, bison and cattle for their art subjects. The Neolithic art on the other hand was a new art formed in the new stone period. The style of Neolithic art was portable art is characterized of its ability to be moved from one place to another either by humans or by environment. ...

Italian Renaissance in the 15th Century: Funeral Monument of John XXIII by Donatello

Italian renaissance marks a period of rebirth and renewal in the interest of culture. This period was after the dark ages and lasted from the 14th to the 15th Century (Gardener et al. 14). During this period, Donatello was one of the best skilled artists. Donatello was an Italian sculptor (1386-1466) (Gardener et al. 14). Donatello designs the funeral monument to the anti-pope John XXIII and positions it between two columns inside the baptistery. The style of the work is classical antiquity and reflects the grandest Italian tomb in the medieval times. Donatello retains considerable elements of classical antiquity. The ...

Question 1: Medieval art

Medieval art is a combination of both the classical and new classical traditions due to the various aspects of the art especially the elements of both Romanesque and gothic art and architecture in relation to the medieval church. Each of the architectural designs has its own outstanding and unique features that make them stand as original. In this history, we can take note of the Romanesque architecture of the Medieval Europe between sixth and 10th century. Two centuries later, it evolved into Gothic architecture that lasted for four centuries to 16th century (Bony 13). The term Romanesque architecture is used ...

The Differences between Sunni and Shia

Introduction Islam is a religion of Muslims promulgated in Arabia by the prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) in the seventh century C.E. A person can convert Islam by saying Shahada – There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger. These words contain the core meaning of Islam. Islam was born through properthood of Muhammad (S.A.W.) and the Holy Quran is the book of Islam. The Quran contains 114 chapters and it was built up with the revealing of Muhammad (S.A.W.). Islam can be divided into three periods: the time before Islam – “The Time of Ingratitude” or “al-jahiliah” when people ...

First Tomb Rider was created in 1993. According to some sources only a fear of lawsuit gave character a female sex. Initially Lara was conceived as Indiana Jones’s analogue. For the next 20 years the main character Lara Croft changed a lot. She got new wardrobe, techniques, personal traits and background events. In 2013 cartoon-looking character changed into a "real woman" with realistic body proportions. However, Lara became a strong role model even with exaggerated breasts. She represents strong, clever and independent woman, which didn’t loose sexuality. That was really new image of female character for that time period. Of course, there were other ...

English

“Poetry is a literary genre that although may sometimes be difficult to grasp, when taken the time to analyze and understand, is able to lead the reader through endless paths of enlightenment. Poetry is derived from the Greek word poiesis means "making". Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings or emotions if the individual. History of poetry is long and dates back to the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh .Early poems were evolved from folk songs such as the Chinese Shijing, or from a need to retell oral epics, as with ...

The Prophet’s Mosque

Two categories describe the distinctive visual elements of Islamic art/architecture as decorated surface and structural shape. Understanding these characteristics of Islamic art/architecture proves a historical journey of the second holy mosque built next to the Prophet Muhammad’s home in Medinah in the 5th century 622 C.E. (Araffin 2005). The evolution of mosques from the humble rendering of the first erected with the Prophet’s own hands to the geometric patterned, repetitive designed, and calligraphy domed places of prayer and worship found in the Islamic world today is a testament to the faith in God of all Muslims globally. The ensuing ...

Introduction

King Tutankhamun also known as King Tut or Tutankhamen was an Egyptian pharaoh who ruled between the period of 1336 and 1327 BC. He is believed to the 12th ruler of the 18th Dynasty of Egyptian history (Carter and Romer 2008). His precious mummy discovered in 1922, in the Valley of Kings by Howard Carter and George Herbert first brought king Tutankhamun to light.. It is the discovery of Tutankhamun’s mummy that first made Tutankhamun and his lineage a subject of public interest worldwide. A lot of facts have been uncovered about him ever since, and all these facts ...

Letters, in the past, do more than just share a message. These written words often carry the being along with the message; as if presenting one’s self to the one for whom the message is intended to be given. In this activity, a letter from Helen Keller dedicated to those who might like to donate for the cause of helping out deaf-and-blind individuals like herself shall be given particular attention to. Determining the response to the questions, what does this letter tell about Helen Keller? What result could a letter like this specifically bring about in relation to the goal that ...

Haniwa Horse

Description of the historical work in Ceramic Media Haniwa Horse encompasses a small horse hollow terracotta statue placed in aristocratic graves during the Kofun period in ancient Japan (Haniwa uma 43). Haniwa is Japanese word that means circle of clay to refer to the unglazed red clay cylinders put around the burial mounds. Haniwa horse supports the ground on the imperial burial mound to provide stability and support the roof of the tomb. The artisans of the Kofun era were the first to design the Haniwa Horse during Japan’s Iron Age. The Kofun means an old tomb ...

‘Instructor’s Name’

‘Subject’ Thinking Critically with Drama- Antigone Antigone is a tragic play written by Sophocles in or before 441 BCE. Although it is the last of the Oedipus trilogy, Antigone was written first and bagged the first prize at the Dionysia festival. The play deals with a female protagonist who acts against the order of the king, and in the process meets her untimely death. The conflicts between the two main characters Creon and Antigone, is a powerful human struggle, which is still relevant as it was during that day. It is a struggle of an individual against the establishment. Antigone by ...

Introduction

The pyramids of Egypt are undeniably full of mysteries, especially regarding how they were managed to be built. However, it seems easier to focus on the number of pyramids, instead of their architecture or engineering, because of the existence of historical texts and archaeological data found within these pyramids that could explain their purpose (Rawlison & Gilman 59-67). Most historians and scientists agree that the pyramids were made as a monument for a deceased pharaoh. The pyramids would serve as the ruler’s palace in the afterlife, so they were made with highly decorated rooms and passages filled with worldly possessions. ...

Peace that people enjoy nowadays uninterrupted is, of course, not a new phenomenon. However, what is interesting is that the humanity has lived only several hundred years without warring for whatever reason could bring large armies face-to-face in a lethal confrontation for questionable reasons. Besides soldiers, the brute force of conflicts, the main tools of war have always been weapons indicating the state of technological advancement of nations, being the litmus paper and the benchmarks of progress. Thousands years ago, there was no such concept as a long-lasting peace, and the weaponry was a lot more different than it currently is, being used ...

The Beginning of the Geometric Period continuing onto the Hellenistic Period, Greek art has continuously created an enormous number of potteries, which have been handed down as heirloom. During the Archaic Period, when the art of pottery flourished, adventurous Greek mythology provided the basis of inspiration for many artists. Stories of gods and heroes, wars and feasts were the main topics of the world. During this period, trade and commerce in Greece made even further advancements and actively sought out the expansion of colonies. As a result, they came into contact with Etruria, an area of Italy, in which through ...

Bianzhong is an ancient Chinese musical instrument that consists of a set of bronze bells that are played melodically. The set of bells used to function as polyphonic musical instruments and evidence shows that some of these bells have been dated between two thousand to three thousand six hundred years of age. These set of bronze bells used to be hung in a wooden frame that would be struck with a mallet (Ye et al, 98). The bronze bells were important instruments in China’s ritual and court music in the ancient times along with the chimes known as “bianging”. History gives ...

Discussing the Great Sphinx of Egypt

ABSTRACT The Sphinx is one of the most famous images of the Ancient World. However, despite its immense, stone image, the Sphinx has and remains a great mystery to layman and experts from many different fields. There is continuing research hoping to determine the true origins, age, image, and purpose of the Sphinx. It is likely much older than previously thought and therefore not built when it had traditionally thought to have built. There are theories that work to explain the Sphinx. However, the only thing that we can be absolutely certain of is that the Sphinx is a fantastical ...

There is a thin line between personal freedom of choice and the moral inclination of an individual. The choice chosen draws guidance from one’s own personal beliefs and morals. As such, there is conflict at times between what one is free to do and what their morals enable them to do. At times, whatever is to be done is legal and one is free to do them but their own morals come into conflict and stop them from the undertaking. As such, this paper will clearly discuss the concepts of freedom of options versus personal morals. An analysis of ...

Taj mahal, a monument defying words has been attracting a lot many visitors since the time immemorial. The shining white monument has been a centre of attraction gathering lot of praises for its spell binding gorgeousness from all around the world. The number of visitors to Taj Mahal has consistently been increasing with the data revealing about 2 to 4 million people visiting Taj Mahal each year. Taj Mahal grabbing a huge appreciation from each corner is now the one of the most loved monuments of the world. So far it’s too good! The facts portray a totally idealistic picture of Taj Mahal ...

Medieval period was characterized by the advancement in technology in part of agriculture and technology through various innovations. This advancement led to the flourish of trade and settlement in villages and cities. It also brought war since the advancement of weapons gave kings the urge to expand their territory. It also marked the end of Roman Empire and establishment of Christian kingship in various parts of Europe. Moreover, it marked the beginning of Islamic empire in northern Africa and Asia. Therefore, the main purpose of the Christian kingdoms was to stop the spread of the Islamic empire in Europe. ...

The Qin emperor, Shihuangdi, was perhaps the most prominent emperor throughout the Chinese history. Ying Zheng invented the title Shi Huang Di, which means ‘first emperor’, because he believed that he was superior, compared to the kings of other states of China. During his reign, he unified Chinese policies and culture through standardization of written language and bureaucracy. Furthermore, he aspired to live forever and rule eternally. Some scientists believed that Huang Di was obsessed with the idea of immortality that was why he had done peculiar things in search for an eternal life (Shank, 2009). Shi Huang ...

Art of India

The earliest examples of Indian sculptural art developed in the Indus Valley. Many small-sized sculptures made of clay and metal have been found that date from 3200 to 2000 BC. Most of the sculptures represented figures of humans and animals. Numerous objects were discovered that included engraving with writing soapstone termed seals. Seals were considered as a currency of that time or as an item of the personal identifications. A set of bronze animal sculptures of a buffalo, a rhinoceros, an elephant and a bull were found near Bombay; the animal sculptures were dated by archaeologists from approximately 1300 BC. At the ...

If you believe the archaeologists and historians, art itself emerged in the Upper Paleolithic. In those days, a woman was the personification of the continuation of life and fertility - hence hypertrophy secondary sexual characteristics of Paleolithic Venuses. Ancient "Venus" - are usually small figurines from mammoth ivory, antler, stone, clay and ash. Sculptures made of clay mixtures are the most ancient examples of ceramics. Primitive female figures, being very far from real resemblance to nature (a statement of this fact are some rock paintings depicting women muscular and mobile), they suggest that primitive sculptors created image of the character, summarizing ...

There are a small number of extremely significant archaeological discoveries that were made by chance without scientists’ intentional efforts and search. Among such exceptional finding are the Rosetta Stone, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and the Terracotta Army, which is situated in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor Qinshihuang. The significance of the latter has been recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1987 by way of being inscribed in the World Heritage List as one of the World Heritage Sites to be specifically preserved and safeguarded by the Chinese government, a home for the Mausoleum (" ...

The Taj Mahal is a white Marble Mausoleum which is found in Agra district in Utah Pradesh, India. Its construction started in 1632 AD and completed in 1648 AD during the Mughal dynasty. Additional structures namely the Mosque, guest house, main gateway on the south, courtyard and its cloisters were later added and completed in 1653 AD. Taj Mahal takes up a style combining the elements from Persian, Islamic and Ottoman Turkish as well as Indian Architectural styles. The Mughal building (Progenitor of the Mughal dynasty) and Timurid (the tomb of Timur) buildings’ set precedence for the construction of Taj ...

The Differences among Gospels Scholars call Mathew, Mark, and Luke synoptic gospels because these books present the reader with a biography of Jesus from an almost same narrative with close perceptions on Jesus life and ministry. Luke starts by dedicating the gospel of Luke to Theophilus by stating that he will record the life and ministry of Jesus (Ehrman 112). As I read the book of Luke I keep asking myself the validity of Luke. He was not present during Jesus birth but he narrates the story of Jesus explicitly. He even ties a connection between Jesus and John the Baptist, ...

Iranian civilization history

For the first time in history in the 13th century a phenomenon arose in central Asia of a virtual world war due to the fury of the Mongolians. The existence of new tormentors amidst them was something the Euro/Asiatic land masses did not expect as the Mongol tribe unleashed their fury on them. The few works of art that have lived to give an impression of how the invaders looked like being just two objects that show similar images but different cultures of the Mongol conquerors: The furthest point to the west that the Mongols reached which in recent times ...

Compare and Contrast the self-portraits of Rembrandt van Rijn and Cindy Sherman. What do each of these artists understand the self-portrait to reveal about themselves?Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669) was the most prominent Dutch painter of all times and one of the greatest painters in the history of art. He made over a hundred self-portraits in different techniques. His life was very exciting which can be seen from his artwork. Some of his self-portraits are clear, sometimes less clear, dreamy and ethereal and his final self-portraits are realistic with gray hair and sorrow on his face. However, what all of these ...