Essays on Sudan

Human Security Spring 2014

(Name of country) – Country report 4 – Freedom from fear

Abstract

Sudan existed in ancient times and was known under the name Kush. The present name Sudan comes from the Aramaic language “Bilaad-el-sud” and means “Country of the blacks”. Christianity was accepted and spread through the northern part of the country. Later, about 700 AD, many Arabs invaded Sudan and spread Islam as a religion. The second Islamic wave in 1820 initiated inhumanity and cruelty in the country. The Sudanese people were turned into slaves by the Arabs who called them “Black gold”. Finally troops were sent by Egypt and Great Continue reading...

A study of the Effects of Social Media on the Arab Spring; Syria case

The Arab Spring refers to the instance that characterized the North Africa and Eastern Europe. I this regard, the countries that border this region was characterized by repressions and war related instances that were targeting the respective governments in the specific countries. The counties covered in the Arab Spring include, Tunisia, Egypt and Sudan when it is related to Africa. On the other hand, the countries that comprise Eastern Europe are the likes of Tehran and Syria. It is referred to as the Arab spring because it center staged in the Arab world over a very short period (Wilson, Continue reading...

International Marketing

Introduction

The geography of Kenya is highly diverse. The Western and Central Kenya is categorized by the Kenyan Rift Valley, Mount Elgon and Mount Kenya. Kenya is present across the equator within east-central Africa, on the Indian Ocean coast. It is two times the total size of Nevada (Central Intelligence Agency, 2014). Moreover, Kenya borders Ethiopia in the north, Somalia in the east, Uganda in the west, Tanzania in the south and lastly, Sudan in the northwest. Additionally, in the northern region, the land is barren while the southwest area is within the lush Lake Victoria Basin. The climate Continue reading...

The largest country in the African continent is Sudan. The population in the country is more or less 33 million that speaks about 130 languages/dialects. Majority of the people are Africans and Arabs. Even though the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) was endorsed by Sudanese government in 1986 that guaranteed the right to freedom of expression and press in 1998 constitution, there is no actual practice of this right. Sudan is one of the very few countries where media is under heavy restriction and the related personnel are subjected to high control and regulation (Salam & Waal, Continue reading...

Francis Bok’s book gives a compelling story about a South Sudanese man who has been a slave for ten years in his journey to freedom. This book has been written by people from different faiths and cultures. For example, in his first steps towards the United States, he is helped by a man of Islamic background, yet a Sudanese.
His first attempt to escape from slavery happened when he was 14 years old. However, the militia got him. He waited until 1996 when he was 17 years old when he tried to escape again. This was successful. A Continue reading...

Introduction of the Books

Men in the Sun
Ghassan Kanafani (1936-1972) was a Palestinian story writer and was deeply involved in politics, during the Arab-Israeli in 1948 war he and his family were expatriate to the part of Palestine.In 1952 during his education from Damascus, he was again deported to Kuwait because of his association with the Movement of Arab Nationalists.He was leading the Arab Nationalist movement and during his leadership he worked hard for the independence of Palestine. Due to getting exile for so many times he was confronted with many problems because of not certain proof of citizenship. On July 18, Continue reading...

Executive summary

Headquartered in Calgary, Canada Talisman Energy develops, produces and markets petroleum and natural gas globally. Being one Canada largest independent oil and gas company, its existence commenced in 1992 after British Petroleum (now BP) sold its subsidiary in Canada. Talisman Energy primary regions of operation were mainly in North America, North Sea, and South East Asia. The company achieved a phenomenal growth rate due to several key mergers and acquisitions that are apparent in its large and diverse number of holdings. In 2008, Talisman Energy listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Continue reading...

Since the abolition of legal slavery in the nineteenth century, the emergence of over 300 international treaties could not stop the institution of slavery in the world. Contemporary slavery is a global challenge and requires the attention of the world nations to eradicate the barbaric phenomenon. Slavery is illegal virtually in every country of the world; however, the statistics show that there are perhaps 27 million slaves alive today. Around 15-20 million of these slaves belong to the countries of India, Pakistan and Nepal, others distributed in Southeast Asia, Northern and Western Africa, parts of South America and North Continue reading...

Introduction

An ethnic conflict is also called ethnic war at times and is usually the term used when referring to particularly armed conflict, or at times, war between two or more ethnic groups. This is usually contrasted with the civil wars where the major difference arises at the number of parties involved. The civil wars involve only a single nation or at times, a single ethnic group that is fighting within itself, in other words, it only includes one party. One undeniable fact is that the world is a pool of diverse ethnic societies that differ in almost every aspect Continue reading...

Introduction

Human rights relate to regarding people as those who hold entitlements that would protect their life, liberty and property through a series of reassuring institutional constructs. Indeed, without due regard to human rights, disorder is expected to prevail not only domestically, but also internationally. With that, the United Nations (UN) stands as the main organization that provides a covenant for all nations to recognize human rights standardized under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). To ensure that the rights of every person in the world with regard to their life, liberty and property stands as the prime mandate Continue reading...

The area of Western Sudan includes the vast expanse of savanna, which stretches between the Sahara Desert to the north and the Guinea coast to the south. In Arabic, the term ‘Sudan’ refers to ‘Land of Blacks’. During the medieval period, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai conquered Western Sudan with no fixed political boundaries . The country had neither ethnic nor national identities. Each empire had its own economic and political center, which include Ghana's Kumbi Saleh, Songhai's Gao and many others, though they were not the political capitals of the country. The empires had floating capitals, which shifted from one Continue reading...

Hundreds of people pass away on the daily basis because of gunshots and about three times of these people get severely injured. Thousands of families are destroyed; fractured bones and hearts broken are a result of gun violence. If wounds and disabilities resulting from guns were characterized as a disease, it would have been viewed as a widespread problem across the globe. Although, human beings are the creator of this weapon, guns are obviously not good for health of human beings. The incidents occurring around the world due to gun violence are of different types. A mass execution in Continue reading...

Abstract

The advent of war is usually occasioned by the development of conflict of interest between warring factions; however, the result of the war is usually a resolution that comes from the defeat of one faction or a peaceful agreement between the warring parties. This paper reviews literature that provides information as to reasons behind the duration that wars take. In respect to this, the focus of the literature review is to analyze literatures advanced on the topic of duration of wars. The intention of the literature review is to investigate reasons behind why some wars take a short duration Continue reading...

- Timeline of Ebola Outbreaks
The world first came to know about Ebola virus in the late 1970s through a series of hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Congo and Sudan. Since then traditional quarantine methods were employed to control the outbreak from the clinics and hospitals in Africa. Research efforts on Ebola began to diminish upon the report of an isolated case in Tandala and a small outbreak in Sudan. However, ten years later (1989) Ebola virus re-emerged on cynomolgous monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in a research facility in Reston, Virginia in the United States. Such outbreak prompted several laboratory studies Continue reading...

The Songhai Empire was a major force in the west territory for nearly a millennium. The Songhai Empire developed from a small kingdom that existed in the Gao region. Sonny Ali was the creator of the Empire​​ and also the one who expanded the borders of the state. The welfare of the ancient Songhai Empire was based on customs fees with the caravan trade. The empire drove gold, copper, salt and slaves across the Sahara. Caravan routes transported ivory, kola nuts, ostrich feathers, leather and some luxuries. The Songhai Empire proved to be a very strong trading kingdom, known Continue reading...

Yahya Hakki’s The Lamp of Umm Hashim is a tale embedded in colonialism where the Egyptian protagonist Ismail goes to Europe for higher studies. It is a quintessential tale of ‘colonized meets colonizer.’ Egypt was under colonial rule and throughout the text, there are strong current of stereotypical representations f differences that had come to characterize the dichotomy of East vs. West. While in Europe, Ismail is exposed to the scientific way of thinking as he goes about learning ophthalmology. As scientific enlightenment piles on, his traditional and religious beliefs begin to wean away. Alienation in a foreign Continue reading...

Resources are, by far, the sinews or the driving force of the economy. For centuries, countries have waged wars over lucrative resources that would give them a competitive advantage, improve the economy, trade, and help amass national wealth. Following that logic, resources should normally benefit whatever country has them at its disposal. However, it so happens that countries rich in oil, gas, and other mineral resources struggle to maintain economic stability. Their abundance attracts separatist groups or foreign intruders and produces poor and corrupt administrations that use resources as a means of building their own welfare. The conjuncture now Continue reading...

Introduction

African trypanosomiasis or simply sleeping sickness is a vector-borne parasitic disease. It is also abbreviated as HAT, which stands for Human African trypanosomiasis. Sleeping sickness has two forms, depending on the type of the parasite that caused the infection (WHO, 2014).
The first type is Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. It is found in 24 countries in west and central Africa. It accounts for over 98% of the reported cases. It is possible for someone to be infected with this type of the sleeping sickness for long durations without major signs or symptoms. When major symptoms do emerge, the patient would Continue reading...

In this paper, the growth of contemporary Christianity in Uganda will be analyzed. Uganda, or Buganda (its original name dating back to the name of the ancient and independent kingdom that ruled the region, from the British missionaries and colonizers in the 1800s until Ugandan independence in 1962, and into the present-day, has been shaped primarily by three Christian groups: Anglicans, Catholics, and the wave of evangelical churches that have come to the country from the United States. Both Christianity and Islam are two major world religious influences in Uganda, and Islam had already been in the region for Continue reading...

Ethiopia is one of the countries that are found in African Continent. The country is also known as the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia, and it is said to be the oldest country in the continent. Ethiopia is located in the east central of Africa, Horn of Africa, where it border, South Sudan and Sudan to the west, Somalia to the east, and Kenya to the South. Ethiopia is home to a number of mountains and rivers. The tallest mountain is called Mt Ras Dashan, which is 15,158 ft. (Pankhurst, 32).
Ethiopia is said to be among the Continue reading...

Invisible Children

Introduction
‘Invisible Children: Discover the Unseen’ is a fifty-five minute documentary video-a masterpiece at the use of rhetorical appeal and the use of mass advocacy. The video is a an appeal made by the Invisible Children human rights and activism group to the citizens of the United States of America and other parts of the world to donate funds and create awareness in order to apprehend Kony. At this point, one may be led to ask who is Kony? Joseph Kony is the leader of the Lord’s Resistance Army-a militarized faction that terrorizes parts of Northern Uganda in Continue reading...

Book Review of

“The Hot Zone” written by Richard Preston is a non-fiction English book published by Anchor in 1995. It contains 420 pages and based on Richard Preston article “Crisis in the Hot Zone.” It is a thriller that deals with the source and occurrences relating to viral hemorrhagic fever especially Ebola viruses and Marburg viruses. The filo viruses, Ebola Virus called EBOV, Sudan Virus called SUDV, Marburg Virus called MARV and Ravn Virus called RAVV are the agents of level four of Biosafety. They are enormously hazardous to humans due to being very contagious and with an extraordinary casualty rate. Continue reading...

Part 1

1. Why was control of the region important to the British and French?
The original purpose of the British in controlling the Persian Gulf coast was to protect its strategic sea route to its empire in India. The safety of the region and the coast from piracy and other forms of conflicts, including conflicts between and among sheikdoms, jeopardized the free flow of trade in the region. To ensure the free flow of trade by freeing vital sea routes from piracy and conflicts, the British entered into a treaty with the sheikdoms in the Persian Gulf outlawing war within Continue reading...

Many civilizations have and still do treat the minorities in different ways. There are those religious organizations that are liberal and allow the minorities to thrive peacefully among themselves. Other religions oppress and persecute the minorities. Islam is one of the religions that are critically quoted as been the worst oppressors of the minorities since antiquity times.
Muslims since ancient times have and still do hold with contempt the minorities in the Muslim states. There are several indicators as recorded by Lewis Bernard pp. 227-235. The Pact of Umar on page 217 outline the rules the minorities, specifically Christians Continue reading...

THE INEVITABLE

The piece of art chosen for this research paper is titled the inevitable. This piece of art was done by an artist from Sudan known as Ibrahim el salahi. This piece of art has been chosen for this research because it is very rich not only a far as the artistic insight of the artist is concerned but also in terms of the rich history which the piece of art tells. This particular piece of art by el salahi is dated as far back as 1984 and led to el salahi being critically acclaimed for his visionary tendencies and Continue reading...

The origin and the culture of blacksmiths in Kuku society date 1790 – 1960s. Kuku consisted of a large ethnic group of southerners in Sudan (Poggo 169). The cultural and the linguistic group were among the Eastern Nilotes. The Eastern Nilotic Group occupied the Kajo-Kaji territory. The territory was originally the home of the Moru – Madi Sudanic community. As Kuku crossed the River Nile, they absorbed some of the communities living in that territory at that period. The interaction of the Kuku and Lugabra from the southern region, Kakwa from the west, and the Bari from the north led to Continue reading...

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in

Abstract
Australia is one of the top three countries for refugee resettlements. The Australian Government has successfully established a responsive humanitarian program that aims to assist and protect refugees and facilitate their resettlement and integration in Australian society. Australia aims to help various groups including African refugees. In Australia, African refugees have developed a negative reputation because of their involvement in crime and their inability to gain employment, thus, fueling their dependency on welfare and the Government’s other services. These factors have contributed to African refugees’ social identity in Australia. Since African refugees came from poor developing countries Continue reading...

Introduction

Australian history is coiled around Britain. Up until 1986, the Britain and Australia had constitutional links, sharing a common nationality code. It is, therefore, a matter of great interest how Australia has ignored British Empire’s influence in its involvement in wars during the commemoration of war. This remembrance is done on April 25th every year.
Australia’s war history runs back to the year 1788, according the Australian war memorial. For a period of more than 120 years, Australia was a Britain affiliate and a colony. The formation of the federation of Australian colonies, otherwise known as the Continue reading...

International Conflict Political Science

Introduction
There have been a number of issues in the world that has brought about international conflicts for years. It is a fact that every year there are new conflicts that emerge and the old conflicts become worse or improve. There are many countries where people know that no matter what happens conflicts with other countries will continue to persist (Jack & William, 2007). Examples of these countries are Afghanistan, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Nigeria, Sudan, Iraq and Democratic Republic of Congo. Most of the wars have begin as civil wars and ended up being a full blown war between states. Continue reading...

Puberty is seen by many as the period wherein children would undergo the “rite of passage” to enable maturity to develop as young men and women. It is often the physical aspect of the child which first emphasizes the sign that the child is now transcending to adulthood. However, the rite to passage is not as easy as it sounds as boys would have to undergo circumcision to foster growth. Girls would slowly feel the changes to their body once they experience their first menstrual period. While it may sound like it is easier for the girls to transcend Continue reading...

Nationalism is a feeling of loyalty and devotion towards a nation, often characterized by the people praising it above all the other nations. They place emphasis on the promotion of the interests, culture, history or language of the country rather than those of other countries (White).
Human beings have a tendency of organizing themselves into distinct groups based on their birth, culture, religion, or identity group. These groups are found within specified geographical regions that border other regions containing people of a different culture or ethnicity. They desire a state that in their opinion represents their unique national and Continue reading...

Islam in African History

Islam in African History

Introduction:
Islam came into Africa through two paths. One from the east and the other from the north. Islam crossed through vast empty spaces when coming from east and north. The Indian Ocean and the deserts of Sahara are often considered barriers. However, they turned out to be the best transmitters of religious influence.
If we talk about Islamic influence in Egypt, it got extended in three directions. The Islamic influence spread through the Red Sea to the eastern coastal areas, going through the Nile valley to the Sudan, and across the western desert to Continue reading...

[Author’s Name]
The Nile River is located in the continent of Africa, towards the north east. It is the world’s longest river and is considered as the backbone of the existence and culture of North African states. The River Nile inundated the Mesopotamian region and helped it to flourish otherwise it would only be a devastated area without the Nile River. Mesopotamia is used to signifying "the land between rivers." It included some part of the Middle East amid and about the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. In present times, this land is located in Iraq for the Continue reading...

33. Has post 9/11 immigration policy made us safer
The immigration politics of the United States has a long history. The first Act of Naturalization was accepted in 1790 and it confined the naturalization to “good white people” of “good moral character” who had lived for two years in the country and one year after they had kept the current state of stay. In 1795 this periods were increased respectively to five years of living in the country and three years after their notice to apply for citizenship. In 1798 this time limits were increased to fourteen years of Continue reading...

Egypt lies in the Northern part of the Continent Africa and is significant on number of accounts. This significance is based upon the political, geostrategic, historic and religious factors. It shares its borders with various other important countries of the region along with other strategic zones such as rivers and mountain ranges.
It shares its borders with Libya on one side, Sudan on other corner, Israel along the coastal lines of Red Sea and parts of it touch upon the Mediterranean Sea as well. The world Famous River Nile also encompasses the inner waters of Egypt.

While modern day Continue reading...

The child soldiers of Uganda-- introduced in the documentary discussed within this essay as “invisible children”--live vastly different lives than those of their counterparts in other parts of the world. These children have their childhood stolen from them, forced to take up the cause of the adults around them rather than growing up and slowly becoming adults. In Africa, high volumes of tribal and racial violence are a result of years of colonialism and the power vacuums that were left when colonial forces abandoned their colonies in Africa; the violence in Uganda and Sierra Leone is a direct Continue reading...

Introduction

Ethnic violence has been one of the greatest single factors that have contributed to human rights degradation, leading to massive loss of lives and people becoming displaced amongst others. Some of the common known ethnic violence of the current times includes the Rwandan genocide, the aftermath of Kenyan elections in 2007, Sudan ethnic clashes amongst others. Nevertheless, when these ethnic violence starts, resolving them to come to peaceful agreement always become challenging. One writer observed, ‘Peacemaking is a risky business’. Indeed in every conflict, be it ethnic or a civil war, peacekeeping mission always come to the challenge of Continue reading...

Istitution

Introduction
The purpose of this treatise is to analyze the difference between famine and food insecurity. It is apparent that they both pertain to one of the principal necessities of life: food. In order to define food insecurity it is necessary to initially define food security. Scholars and researches have defined food security as access by all individuals during all periods of time to a sufficient quantity of food for an active healthy life. In contrast food insecurity signifies inaccessibility to an adequate amount of food.
A famine is usually defined as a severe shortage of food that in Continue reading...

Factors that Cause a State to fail with respect to Sudan

Various reasons are attributed to the fall of states and nations. These reasons range from the failure to control or rather the inability to of states to take charge of the processes within a given territory. The failure of states involves the interrelationships between patterns of authority, political control and institution building. Nations fail due to consumption by internal violence and the ceased delivering of political goods to their inhabitants. The failure of state involves the government’s lack of credibility and the nature of the country becomes illegitimate and questionable to the citizens. The major reasons that contribute Continue reading...

Abstract:

This paper is about the phenomenon of the Restavek children in Haiti and how these have become an accepted form of the country’s culture. The film which discusses the plight of these children was taken from a CNN documentary in 2010 where the director examines the way of life of these child slaves in great depth. Thus the topic of child slavery is an essential part of the film and demonstrates how this is still an essential part of Haitian society. The second part of the paper deals with Marjane Satrap’s film Persepolis and its impact on Continue reading...