Essays on Sudan

Which conflicts are ethnic and which conflicts are protracted?

Mauritania (ethnic, protracted) Government of Mauritania against Polisario; Senegalese against Mauritanian Guinea (ethnic) The Rally of Democratic Forces of Guinea fights against the government of Guinea-Bisau. Mali (ethnic, protracted) This is an ethnic conflict occurring for a long period of time. Conflict in Mali involves a number of ethnic groups and the conflict has become protracted. The government of Mali fights several ethnic groups, including governments of neighboring countries. These groups include the Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia/Union of Islamic Courts (ARS/UIC), North Mali Tuareg Alliance for Change, Government of Somalia; factions like Malinke, the MNLF – HM (Moro ...

Information and Communication Teachnology

ABSTRACT As telemedicine is used throughout the rural parts of Africa, there are many professionals and patients who find the entire process very beneficial because there is an allowance for a decrease in transmission of highly contagious diseases such as MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). If there are clinics that are found in locations surrounding rural Africa, there are strong concerns that patients will be able to transmit their diseases to other people who are otherwise healthy. With the use of telemedicine, the patients and the health care providers can see each other through a confined space and there is ...

Introduction

The Ebola virus has existed for centuries. Like all life forms and viruses, it has been changing and adapting since the beginning of time to survive. Despite this the disease did not make itself known until the twentieth century. However, once the virus revealed itself only three major outbreaks have occurred. There were two in 1976 and one which took started in 2014 (CDC, 2015). The latest outbreak has been the longest and worst, effecting numerous countries such as, Mali, Nigeria, Liberia and Senegal in West Africa (CDC, 2015). This paper will look at the scientific aspects of the ...

Literature Review

Overview The research question is essential for any study; as it will enable the researcher to focus on a particular subject to do research. The research question for this study is the effect of direct communication between the CEO and the employees when it comes to Job satisfaction. The question allows the researcher to focus on the concept of job satisfaction, internal communication the roles of both the CEO and the employees, and the factors that influence communication enhancement. Internal communication is the frequency of interaction between the upper level of management and the lower level of management (Bloom, ...

Ebola virus disease, formerly described as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, refers to a severe illness that is usually deadly in humans. Wild animals transmit the virus to human populations where it spreads through direct contact with infected bodily fluids. Typically, the disease has a fatality rate of nearly 50% with past outbreak cases recording fatality rates ranging between 25% and 90% (World Health Organization (WHO), 2016). For example, an Ebola epidemic in West Africa reported in 2014 caused global panic because it was “the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak since the Ebola virus was first discovered” (WHO, 2016). In ...

Introduction

A lot of global attention has recently been directed towards the ongoing conflict in South Sudan. Less than five years after seceding from the Sudan, the newly formed country has been embroiled in a tribal conflict that has quickly escalated into a civil war. At the very heart of the conflict is a fight over resources between the two major tribes, Nuer and Dinka, which make up the dominant tribes in the country. The onset of the civil war was a political power struggle between President Kiir and his former deputy Riek Machar (Civil War in South Sudan, 2016). ...

In the last years of the 1970s, there was global concern over the discovery of a deadly virus that resulted in outbreaks of a hemorrhagic fever in West Africa (Peters & LeDuc, 1999). The high rate of death and the contagious nature of the disease was a cause of concern to the international medical community and researchers combined efforts to discover the cause, etiology, effective therapies, and methods of control of what would come to be known as the Ebola virus. Although there have been few cases reported outside West Africa, the potential for the spread of the disease prompts ...

Following the Napoleonic wars, there was a gentlemen’s agreement between both Britain and the French empire to largely stay out of one another’s way. Nevertheless, they still nearly came to blows on a number of occasions during the 19th century. Yet, the British and French Empires gradually came to see one another as potential allies, even if not as close friends. This relationship benefited both powers in very material ways. Both were concerned about the increasingly aggressive nature of Germany and the alliances it was forming, as well as the rising power of Russia under the Czar. ...

Introduction: Overview & Thesis

According to a PBS report in 2011, commenting on Middle East rooted terrorist group attacks, “While these extremely violent religious extremists represent a minority view, their threat is real” (Moore, “Evolution of Islamic Terrorism”). Today, of course, the most commonly popularized terrorist group gaining worldwide headlines in the news are the jihadists known as ISIS. Ever since ISIS has gained center stage internationally, there is hardly a human being who is not aware of the group’s presence on Earth. Currently it has been written that the contemporary world in the Middle East has been socio-politically changed, and the ...

Introduction

This paper is to deal with one of main issue of post-WW2 world, namely the phenomenon of civil war. The analysis of this paper is devoted to such questions as the reasons for certain civil wars as well as concrete instances of such internal conflicts. Also, the paper is to discuss the major theoretical contributions and controversies related to the civil war research program: firstly, civil wars are defined conceptually, and then, operationally. Second, major theories relating to the issue of causes of civil wars and their results will be discussed, along with future directions and policy implications. The ...

David Mayom's description of his experiences as a lost boy and life afterwards

The movie entitled Lost Boys of Sudan certainly talks about a number of boys who were compelled to flee their residential homes for various refugee camps, USA as well as the European nations States during the civil warfare that took place in Sudan. An astonishing voyage across Africa took away the lives of some people. David Mayom, who is the writer of the film, points out that those who survived were frequently left having no family as well as no optimisms for going back home. However, the Lost Boys did not disregard their mother country, Sudan or rather their ...

Introduction

West African region comprises of several states that are found in the western part of the African continent. These states occupy the vast Sahara Desert and is normally referred to as Sahel. West African has gone economic and political revolution since the twentieth century. After the colonial period, several cities in West Africa were converted into independent states.

The region comprises of the states in the Maghreb region, and they occupy a total of 6,140,000 square kilometers

Much of the region depends on Mediterranean politics, and this has made the region to be politically powerful The region witnesses the economic resource imbalance that has resulted in poverty index in the region. Thus, most of the people are economically ...

The study of infectious diseases has always been crucial to mankind because of the devastating effects it has had on the human race. The influenza epidemic, for example, occurred repeatedly in the 20 th and 21st century, spreading across large regions and multiple continents. Influenza in 1918 killed an estimated 50 million people world wide. This was higher than the amount of people that died in World War I. About 500,000 fatalities occurred in the US which was approximately 28% of the US population at that time. The number of deaths that took place in 1957 and 1968 ...

Sudan is worst affected by severe droughts, and Sudanese people face various adverse impacts such as hunger and famine, poverty and loss of livelihood. Osman-Elasha et al (2) investigated adaptation to draught in Sudan’s three rural areas including Bara province, Arbaat and El Fashir council. Livelihood of people in these areas is mainly dependent on farming and pastoral activities. According to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) assessment for 2030-2060, changes in precipitation will severely affect agriculture and food security in arid Sudan (Osman-Elasha et al, 3). The people had suffered severely from loss of ...

General Information and Definition

When the American people become ill, it is of little concern as the majority of people can go the physician, get a checkup by the doctor with a diagnosis of what is wrong, receive a prescription for medication if needed, have the prescription filled at the pharmacy, take the medication, and begin the process of recovery. Unfortunately, this is not the case in some countries. As an example, poor countries to include Africa and Asia do not have access to needed medications. This is a deplorable condition at best.

Thesis Statement

An analysis of Egypt and the Sudan will enable a ...

LifeStraw: Science and Technology

LifeStraw is a product developed by the Swiss company Vestergaard Frandsen, which consists of a water filter that removes 99.99% of waterborne bacteria, protozoan parasites and viruses, allowing the user to obtain clean drinking water directly from containers, streams, lakes or other sources of potentially contaminated water. The Oxford Dictionary defines science as the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. In order to develop the LifeStraw, scientific experiments were conducted to understand the process of water purification and develop an innovative method ...

The current Ebola outbreak has been termed as the largest outbreak in West Africa posing a threat to the public health not only locally, but also internationally. The latest outbreak began in late 2013 in Guinea and later dispersed in Liberia in March 2014. By August 14, 19 case of Ebola virus disease (EVD) have been reported in Liberal, which was 12 percent of 810 cases of the diseases reported globally (Arwady et al. 2015). In 1976, the outbreak was associated with 318 cases. However, the prevalence of the disease throughout 2014 revealed the lack of preparedness procedures and ...

Introduction

Darfur in Sudan has been a point of severe government-sponsored violence for more than a decade. The government-supported troops committed massive killings in this region with the stated purpose of suppressing rebellion forces. However, innocent civilians are also being brutally attacked by these troops. This paper will critically evaluate the issue of Darfur genocide and its devastating impacts on the region.

Brief Discussion of the Scenario

The Darfur genocide, the most horrible genocide in the 21st century and other devastating issues began in the Sudanese territory in 2003. Even after a decade, it is still an ongoing crisis in the country. This ‘Darfur conflict’ ...

The end of Cold War in 1991 was expected to usher in an era of global peace. However, the era following the collapse of Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union was characterized by a new pattern of conflicts. For instance, in the decade following the end of Cold War, it is estimated that more than 115 internal conflicts took place in diverse parts of the world (Gilbert 151). There has been emerging and unprecedented form of intra-state conflicts across continents since then. This paper seeks to critically analyze the trends of intra-state conflicts following the end of Cold War. ...

Introduction

In the end of the World War II, in Tropical and South Africa there were only three independent states: Ethiopia, Liberia and South African Union. In central and western Africa there were French, British, Belgian and Spanish colonies. The USSR and the United States at once supported the process of decolonization in Africa, because both had no colonies on the continent, and the weakening of European countries met their interests. Thus, the national liberation movements in Africa long before the independence enlisted the support of the US and the Soviet Union that began a struggle for a new international ...

The Correlation between Migration and Globalization

Introduction The relationship between migration and globalization has been explained in various twists by different authors. While some scholars opine that to a greater extent migration has been one of the tremendous drivers of globalization, others hold that were it not for the significant developments in globalization, then migration across the world would not have been both necessitated and facilitated (Stalker, 2000). This paper presents an analytical dissection of the dilemma through an in depth Literature review of works by different authors both in support and against either ideology.

Brian Keeley & OECD: International Migration: The Human Face of Migration

According to Brian Keeley and OECD, globalization has had a ...

Introduction

The concept of sovereignty has been an indefinite, ethereal issue both in the national and global arena. However, wars give a concrete shape to this concept. 'Old' interstate wars accurately defined state sovereignty as the right of nation-states to be free from outside intervention. This definition has been largely respected in the past. But all things changed when the notion of 'new wars' came into the fore. New wars are hostile to state sovereignty, asserting that human welfare and human rights are superior to state sovereignty. Thus, new wars entail humanitarian interventions that infiltrate sovereign borders in the name ...

Refugees encounter multiple survival challenges while trying to adapt to alien nations. Consequently, International organizations have invested a lot of time and resources in making their lives more conducive through the provision of basic needs and other requirements. Sudanese refugees residing in the United States face many problems associated with immigration, culture, health and interaction with American Natives. As a result, their living experiences are rather challenging and incomparable to their home countries. This paper evaluates the problems faced by Sudanese refugees in the United States. Through analysis of other resources, the paper provides a rationale for the development ...

We often hear only negative things about the actions or failures of the United Nations. It is slow bureaucratic machinery, it did not manage to prevent the war in Iraq, the veto power is unjust, and peacekeepers cannot defend the civilian population of Rwanda or Darfur. But the goals of the Organization are universal and permanent since 1945 which means that the United Nations pursued to fulfill them throughout all its existence. In the following arguments we will figure out why the Organization has been doing it for over 70 years and whether the result is positive. (Eichelberger, 2012) ...

The paper will examine the international organized crime in trafficking food and drinks. In the last year in a joint operation of Europol and Interpol much of the potential hazardous drink and food was seized in various countries. It is the crime that has not been in the center of attention, but nonetheless plays a very important role in the health and security of the worlds’ population. The issue, the problem represents in the world has been stated by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (n.d.) since the organized groups has been active in the production and ...

Piye was an ancient pharaoh to the Kushite Empire, now known as one of the great black pharaohs. Though, as a great Kushite King, he ushered in what was to be known as the Twenty-Fifth Egyptian Dynasty in Africa, racism kept Piye’s depiction as light, and pale in many of his statues and paintings . This was standard for many of the African pharaohs. Piye ruled from 747 BCE to 722 BCE, from a stronghold in Napata, located in Nubia. Today the region is known as Sudan . Pharaoh Piye came from royalty himself, as the son of Kashta, a ...

[The Course]

In sociology deviance is understood as person behavior or actions, which violate social norms. This includes violating formal norms of behavior (e.g., fraudulent economic activity, theft, murder) as well as informal social norms violation (rejecting traditions, folkways etc.) (Macionis 194). Norms are rules expected to be followed by all members of society. And deviance means inability of a particular person to follow these norms. It is important to state that common standard of normal behavior does not exist. Social norms can be distinct in different cultures, different regions of the world and even in different groups of ...

Immigration Reasons

Immigration is the process of changing residence, associated with the movement to the temporary or permanent residence in the other country, resulted by many reasons . Immigration is a feature of economic reality in many economically advanced countries; however, the profile of immigration reasons and population has a great diversity. Primary objective is the reason for migration. Thus, Europe is chosen as a place of destination if the immigrant wants to enjoy the right of borderless movement across the Schengen zone. Australia and Canada are chosen if an immigrant prefers to make use of liberal immigrant labor legislation. Others choose ...

Introduction

Globalization can be defined as the intensified way the people and governments of different people interact and the acceleration of these interactions (Ritzer, 2010). Normally, the focus is on the changes occurring in the political and economic spheres. However, it is now being recognized at large that globalization does have a significant impact on local culture. Culture can be understood broadly as the overall ways in which a society preserves, identifies, organizes, sustains, and expresses itself. The gist of this literature is to describe the consequences and benefits of globalization within the Sudan context. Additionally, it covers policies proposed ...

Abstract

Over the years, the countries of the Arab world have struggled with economic backwardness and various socio-political issues. Activation and intensive development of the Arab world began about 50 years ago. After the Second World War, Middle Eastern countries began economic and political integration, which allowed them to achieve a higher level of progress and strengthen their position in the world. Many researchers argue that the development of the Arab countries and their integration with the West caused the development of terrorism. Only a few decades ago, such reality as terrorism did not exist, but in the last decade, ...

JT It’s true that human rights violations persist in spite of stringent legal safeguards. However, extension of the IHRL beyond the state risks placing the responsibility on a number of parties that cannot be pinned down, and therefore making enforcement impossible. It helps to note that the problem has never been the lack of technical legal protections for human rights; rather, the practical difficulties of enforcing such protections. Legal mechanisms such as the R2P for instance, have been ineffective, in part because countries pursuing their own interests (and loss of appetite by countries such as the US to ...

Colonialism

Although many countries attempted to colonize Africa since ancient times, the most impactful colonialization occurred by European countries. European colonization occurred in Africa in the late nineteenth century. Colonialization was a regulated governmental controlling machine. Countries such as Great Britain, France, Portugal and Belgium colonized separate areas of Africa using distinctive techniques. These countries created states within the continent of Africa and attempted to rule indirectly, paternalise assimilate or exploit Africans which lead to a legacy preventing growth. With varying types of colonization occurring throughout Africa, it has been difficult for Africa to escape the periphery.

The Colonizers

The British colonists ...

Visual Argument

Visual arguments are the quintessential form of conversing with the general masses with the claims, evidences and the assumptions and thus engage the people seeing the visual to the utmost degree. This picture in context was taken by a photographer named Kevin Carter and it depicts a child and a vulture in the land of Sudan. The photograph was taken as a document of the colossal calamity in the nation during a famine which left the world shocked by the extent of brutality of the nature and fate.

The photograph goes on to persuade the viewers to accept the idea that the famine ...

Political Implications of Sino-Saudi Relations to the US and Regional Affairs

Abstract As the largest and most influential nations in the Middle East, Saudi Arabia has been considered a valuable asset to any country wishing to have influence in the tightly-knitted Middle East. Many nations throughout the years have tried to sway the Saudi government and monarchy into entering diplomatic and economic partnerships with them in order to gain access to the region’s oil reserves and establish their partnership but only a few have been successful. One of these successful nations is the People’s Republic of China, which has strong diplomatic, economic and social partnerships with Saudi. China has been ...

Introduction

First discovered in the year of 1976 after an outbreak in South Sudan (Gatherer, 2014), Ebola is considered as one of the deadliest medical conditions effecting the world along with cancers and AIDS. The disease is highly communicable and contagious even after the death of the victim and, therefore, has become deadlier in a world that is well connected, with thousands of people travelling from one place to another (Goeijenbier, van Kampen, Reusken, Koopmans and van Gorp, 2014). The recent outbreak in the African continent has led the world to shift gears to high alerts for any prospective Ebola victims ...

Global Stratification

The term global stratification is the hierarchal order identifies the groups or individuals living in different societies around the globe. Most Industrialized:

The Commonwealth of Australia is considered to have 13th largest economy in the world. The GDP of this country is $918.978 billion. It has 5th highest per capita of about $40,836. The literacy rate in this country is about 99%. In 2012, life expectancy in Australia was about 84.40 years of women and 79.90 years of men.

Because industrialized countries like Australia have highest levels of economic development compared to other countries in the world, ...

The National Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was created when a treaty was signed in 1949 by all the Allies except for the Soviet Union after World War II. That means that approximately 65 years after WWII ended and thirteen years after the end of the Cold War NATO is still active. The NATO website states that there were three main reasons for creating NATO. One reason was to build an organization of countries that could rely on each other to work together against any threat from the Soviet Union. The second reason mentioned was to get a North American presence in ...

‘Instructor’s Name’

‘Subject’ NGOs/ Case Method What are the key trade-offs associated with the US$65,000 investment? What are the implications of pursuing a mass production strategy for the metal stove? The Key trade –off associated with the US$65,000 investment for CHF (Sudan) is to choose between two technologies – metal stove developed by Berkeley and the mud and dung stove it developed in collaboration with ITDG/PA and has been promoting, since 2004. The cost associated with the production and dissemination metal stoves are very high. So, the implications of pursuing a mass production strategy for the efficient ...

Human rights are not only inalienable, but also universal. The failure of the international community to intervene has resulted in the brutal violations of these rights in multiple states, perhaps best underscored by the on-going conflict and humanitarian crisis in Darfur (United Nations 1; UNICEF 1). Against the background of the Darfur crisis, this paper sets forth the international norms/law on humanitarian intervention, as well as uses international relations theories to determine the legitimacy of intervention in Darfur. It asserts that genocide and other grave (and widespread) crimes against humanity in the region are extreme injustices that threaten humanity ...

Introduction Mustafa had his mother as the only relative in his life. However he was a very bright student who took very little time to grasp whatever he was taught. He started going to school just after being established by the colonizers for the village youth. He was admired by his teachers but he never cared about that. He took only three years to exhaust academic resources available in the country. He later went to study abroad in Cairo to attend secondary education. He learned music and literature in Cairo but never enjoyed anything. He later moved to England ...

They Poured Fire on Us From the Sky by Benjamin Ajak and Benson Deng is a classic example of what it means to grow up amid war, to live in an environment in which all one knows is war. The impact of this is clearly evident in this chilling account of the war in Sudan. However, historically, this is not the only account of children who have had to grow up in war-torn parts of the world. Other anthropological sources have indicated such circumstances for children, including A Long Way Gone by Ishmael Beah and That Mad Game: Growing Up ...

Human Security Spring 2014

(Name of country) – Country report 4 – Freedom from fear

Abstract

Sudan existed in ancient times and was known under the name Kush. The present name Sudan comes from the Aramaic language “Bilaad-el-sud” and means “Country of the blacks”. Christianity was accepted and spread through the northern part of the country. Later, about 700 AD, many Arabs invaded Sudan and spread Islam as a religion. The second Islamic wave in 1820 initiated inhumanity and cruelty in the country. The Sudanese people were turned into slaves by the Arabs who called them “Black gold”. Finally troops were sent by Egypt and Great Britain ...

A study of the Effects of Social Media on the Arab Spring; Syria case

The Arab Spring refers to the instance that characterized the North Africa and Eastern Europe. I this regard, the countries that border this region was characterized by repressions and war related instances that were targeting the respective governments in the specific countries. The counties covered in the Arab Spring include, Tunisia, Egypt and Sudan when it is related to Africa. On the other hand, the countries that comprise Eastern Europe are the likes of Tehran and Syria. It is referred to as the Arab spring because it center staged in the Arab world over a very short period (Wilson, 2013). ...

International Marketing

Introduction

The geography of Kenya is highly diverse. The Western and Central Kenya is categorized by the Kenyan Rift Valley, Mount Elgon and Mount Kenya. Kenya is present across the equator within east-central Africa, on the Indian Ocean coast. It is two times the total size of Nevada (Central Intelligence Agency, 2014). Moreover, Kenya borders Ethiopia in the north, Somalia in the east, Uganda in the west, Tanzania in the south and lastly, Sudan in the northwest. Additionally, in the northern region, the land is barren while the southwest area is within the lush Lake Victoria Basin. The climate ...

The largest country in the African continent is Sudan. The population in the country is more or less 33 million that speaks about 130 languages/dialects. Majority of the people are Africans and Arabs. Even though the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) was endorsed by Sudanese government in 1986 that guaranteed the right to freedom of expression and press in 1998 constitution, there is no actual practice of this right. Sudan is one of the very few countries where media is under heavy restriction and the related personnel are subjected to high control and regulation (Salam & Waal, ...

Francis Bok’s book gives a compelling story about a South Sudanese man who has been a slave for ten years in his journey to freedom. This book has been written by people from different faiths and cultures. For example, in his first steps towards the United States, he is helped by a man of Islamic background, yet a Sudanese. His first attempt to escape from slavery happened when he was 14 years old. However, the militia got him. He waited until 1996 when he was 17 years old when he tried to escape again. This was successful. A Muslim called Abdah who ...

Introduction of the Books

Men in the Sun Ghassan Kanafani (1936-1972) was a Palestinian story writer and was deeply involved in politics, during the Arab-Israeli in 1948 war he and his family were expatriate to the part of Palestine.In 1952 during his education from Damascus, he was again deported to Kuwait because of his association with the Movement of Arab Nationalists.He was leading the Arab Nationalist movement and during his leadership he worked hard for the independence of Palestine. Due to getting exile for so many times he was confronted with many problems because of not certain proof of citizenship. On July 18, ...

Executive summary

Headquartered in Calgary, Canada Talisman Energy develops, produces and markets petroleum and natural gas globally. Being one Canada largest independent oil and gas company, its existence commenced in 1992 after British Petroleum (now BP) sold its subsidiary in Canada. Talisman Energy primary regions of operation were mainly in North America, North Sea, and South East Asia. The company achieved a phenomenal growth rate due to several key mergers and acquisitions that are apparent in its large and diverse number of holdings. In 2008, Talisman Energy listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The ...

Since the abolition of legal slavery in the nineteenth century, the emergence of over 300 international treaties could not stop the institution of slavery in the world. Contemporary slavery is a global challenge and requires the attention of the world nations to eradicate the barbaric phenomenon. Slavery is illegal virtually in every country of the world; however, the statistics show that there are perhaps 27 million slaves alive today. Around 15-20 million of these slaves belong to the countries of India, Pakistan and Nepal, others distributed in Southeast Asia, Northern and Western Africa, parts of South America and North America ...

Introduction

An ethnic conflict is also called ethnic war at times and is usually the term used when referring to particularly armed conflict, or at times, war between two or more ethnic groups. This is usually contrasted with the civil wars where the major difference arises at the number of parties involved. The civil wars involve only a single nation or at times, a single ethnic group that is fighting within itself, in other words, it only includes one party. One undeniable fact is that the world is a pool of diverse ethnic societies that differ in almost every aspect of their lives ...

Introduction

Human rights relate to regarding people as those who hold entitlements that would protect their life, liberty and property through a series of reassuring institutional constructs. Indeed, without due regard to human rights, disorder is expected to prevail not only domestically, but also internationally. With that, the United Nations (UN) stands as the main organization that provides a covenant for all nations to recognize human rights standardized under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). To ensure that the rights of every person in the world with regard to their life, liberty and property stands as the prime mandate of the ...

The area of Western Sudan includes the vast expanse of savanna, which stretches between the Sahara Desert to the north and the Guinea coast to the south. In Arabic, the term ‘Sudan’ refers to ‘Land of Blacks’. During the medieval period, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai conquered Western Sudan with no fixed political boundaries . The country had neither ethnic nor national identities. Each empire had its own economic and political center, which include Ghana's Kumbi Saleh, Songhai's Gao and many others, though they were not the political capitals of the country. The empires had floating capitals, which shifted from one ...

Hundreds of people pass away on the daily basis because of gunshots and about three times of these people get severely injured. Thousands of families are destroyed; fractured bones and hearts broken are a result of gun violence. If wounds and disabilities resulting from guns were characterized as a disease, it would have been viewed as a widespread problem across the globe. Although, human beings are the creator of this weapon, guns are obviously not good for health of human beings. The incidents occurring around the world due to gun violence are of different types. A mass execution in high school of ...

Abstract

The advent of war is usually occasioned by the development of conflict of interest between warring factions; however, the result of the war is usually a resolution that comes from the defeat of one faction or a peaceful agreement between the warring parties. This paper reviews literature that provides information as to reasons behind the duration that wars take. In respect to this, the focus of the literature review is to analyze literatures advanced on the topic of duration of wars. The intention of the literature review is to investigate reasons behind why some wars take a short duration to resolve while ...

- Timeline of Ebola Outbreaks The world first came to know about Ebola virus in the late 1970s through a series of hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Congo and Sudan. Since then traditional quarantine methods were employed to control the outbreak from the clinics and hospitals in Africa. Research efforts on Ebola began to diminish upon the report of an isolated case in Tandala and a small outbreak in Sudan. However, ten years later (1989) Ebola virus re-emerged on cynomolgous monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in a research facility in Reston, Virginia in the United States. Such outbreak prompted several laboratory studies to understand ...

The Songhai Empire was a major force in the west territory for nearly a millennium. The Songhai Empire developed from a small kingdom that existed in the Gao region. Sonny Ali was the creator of the Empire​​ and also the one who expanded the borders of the state. The welfare of the ancient Songhai Empire was based on customs fees with the caravan trade. The empire drove gold, copper, salt and slaves across the Sahara. Caravan routes transported ivory, kola nuts, ostrich feathers, leather and some luxuries. The Songhai Empire proved to be a very strong trading kingdom, known for its production of practical ...

Yahya Hakki’s The Lamp of Umm Hashim is a tale embedded in colonialism where the Egyptian protagonist Ismail goes to Europe for higher studies. It is a quintessential tale of ‘colonized meets colonizer.’ Egypt was under colonial rule and throughout the text, there are strong current of stereotypical representations f differences that had come to characterize the dichotomy of East vs. West. While in Europe, Ismail is exposed to the scientific way of thinking as he goes about learning ophthalmology. As scientific enlightenment piles on, his traditional and religious beliefs begin to wean away. Alienation in a foreign country notwithstanding, when Ismail ...

Resources are, by far, the sinews or the driving force of the economy. For centuries, countries have waged wars over lucrative resources that would give them a competitive advantage, improve the economy, trade, and help amass national wealth. Following that logic, resources should normally benefit whatever country has them at its disposal. However, it so happens that countries rich in oil, gas, and other mineral resources struggle to maintain economic stability. Their abundance attracts separatist groups or foreign intruders and produces poor and corrupt administrations that use resources as a means of building their own welfare. The conjuncture now is such ...

Introduction

African trypanosomiasis or simply sleeping sickness is a vector-borne parasitic disease. It is also abbreviated as HAT, which stands for Human African trypanosomiasis. Sleeping sickness has two forms, depending on the type of the parasite that caused the infection (WHO, 2014). The first type is Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. It is found in 24 countries in west and central Africa. It accounts for over 98% of the reported cases. It is possible for someone to be infected with this type of the sleeping sickness for long durations without major signs or symptoms. When major symptoms do emerge, the patient would ...

In this paper, the growth of contemporary Christianity in Uganda will be analyzed. Uganda, or Buganda (its original name dating back to the name of the ancient and independent kingdom that ruled the region, from the British missionaries and colonizers in the 1800s until Ugandan independence in 1962, and into the present-day, has been shaped primarily by three Christian groups: Anglicans, Catholics, and the wave of evangelical churches that have come to the country from the United States. Both Christianity and Islam are two major world religious influences in Uganda, and Islam had already been in the region for ...