Essays on Sudan

Human Security Spring 2014

(Name of country) – Country report 4 – Freedom from fear

Abstract

Sudan existed in ancient times and was known under the name Kush. The present name Sudan comes from the Aramaic language “Bilaad-el-sud” and means “Country of the blacks”. Christianity was accepted and spread through the northern part of the country. Later, about 700 AD, many Arabs invaded Sudan and spread Islam as a religion. The second Islamic wave in 1820 initiated inhumanity and cruelty in the country. The Sudanese people were turned into slaves by the Arabs who called them “Black gold”. Finally troops were sent by Egypt and Great Continue reading...

The largest country in the African continent is Sudan. The population in the country is more or less 33 million that speaks about 130 languages/dialects. Majority of the people are Africans and Arabs. Even though the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) was endorsed by Sudanese government in 1986 that guaranteed the right to freedom of expression and press in 1998 constitution, there is no actual practice of this right. Sudan is one of the very few countries where media is under heavy restriction and the related personnel are subjected to high control and regulation (Salam & Waal, Continue reading...

Executive summary

Headquartered in Calgary, Canada Talisman Energy develops, produces and markets petroleum and natural gas globally. Being one Canada largest independent oil and gas company, its existence commenced in 1992 after British Petroleum (now BP) sold its subsidiary in Canada. Talisman Energy primary regions of operation were mainly in North America, North Sea, and South East Asia. The company achieved a phenomenal growth rate due to several key mergers and acquisitions that are apparent in its large and diverse number of holdings. In 2008, Talisman Energy listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Continue reading...

The area of Western Sudan includes the vast expanse of savanna, which stretches between the Sahara Desert to the north and the Guinea coast to the south. In Arabic, the term ‘Sudan’ refers to ‘Land of Blacks’. During the medieval period, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai conquered Western Sudan with no fixed political boundaries . The country had neither ethnic nor national identities. Each empire had its own economic and political center, which include Ghana's Kumbi Saleh, Songhai's Gao and many others, though they were not the political capitals of the country. The empires had floating capitals, which shifted from one Continue reading...

Ethiopia is one of the countries that are found in African Continent. The country is also known as the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia, and it is said to be the oldest country in the continent. Ethiopia is located in the east central of Africa, Horn of Africa, where it border, South Sudan and Sudan to the west, Somalia to the east, and Kenya to the South. Ethiopia is home to a number of mountains and rivers. The tallest mountain is called Mt Ras Dashan, which is 15,158 ft. (Pankhurst, 32).
Ethiopia is said to be among the Continue reading...

THE INEVITABLE

The piece of art chosen for this research paper is titled the inevitable. This piece of art was done by an artist from Sudan known as Ibrahim el salahi. This piece of art has been chosen for this research because it is very rich not only a far as the artistic insight of the artist is concerned but also in terms of the rich history which the piece of art tells. This particular piece of art by el salahi is dated as far back as 1984 and led to el salahi being critically acclaimed for his visionary tendencies and Continue reading...

Factors that Cause a State to fail with respect to Sudan

Various reasons are attributed to the fall of states and nations. These reasons range from the failure to control or rather the inability to of states to take charge of the processes within a given territory. The failure of states involves the interrelationships between patterns of authority, political control and institution building. Nations fail due to consumption by internal violence and the ceased delivering of political goods to their inhabitants. The failure of state involves the government’s lack of credibility and the nature of the country becomes illegitimate and questionable to the citizens. The major reasons that contribute Continue reading...

Introduction

Refugees fled from Sudan to Egypt following widespread violence in their mother country. Following the Darfur crisis caused by both the First and the Second Civil War, Sudanese have been persecuted causing them to flee for their safety. The First and the Second Civil War happened in different times in history in Sudan. Indeed, the most significant number of refugees in Egypt is made up of Sudanese refugees. The civil war was mainly as a result of differences in tribal culture and religious division between the inhabitants of Sudan in the North and South. Nonetheless, the entry of Sudanese Continue reading...

Report: Sudan

Introduction
This report covers the Republic of Sudan (usually referred to simply as “Sudan”), a country in the north east of Africa which is not only the largest African country, but is also – by area – the tenth biggest country worldwide (“About Sudan”, 2011). The report provides information about its history, its geography, its culture and society, and its economic status. The government and national security institutions of Sudan are also included.

According to “Sudan: A Historical Perspective”, (2011), the country was ruled by Muhammad Ahmad (the “Mahdi”) from 1884. Khartoum was still held by the British, until a relief Continue reading...

Products in terms of its market target related to U.S. demographic trends.
This article deals with the assessment of a specific product. Normally product would be assessed on the basis of achievement compared to a coincidental product. In terms of environmental performance, the product may be assessed in various fields such as efficient in Energy and resource. The extent to which a product pollutes the surroundings may also be considered. Demographic trends reveal developments and changes in human population. It is viewed in terms of population’s age, locational regions, marital status, achievement, income among others. Keeping up with Continue reading...

What are the impacts on Egypt if Ethiopia builds a dam on the Nile River?Socially, economically, environmentally

In the month of April 2011, Ethiopia made an announcement that it plans to put up four huge dams on River Nile. One among the four dams is the largest dam in the entire world. It is known as the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam which was formerly Grand Millennium Dam or Project X. This large dam is supposed to flood 1,680 km2 of the forested area in the northwest Ethiopia, which borders Sudan and then it creates a reservoir which is nearly two times the size of Lake Tana, Ethiopia’s biggest natural lake. The entire budget, 5billion Continue reading...

Writing

Summary of Reading
This paper examines ethnocentrism as a source of conflict. The author argues that ethnicity is a unique bond that binds together people who believe to share a common culture, heritage, religion, and language. It is clear from this article that it is difficult for a person to be absorbed into an ethnicity that they do not belong. According to the author, even a prolonged understanding of a given ethnicity does not adequately co-apt an individual to a given ethnicity. This article cites William Graham Sumner as the father of the term ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism refers to the Continue reading...

Introduction

In modern times, human activities caused and continue to cause massive changes to the composition of the environment. One of the most pressing concerns of both scientific and public communities is the advanced greenhouse effect brought about by the anthropogenic activities worldwide. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reported that climate change already showed strong impacts on human societies and the natural world. This impact is expected to continue for the coming years. (IPCC, 2007)
Adaptation is a necessary strategy. This is because the present and the forecasted disruption sin the climate as advanced Continue reading...

We Must Tell Our Own Story

Introduction

There exists in the world of sociology some controversy between two theories of thought. The debate is usually over a question like this “Which has more control over an individual’s life agency or structure?”
One side argues that people are confined behind the boundaries of social structures. How a person behaves within the structure is controlled by the boundaries or his perception of the boundaries. How a person acts depends on how the social structure (or hierarchy of social structures) “allows” him to act. There is free will only as it fits into the power structure of Continue reading...

Introduction

It is important to look and analyse the politics in Sudan due to the humanitarian need in the country. In Darfur, the Northern Part has been accused of Genocide against the Black Sudanese. The situation is critical. Over 2 million people have been displaced. Over 3 million people in the area are dependent on international humanitarian groups to give them food aid. Many people have been killed, raped and chased from their homeland. They have fled to neighbouring countries such as Kenya to live as refugees in their pursuit of a Continue reading...

Abstract

The advent of war is usually occasioned by the development of conflict of interest between warring factions; however, the result of the war is usually a resolution that comes from the defeat of one faction or a peaceful agreement between the warring parties. This paper reviews literature that provides information as to reasons behind the duration that wars take. In respect to this, the focus of the literature review is to analyze literatures advanced on the topic of duration of wars. The intention of the literature review is to investigate reasons behind why some wars take a short duration Continue reading...

They Poured Fire on Us From the Sky by Benjamin Ajak and Benson Deng is a classic example of what it means to grow up amid war, to live in an environment in which all one knows is war. The impact of this is clearly evident in this chilling account of the war in Sudan. However, historically, this is not the only account of children who have had to grow up in war-torn parts of the world. Other anthropological sources have indicated such circumstances for children, including A Long Way Gone by Ishmael Beah and That Mad Game: Growing Continue reading...

Geopolitics of a Region Is Determined By Its Resources

Introduction
Geopolitics refers to the Physical and human geographical impact on foreign relations that accrue as a result of the resources a country possess. Geopolitics can also be viewed in an angle of a country’s economic dominance internationally in regard to what she produces. These factors can be natural or artificial which are of monetary value. Thus a country that is rich of natural resources like minerals dictates most of what other dependent countries does due to its command in the international market. There are vast resources a country or group of regional bodies can hold and make Continue reading...

Introduction

The humanitarian disaster in the Darfur region of Sudan has been brutal and persistent but resisted clear understanding of the internal factors that have driven the violence. Violence between the region’s nomadic and sedentary tribal groups has resulted in a death toll that some believe reaches into the hundreds of thousands among the region’s multi-ethnic tribes. In the modern era, resolving systematic ethnic violence on such a scale is a complex matter requiring substantial political and military international pressure. The content of media coverage from inside Sudan, in the Arab world and throughout the West has done Continue reading...

The origin and the culture of blacksmiths in Kuku society date 1790 – 1960s. Kuku consisted of a large ethnic group of southerners in Sudan (Poggo 169). The cultural and the linguistic group were among the Eastern Nilotes. The Eastern Nilotic Group occupied the Kajo-Kaji territory. The territory was originally the home of the Moru – Madi Sudanic community. As Kuku crossed the River Nile, they absorbed some of the communities living in that territory at that period. The interaction of the Kuku and Lugabra from the southern region, Kakwa from the west, and the Bari from the north led to Continue reading...

Islam in African History

Islam in African History

Introduction:
Islam came into Africa through two paths. One from the east and the other from the north. Islam crossed through vast empty spaces when coming from east and north. The Indian Ocean and the deserts of Sahara are often considered barriers. However, they turned out to be the best transmitters of religious influence.
If we talk about Islamic influence in Egypt, it got extended in three directions. The Islamic influence spread through the Red Sea to the eastern coastal areas, going through the Nile valley to the Sudan, and across the western desert to Continue reading...

Abstract:

This paper is about the phenomenon of the Restavek children in Haiti and how these have become an accepted form of the country’s culture. The film which discusses the plight of these children was taken from a CNN documentary in 2010 where the director examines the way of life of these child slaves in great depth. Thus the topic of child slavery is an essential part of the film and demonstrates how this is still an essential part of Haitian society. The second part of the paper deals with Marjane Satrap’s film Persepolis and its impact on Continue reading...

The clash of civilizations is an interesting article that attempts to change the conventional way of interpreting and discussing issues in International Relations. The author, Samuel Huntington, is of the opinion that the traditional approach to international relations no longer holds water and has been proved wrong and inadequate by the test of time.
Samuel Huntington has divided the article in nine main parts beginning from the introduction to what he considers as implications of this clash of civilizations to the west and maybe, specifically the United States of America (Huntington 02).
Huntington divides the world civilization in several Continue reading...

Introduction:

The Restaveks are what can be termed as child slaves in Haiti where child abuse is rampant and terrible. According to the latest United Nations estimates there are over 300,000 child slaves in Haiti who toil about in horrific conditions without any sort of hope for their future. These child slaves are part and parcel of Haitian culture and they are accepted in the whole scheme of things.
The recent earthquake also created a situation where the poor turned desperately poor and child slavery has increased substantially in a situation such as this. Impoverished families really have no Continue reading...

Hundreds of people pass away on the daily basis because of gunshots and about three times of these people get severely injured. Thousands of families are destroyed; fractured bones and hearts broken are a result of gun violence. If wounds and disabilities resulting from guns were characterized as a disease, it would have been viewed as a widespread problem across the globe. Although, human beings are the creator of this weapon, guns are obviously not good for health of human beings. The incidents occurring around the world due to gun violence are of different types. A mass execution in Continue reading...

Book Review of

“The Hot Zone” written by Richard Preston is a non-fiction English book published by Anchor in 1995. It contains 420 pages and based on Richard Preston article “Crisis in the Hot Zone.” It is a thriller that deals with the source and occurrences relating to viral hemorrhagic fever especially Ebola viruses and Marburg viruses. The filo viruses, Ebola Virus called EBOV, Sudan Virus called SUDV, Marburg Virus called MARV and Ravn Virus called RAVV are the agents of level four of Biosafety. They are enormously hazardous to humans due to being very contagious and with an extraordinary casualty rate. Continue reading...

“Genocide” is the term used to describe a mass destruction of, or within a particular group, based on racial, religious, or ethnic discrimination, with deliberate and systematic motives. The term “Genocide” was coined by Raphael Lemkin, in the year 1944. Lemkin was a lawyer and his book “Axis Rule in Occupied Europe” introduced us to this term for the first time. According to Raphael Lemkin, “Genocide signifies a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves.” However, according to the Convention Continue reading...

Strategies & Challenges

The Savola Group is a Saudi public listed company and is considered as among the largest diversified conglomerates in the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asian (MENACA) region. It manages a varied portfolio of business. Savola Group’s inception can be traced back to 1979 when it started with an initial capital of SR40 million in the edible oil industry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Currently, the Savola Group has 62% market share of Edible Oils market and 68% of the Sugar market in the Kingdom added to 113 Retail outlets in Continue reading...

When comparing mass killings, one has to note if one is a genocide and the other is not but in all probability, there are similarities when mass killings are observed at close quarters. More often than not there will be an ethnic background to a genocide as in the case of the Jewish holocaust but in other cases there have also been issues which have nothing to do with ethnicity too.
The two cases chosen for this essay have similarities in the fact that they occurred in Africa although their actual seeds are rather different. In Rwanda we Continue reading...

1.0 Historical Background of Al-Qaeda
Al-Qaeda is a global terrorist network established by Osama bin Laden between 1988 and 1989. The mission of Al-Qaeda is to free Muslim Nations of what it considers irreverent western influence and replace their leadership with fundamentalist Islamic Governments[ CITATION Jay11 \l 2057 ]. Despite having started in the 1980s the network only came to light after September 11 2011 attacks on Washington and New York, following which the United States of America and Her allies declared war on terror[ CITATION Dav11 \l 2057 ]. Al-Qaeda works through a network multinational and stateless armies as Continue reading...

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in

Abstract
Australia is one of the top three countries for refugee resettlements. The Australian Government has successfully established a responsive humanitarian program that aims to assist and protect refugees and facilitate their resettlement and integration in Australian society. Australia aims to help various groups including African refugees. In Australia, African refugees have developed a negative reputation because of their involvement in crime and their inability to gain employment, thus, fueling their dependency on welfare and the Government’s other services. These factors have contributed to African refugees’ social identity in Australia. Since African refugees came from poor developing countries Continue reading...

Introduction

Australian history is coiled around Britain. Up until 1986, the Britain and Australia had constitutional links, sharing a common nationality code. It is, therefore, a matter of great interest how Australia has ignored British Empire’s influence in its involvement in wars during the commemoration of war. This remembrance is done on April 25th every year.
Australia’s war history runs back to the year 1788, according the Australian war memorial. For a period of more than 120 years, Australia was a Britain affiliate and a colony. The formation of the federation of Australian colonies, otherwise known as the Continue reading...

Puberty is seen by many as the period wherein children would undergo the “rite of passage” to enable maturity to develop as young men and women. It is often the physical aspect of the child which first emphasizes the sign that the child is now transcending to adulthood. However, the rite to passage is not as easy as it sounds as boys would have to undergo circumcision to foster growth. Girls would slowly feel the changes to their body once they experience their first menstrual period. While it may sound like it is easier for the girls to transcend Continue reading...

The child soldiers of Uganda-- introduced in the documentary discussed within this essay as “invisible children”--live vastly different lives than those of their counterparts in other parts of the world. These children have their childhood stolen from them, forced to take up the cause of the adults around them rather than growing up and slowly becoming adults. In Africa, high volumes of tribal and racial violence are a result of years of colonialism and the power vacuums that were left when colonial forces abandoned their colonies in Africa; the violence in Uganda and Sierra Leone is a direct Continue reading...

1. Introduction
Dutch disease is a theorem which is first developed by W. Max Corden and J. Peter Neary in 1982 based on a theoretical story explaining the relationship between tradable and non-tradable goods. The theory basically claims that a large amount of resources gained through exploitation of natural resources or through an international aid or in any other similar way resulting abundance of financial resources for a country might not help the country to create an economic development. This country will enjoy spending this abundant resource, however, spending the resource will not create a capacity to produce some Continue reading...

The war on terror has been one of the most expensive battles to burden the United State of America economy. In the most recent decades, the war has been waged against terrorist groups like the al Qaeda and the Taliban. The main challenge on the fight against the al Qaeda group is the lack of a central region of operation and use of guerilla war tactics. The group is spread in Afghanistan, Pakistan and some part of Africa. The 11th September 2001 twin tower attacks on the United State soil saw President George .W. Bush officially declare war on Continue reading...

The term “geography” in its broad context denotes a science, which deals with the earth as the planet and as the land as well. It derives from two stems of Greek origin: “geo” – earth and “graphos” write or describe. It is one of the oldest sciences in the world because as soon as people start hunting or collecting food they start to investigate the environment, the world around them. And these investigations were the first geographical discoveries of the mankind. The times have been changing and geography as a science has becoming and more complicated. According to a common Continue reading...

For too long, we have tried to ignore a sneaking suspicion that as a race of people we cannot continue to use our planet’s resources in the way that we are accustomed. It has been said that we are “long on things but short on time” (see Durning 179, for example). In this essay I will look at why that is: how stress is being placed upon our water resources and upon our biosphere as a whole, and how this is generating conflict between people, governments and personal values; in addition I will consider specifically what, if any, Continue reading...

Africa is a continent with vast untapped and unexploited natural resources, and China due to its growing economy; has a demand for these resources. China has therefore helped Africa to re-establish it self as source of valuable commodities for the Global market and also assisted to put a focus on Africa’s politics and why it remains poor (Snow 1998, 64). Continue reading...

Introduction of the Books

Men in the Sun
Ghassan Kanafani (1936-1972) was a Palestinian story writer and was deeply involved in politics, during the Arab-Israeli in 1948 war he and his family were expatriate to the part of Palestine.In 1952 during his education from Damascus, he was again deported to Kuwait because of his association with the Movement of Arab Nationalists.He was leading the Arab Nationalist movement and during his leadership he worked hard for the independence of Palestine. Due to getting exile for so many times he was confronted with many problems because of not certain proof of citizenship. On July 18, Continue reading...