Genotype College Essays Samples For Students

Introduction

The culture where I came from is rather a mix of cultures and not just a single one. Because of that it would sometimes occur, not only at my own instance, that my phenotype contains unusual characteristics; characteristics that are not usually seen on the description of the natives who came from our land. First, I would like to start by differentiating phenotype from genotype traits.
Though they have some correlations (they are both under a larger umbrella called genetics), they are two different things. Phenotype, according to Blamire (2000), involves the outward physical appearance of an individual organism. These would ...

Introduction

It is very common to hear of the term “risk factor” in epidemiology as well as in criminal behavior studies. In general, sense, a risk factor is a term used to refer to a variable that is associated with an alleviated risk of infection, disease or disorder. The number of identified diseases, disorders and infections are very large and consequently; the number of risk factors that increase the susceptibility to them is large. Each disease, infection or disorder has its own set of risk factors. However, some risks factors that have been found apply in all three aspects mentioned above. This paper ...

Introduction:

Phylogenetic tree also known as evolutionary tree depicts the connection between various species of animals and plants based on their physical and genetic traits. Top points of the trees symbolize descendent common species whereas nodes symbolize common ancestor of descendents. Phylogenetic trees very effectively show the evolution that took place by adaptive and sudden ancestry splits. The Phylogenetic trees can be classified mainly in four types rooted tree, un-rooted tree, bifurcating tree and special tree types.

The basal universal phylogenetic tree inferred from comparative analyses of rRNA sequences.

1. Horizontally acquired variations – Horizontal acquire variations occurs due to horizontal gene transfer. Horizontal gene transfer also known as lateral gene transfer is a ...

Virtual Lab Report

Virtual Lab 1: Virtual Microscopy
A. Gauge the size of various biological components and organisms. The Virtual Microscope (copy and paste this address into a new browser window: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/ ) can be used to make these observations. Estimate the size (length and width in microns) of
An E.Coli cell is around 0.5µm in width and around 2µm in length. A mitochondrion is around 0.5µm in width and approximately 10µm in length. A Red blood cell is around 5.5µm in width and 7.5µm in length. A virus is approximately 0.25µm in width and ...

Introduction

Understanding the ways of predicting the chances of inheriting certain genetic traits makes up the value under the study of genetics. Such ability has enabled development of varieties of animals and plants that have most of the qualities that are a desirable prediction of inheritance patterns in family lineage. One of the methods that are used in determining the mathematical probability that a given trait would be inherited is the Punnett square. The Punnett square is a simple graphical method that is used to discover all the combinations of a given genotypes that can be passed to children in cases where parent genotypes ...

As it is known, the genotype is not the essential structure that is capable of determining all qualities of an organism. In other words, genotype does not determine phenotype. For instance, a few animals of one species may have different phenotypes with the same genotype. Genotype defines only a set of specific reactions and capabilities of an organism, but they can change under the influence of the environment or other factors (Suzuki & Nijhout, 2008, p. 690). Such changes are called polyphenism. This function of a body is still poorly understood, but nevertheless, it is clear that it is very ...

Part B.

1`. If two flowers, a white and a red flower produce a pink offspring, this is known as co-dominance.
2. If two peas, a yellow one and a green one produce green offspring only then the green color is dominance.
3. The yellow color is recessive.
4. If one trait in a given cross does not mask the other and both the two traits are displayed the condition is called incomplete dominance.
5. Genetic trait of Thumb H, h.

The probability of Hitchhike phenotype is ¾ while that of nonhitch phenotype is 1/4

6. Two different individual one of tongue roller while the other one is no roller.

Let the mother be roller hence the genotypes are Tt while the father be a non-roller tt.

Offsprings’ genotype Tt, Tt, tt,tt. Roller ...

1. The alleles we inherit from our parents get expressed as outward traits. For almost all traits, one allele will be expressed and the other will not. If one of your alleles is dominant, its trait will be expressed. If both alleles are recessive, their trait will be expressed. Each of the traits in the table below follows a simple dominant/recessive system. For each trait, circle whether you have a dominant or recessive trait.

Trait Dominant Recessive

When a diploid organism (remember, carries two alleles for each gene!) has two of the same allele, we call it homozygous. When it has two different alleles, we ...

Abstract

This essay aims to explore several scientific issues: the relation between the burning of fossil fuels and its consequential unbalance of the carbon cycle and the increase of the greenhouse effect that follows it, causing a biosphere change with multiple deleterious effects, both on environments, species and life itself; understand how Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection explains the existence of different species of a being (such as lizards) in one same island; why, now in the Genetics area, a cell’s DNA is only visible during mitosis for being condensed, why “daughter cells”, in meiosis, all have unique genetic material, caused ...

Genetic diseases are generally caused by abnormality in the individual's genetic makeup or genome. The effect of this abnormality ranges from mild to severe. Those effects depend on the affected genetic components. The changes or abnormalities could be a mutation in a single base to that which could affects the large chromosome. The main forms of occurence are either through inheritance or spontaneous mutations. The basic types of inheritance are; single gene inheritance, multifactoral inheritance, chromosome abnormalities and mitochondrial inheritance. Haemophilia A is a type of chromosomal abnormality associated with a defective X chromosome hence tagged as X-linked disorder.

Haemophilia A

Haemophilia A is a genetic ...

Inheritance Lab Report

Inheritance Lab Report

Materials and Methods
There were no materials that were required for this lab. A variety of phenotypes were observed and recorded in the Table 1 below. Using the logic of Mendelian genetics, possible personal genotypes, as well as those of my parents were recorded. The presence of attached earlobes was recorded as yes and no if absent. For the other phenotypes, their presence was indicated by a yes and their absence with a no. The genotypes were identified based on the recorded phenotypes using the alleles indicated below.
- E – free earlobes; e – attached earlobes
...

- Describe the basic elements of the nature-nurture controversy (i.e., what is meant specifically by “nature” and “nurture”).
The basic elements of the nature-nurture controversy relate to arguments contending that human personality could emerge from genetics/hereditary or the environment. These two sides of the debate produce various interpretations of nature and nurture. Importantly, nature encompasses those innate qualities believed to have been obtained through biological process during intrauterine development. Nurture is perceived from the premise of personality traits being developed from social experience with a person’s environment (Stiles, 2011).
Precisely, the elements contained in this controversy embrace ...

Answer for Part 1

A: In the F1 generation there were 445 purple and 437 white flowers. If the homozygous dominant genotype is (PP) and heterozygous genotype is (Pp); then the recessive genotype would be (pp).

White flowers = (pp) = 437
The ratio of purple flowers to white flowers is nearly 1:1, i.e. the number of purple flowers to the number of white flowers is nearly same. Hence, the parents would heterozygous purple flower (Pp) with homozygous recessive (pp). The following is an example of a test cross.
B: In genetics, a test cross, first introduced by Gregor Mendel, is used to determine if a ...

Sex linkage is the expression of Phenotypic allele that depends on the gender of an individual and is linked directly to the sex chromosomes the individual has. In mammals, the male sex is most likely to show the recessive sex linked traits. Genotype is the genetic compositions of an individual and it refers to the genes an individual has in a genome. It determines the characteristics of a person and how he or she responds to certain stimulus. Phenotype, on the other hand, is the physical characteristics or the appearance of an individual. These can be seen in things like the ...

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder of the blood where the red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape. The Red blood cells deliver oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues are generally flexible and round, facilitating them to move easily through the blood vessels. Nevertheless, in individuals with sickle cell anemia, the texture and shape of the red blood cells can vary. They turn out to be sticky, hard and take the shape of a disc. The cells die prematurely, resulting to a deficiency of red blood cells (David, 2011).
Sickle cell anemia is passed through families ...

Gregor Mendel's studies laid the foundation for modern genetics. In a series of elegant experiments, Mendel was able to deduce the most fundamental laws of single-gene and multiple-gene inheritance without having the scientific data on chromosomes, their structure, or meiotic segregation. In this lab, you will learn about and apply examples for 3 different patterns of human inheritance of traits.

Punnett Square is a tool used to theoretically predict genotypes of the progeny from the genotypes of parents as a result of sexual reproduction. Genes from parental gametes are written as rows and columns of the Punnett Square. All ...

Introduction

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) involves peripheral circulation, the brain, and the heart. The disease is a primary health issue in many countries around the world (Sawhney, et al., 2012). CVD develops through complex processes involving novel risk markers and common risk factors. Decades of research have demonstrated that a sibling’s or parent’s family history is linked to the development of atherosclerotic CVD (Gupta et al., 2013; Nelson, 2013; Imes and Lewis, 2014), which manifests as peripheral arterial disorder, stroke, and coronary heart disorder (CHD). Various Mendelian disorders have also been shown to contribute to atherosclerotic CVD. Although ...

Human Behavior Impact on Environment

Human being is, at the same time, the product of environment and its major influencing force. The development of human activities over the centuries and the development of knowledge innovation and technology allowed our society in many ways control and direct the environmental phenomena to a much greater extent than other living creatures. The truth is that this complex and multifaceted relationships between a human and nature brought a number of new challenges. Some of the human behavior and activities have the very clear impact on the environment, whether positive or negative, but the type of influence that one ...

The movie Gattaca is set up in the fictional not-too-distant future. The not-too-distant future is a society in which eugenics are the dictating ideology and genetic discrimination is real. The use of biometric based on the genetic database registry has helped create two categories of people; the ‘valids’ and the ‘invalids’. The ‘valids’ are those individual who are created based on the choices of the biometrics and are seen as actually being superior that the invalids who have been conceived by tradition la means and are regarded as having a higher likelihood of developing genetic disorders. Genetype profiling is ...

Microbe-Host Analysis

Microbe-Host Analysis

Introduction

It is unknown how long Staphylococcus Aureus (S. Aureus or staph) has been on this planet. We have been too busy trying to conquer all of successful attempts that it has made to evade our weapons against to establish an intricate epidemiologic profile of it. We do know when it was discovered to be a harmful bacteria, though. One of the primary toxins of staph, PVL, was first discovered by an assistant in Belgium by the name of H. van de Velde in 1894. He was taking care of some rabbits in a laboratory and noticed a ...

Introduction

Evolution is the change animals and species undergo over time to adapt to certain environmental changes and eventually produce multiple descendent species. Evolution and natural selection are often taken as complimentary to each other. However, evolution, by definition, is a historical process of change, while natural selection is merely a mechanism that results in this change. Advances in technology and biology has thrown light on several causes and consequences of evolution. Some of the deepest understandings of evolution come from understanding fossils and examining phylogeny and from the study of natural selection. Evidences suggest that when natural selection is strong, the rate ...

Evolution of Sexual Reproduction

There are different forms of reproduction, which includes vegetative, asexual, sexual reproductions. Naturally, the question arises, what are the benefits of sexual reproduction in terms of fitness of a species, and how does it compare to other forms of reproduction? Logically, females reproducing asexually are more likely to have twice as many grandchildren and can increase their fitness two folds(Hurst and Peck). On the other hand, by reproducing sexually, both sexes have to invest copious amounts of time in selecting mates, making nests, bringing up offspring etc. In this paper we will try to understand the benefits and disadvantages ...

!Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue and mainly caused due to heterozygous mutations in fibrillin-1 encoding gene. This syndrome was described by Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan in the year 1896. This disorder involves skeletal, ocular, cardiovascular systems, dura, lungs and integument. The manifestations observed are aortic aneurysm, dislocation of ocular lens, over growth of long bone. Most of the cases are due to FBN1 mutations. This syndrome affects 1 in 3000-5000 and one-fourth of the cases are sporadic. Diagnosis of this syndrome is often challenging since it is age-dependent and frequent in all types of populations, ...

Psychology: Nature Vs Nurture predisposition to violent behavior

The researcher hypothesizes that both the variation in genes and the environment in which people are nurtured affects their tendency towards violent crime. Monoamine Oxidase (MAOA), serotonin Transporter Repeat Length polymorphism (5HTTLPR), Variable Number of tandem repeats (uVNTR) and Dopamine Transporter (DAT) alone or in combination are associated with violent criminality in imprisoned subjects (Neuropsychopharmacology, 2007). The researchers also hypothesized that MAOA genotype exerts its effects on violent or antisocial behavior following childhood maltreatment. The study found that the effects of adverse childhood and those of the MAOA genotype are independent in the tendency of individuals towards violent crime ( ...