Neurotransmitter College Essays Samples For Students

Re-uptake involves the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by any of the neurotransmitter receptors or transporters. The transporters involved are usually of pre-synaptic neurons. Re-uptake occurs after the neurotransmitter has transmitted a neural impulse. Re-uptake is very crucial in order for the normal functioning of synapses to take place. This is because it allows the neurotransmitters to be recycled, thereby regulating their levels in the synapse. This in turn dictates the length of time it takes for a signal - generated by neurotransmitter release - to last. Neurotransmitters are usually large hydrophilic molecules that cannot pass through the neuronal membranes. For this reason, ...

Human behavior is determined by the interplay of several factors; individual genes and the environment are some of the leading factors in determining personal traits and tendencies. However, although inheritance and the environment play the greater role in determining an individual’s behavior, hormones as well as neurotransmitters also play crucial roles in shaping one’s behavior. Some hormones, for example, are linked with controlling anger and aggression in both men and women, while other sets of hormones are linked with the control of sleep. Hormonal imbalances are also linked with the control of individual temperaments. Hormones exert their ...

2. Neurodegenerative disease resulting in mental and intellectual decline (alz.org).
3. Most common cause of dementia and progressively worsens leading to patient’s death.
4. Symptoms
a. Memory loss (alz.org).
b. Inability to solve daily tasks and problems
c.Confusion about place and time
d. Depression and social withdrawal
- Causes of AD
- i. Presence of Amyloid peptide oligomers and neurofibrillary tangles that result in damage and death of neurons.(Gravitz, 2011)
ii. Inherent Genetic predisposition. (APOE) allele 4, GSK3 and TREM2 are part of gene clusters associated with AD ( ...

- Luigi Galvani was the first man to reveal the electric nature of the nervous system. He did this by stimulating the legs of lab animals with electric currents in 1791. In 1914 Henry dale furthered the research of neurotransmitters by demonstrating the physiological action of acetylcholine.

Luigi Galvani was a physician and physicist and is known for his work determining the nature of how electric currents travel through the body. He did so by attaching electrodes to a frog’s nerve endings and observing the movements that occurred when electricity was applied. Sir Henry Dale is a London born expert ...

Abstract

Obesity is a heritable and genetically influenced disorder. Recent studies have proved that obesity is a biochemically driven neurological disorder. Obesity has a complex and heterogeneous genetic and phenotypic manifestation. Familial obesity is monogenic and common obesity is polygenic. Leptin and its receptor (LEPR), the α-melanocortin-stimulating hormone receptor (MC4R), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and prohormone subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1) are some of the single genes involved in monogenic obesity. Glutamate Decarboxylase 2 gene (GAD2) gene is thought to be part of a polygene system resulting in common obesity. GAD2 coding sequence is present on chromosome 10p locus and encodes for a protein GAD65. This protein catalyzes ...

What is nicotine?

Tobacco that basically comes from the plant known as nicotiana tabacum has been utilized for many years. It can be chewed, sniffed, or smoked. The initial depiction of tobacco addiction is contained in a New World report in which Spanish armed forces said that they were unable to quit smoking. Initially, nicotine was being used as an insecticide with its analogs still being used as insecticides currently (Yamamoto & Casida, 1999).
When isolation of nicotine from tobacco leaves was performed in the year 1828, scientists started researching its impacts on the body as well as brain. This research ultimately demonstrated ...

Introduction

The fields of psychology and neurology are awash with researches that seek to establish how behaviors are influenced in human personality and what the motivation for human action is. In this context, determining the cause of drug addiction behavior such as the brain processes involved as well as social interactivity and thought processes has been the objective of many studies. Imaging and scanning technologies like Positron Emission Tomography (PET) that enable further insight have been used in this inquiry (Volkow, Fowler, and Wang, 2003). The insights gained have informed debates and research. This paper reviews this knowledge in seeking ...

Depression is a common disease which causes the patient to suffer from behaviors and thoughts which are negative and also by certain changes in bodily activities. These physical changes are called neurovegetative signs like body aches, crying spells, low libido, insomnia and weight fluctuations. There are different kinds of depressive disorders like manic depression, clinical depression, dysthymic disorder, postpartum depression, chronic depression and others. There are no specific causes of depression, it is caused by a combination of factors which are psychological, biochemical, genetic and environmental (Lunbeck Institute 2). It is therefore a complex disorder which has no specific treatment which is ...

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Introduction
It is a common knowledge that exercise is good for the health. However, only a people few exercises regularly. The National Center for Health Statistics in the United States, for instance, reports that barely half or only 49% of the adult population meets the standard guidelines for aerobic exercise while only 20.9% are meeting the guidelines for aerobic and muscle strengthening exercise (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). With almost 80% of adults not getting the recommended exercise, health experts are becoming increasingly worried about its impact to the health and well-being of individuals and society ...

Parkinson’s disease lacks a cure but certain medicines can help manage the symptoms. These medications function to offer a substitute for dopamine, the signaling neurotransmitter in the brain.
Carbidopa-levodopa is hitherto the most effective medicine to manage Parkinson’s disease. This chemical moves to the brain and is converted to dopamine. The chemical levodopa is mixed with carbidopa preventing it from being converted to dopamine prematurely out of the brain hence potential side effects such as nausea are lessened. Potential side effects with this medication however include orthostatic hypotension or feeling light headed and nausea. With continued use ...

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And they lived happily ever after. Several fairy tales that we row up with end up this way. The prince and the princess fall in love with each other as soon as their eyes meet, and soon enough, they find themselves vowing to be together for the rest of their lives. From fairy tales, novels, and movies, we have been exposed to the concept of being attracted and falling in love, and these ideas are almost always believed to be matters of the heart. Often, we think that fate calls our heart and guides as to find ...

Part 1a: Imagine you are being chased through the woods by a hungry bear. Which nervous system would engage? (parasympathetic or sympathetic) Why is this?

Someone being chased through the woods by a hungry bear will have his or her sympathetic nervous system being engaged in the flight. This second type of autonomic nervous system tagged sympathetic will be responsible for the control of many homeostatic mechanisms that will help the person to flit away from the hungry bear. The mechanism is that of the sympatho-adrenal response of the body. The interconnected neurons of the SNS are connected to several organs of the body which enables several organs to be controlled during this period of flight response. In response to the flight, the organs connected ...

LSD has been a popular approach among psychotherapists, as it has presented beneficial effects for patients, in treating anxiety. My query is regarding the efficacy and safety of LSD on patients while treating for psychological perspective. The required effective and suitable dosage of LSD is also a considerable question, that what amount of LSD exerts positive effects (Gasser et al 153; Hofmann 53-60).
LSD or Lysergic acid diethylamide is a compound that was considered to play a significant role in serotonin neurotransmitter system. As a potent psychedelic, it has been associated with brain functioning. Various clinical trial based studies have revealed that it ...

Introduction

Human beings experience different biological rhythmic changes when they are sleeping or dreaming due to different experiences during the day. We all have internal biological clocks that are called endogenous pacemakers these are controlled by the environmental factors that are known as the exogenous zetgebers. These factors are responsible for making sure that the period changes are controlled. The rhythms that are connected with sleep and dream are circadian, ultradian, and REM also known as rapid eye movement.

Circadian rhythms

The circadian rhythm the period it takes is a whole day experience. One example that is commonly known is the sleep wake ...

Introduction

The patient is a 24 year old male who was found laying on the floor of his apartment at 7.30 am by his friend who had come to pick him up to go to work. I was called in and directed to the living room where I found the patient on the floor with his arms tight and curled towards his chest, his head back, back arched, and his eyes rolled back with a fixed gaze. His mouth is open and his facial muscles appear to be pulled back tight. My first impression and thus diagnosis is that the patient is ...

- Some individuals are born with a hole between the two sides of their heart this means that blood can mix between the left and right sides of the heart. Explain why this is a problem and types of symptoms this person might exhibit?
The problem with hole between the two sides is the mixing of the blood, which then raises the pressure in the lungs. The result is that there is reduced oxygen in the blood that goes into the body. Symptoms may include difficulty in breathing, short breath and respiratory infections in children.
- Cholesterol can build ...

Introduction

The patient whose name was Jack had gone to a local restaurant with his friends at night when he began to exhibit the following symptoms: He was restless; he kept pacing around in spite being urged to do stop doing so by his friends and the staff at the restaurant. His movements around the restaurants were ill co-ordinated. He was agitated and disorientated and insisted that he did not want to be touched. In spite being disorientated, he was cognizant of my arrival. He would make utterances regarding the world and how “screwed up it is.” In between talking about ...

Discuss in detail the mechanism of action of named antiepileptic agents with reference to the relative clinical success of a particular mechanism in the treatment of epilepsy
Carbamazepine is a Sodium channel Blocker. It is the major first line antiepileptic drug. It is used for the treatment of partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Carbamazepine blocks sodium channels during rapid, sustained neuronal firing. It also prevents post-tetanic potentiation.
Phenytoin is also another first-line drug for the treatment of partial and secondary generalized seizures. Its mechanism of action is to block the movement of ions through the sodium channels during ...

Nervous System

1. Neurons communicate with other neurons and stimulate both glands and muscles.
2. Match the following parts of the neuron and their function:

Dendrites input area, receives signals from other neuron conductive region; generates an action potential Soma (cell body) input area; main nutritional and metabolic area input area; receives signals from other neurons
Axon conductive region; generates an action potential
input area; main nutritional and metabolic area
3. Signals from other neurons are received at junctions called synapses, located primarily on the dendrites and cell bodies, the receptive and integrative regions of the neuron.
...

a) Explain why the effort of hormonal (Endocrine ) control tends to be slow whereas nervous control is usually very fast.

Endocrine control is normally slower when compared to nervous control majorly because hormones once released by the endocrine gland have to travel via the circulation to reach their target receptors on the effector organ which generally takes more time. Meanwhile, information relayed by nerves is in form of impulses (that is, action potentials generated due to electrical excitation produced by a change in the charge across the surface membrane of the neuron evoked by the stimuli) that simply travel along the ...