Chromatography College Essays Samples For Students

Questions to Answers

- What is the difference between Active and passive sampling?
Active sampling is different from passive sampling in that it employs an air sampling pump that serves to actively pull air and pass it through a collection device, for instance a filter. On the other hand, passive sampling does not need active air movement, like the one generated by a pump. Instead, vapors and airborne gases are collected through a physical process including permeating via a membrane or diffusion through a layer of static air.
- What is the difference between Instantaneous (real-time) and integrated (continuous) monitoring?
Instantaneous monitoring refers to the ...

Instrumental Analysis

Mephedrone molecular structure
Nephyrone molecular structure
There are several structural differences between the three chemical substances that make adrenalin distinguishable from both Mephedrone and Nephyrone. The adrenalin molecular structure has a more stable structure more than both Mephedrone and Nephyrone. The adrenalin structure has an extra OH molecule that makes it distinguishable from the Mephedrone and Nephyrone. Several analytical tests can be used to determine this difference.
There are various chromatographic techniques that can be used to test the purity of the adrenalin tablet. The first method is paper chromatography. This chromatographic method is used to analyze ...

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Introduction

TLC or Thin-layer chromatography refers to a technique that is applied in the separation of mixtures that are not volatile (Reich & Schibli, 2007). The process is done on a sheet of plastic, glass, or aluminum foil that has been coated using a thin layer of material that is adsorbent such as aluminum oxide, silica gel and cellulose (Sherma & Fried, 2003; University of Colorado, 2014). This adsorbent layer is referred to as the stationary phase. The sample is usually applied using a capillary tube on the plate, and the sample is taken up the plate through capillary ...

Chromatography is a laboratory technique which involves the partitioning of molecules of plant pigments. In this technique a mixture is dissolve in a fluid which carries the unknown analyte to a structure which can hold the material causing the two components to separate. This technique can be categorized as preparative or analytical. By preparative chromatography it means, the separation of a mixture for the purpose of advance utility in this case, the mixture undergoes a purification process. Analytical chromatography on the other hand is prepared in smaller doses of materials and is performed casually to measure the relative proportions of analytes in the mixture. In ...

Abstract
Chromatographic techniques are used to separate different components in a mixture based on their solubility in the mobile phase and adsorption on the stationary phase. The most soluble components move further with the mobile the components that adsorb more on the stationary phase move a shorter distance. The main component of green leaves is chlorophyll. However more information can be obtained on the content of leaf extracts by separating a homogenate made from a leaf sample. In this experimental report, spinach leaves were used to obtain a homogenate that was separated on paper chromatography to obtain the various leaf pigments. Isopropanol was ...

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This report describes the experiment carried out to analysis unknown mixtures using paper chromatography. The physical properties of those mixtures are taking into considerations while certain known were used as controls. The result of the analysis amino acid was found to be similar to alanine while the second spot was unknown when compared to others.

Introduction

How can mixtures be separated using paper chromatography techniques based? The factor that influences this experiment is that which considered the physical properties of the mixtures to be separated. The theoretical concept to be followed is that which depict movement of fluid in a capillary ...

Chromatography is the method for separating components from a mixture on the principle of the relative quantity of each element that is distributed between a moving fluid medium referred to as the mobile phase, and the immediate stationary phase. Chromatography is employed in the separation of various mixtures (Wixom and Charles, 103). It is used in the preparation of materials for purifying them.
Chromatography has several uses in biological and chemical worlds. Chromatography is broadly applied in biochemical research to identify and separate chemicals or biological origin. This method is applied in the petroleum industry to determine and analyze ...

Chromatography is a laboratory method or technique to separate various compounds such as inorganic or organic substances for further analysis, evaluation or testing (Chavan et al. 283). It is an important tool since it could be used in numerous fields of sciences. It provides a way for analyzing mixtures or solvents which could not be easily separated through physical methods. It is also an important method due to its simplicity.
One of the most important applications of chromatography is its use in forensic science or other types of investigation. This method is often used in analyzing substances which are ...

The modern pharmaceutical industry appreciates the importance of chirality. Most drugs in the market today, as well as racemic drugs marketed in the earlier years, are chiral compounds. The human body is selective when it comes to chiral drugs, and it interacts differently with racemic drugs (as illustrated in Fig. 1). The human body has receptors for drugs and enantiomers of chiral molecules (contained in the drugs) interact differently with the receptors. As a result, it is possible for one isomer to produce therapeutic activity while the other could be inactive or could produce undesirable effect. Therefore, it is imperative ...

In Vitro Models of Skin for Topical and Systemic Drug Delivery Applications

The drug delivery is a significant process in medicine development. The development of topical or systemic drugs requires models that present the mechanism of the drug activity. Topical delivery of medicine has a long story of application. The advantages for the topical delivery are as follow: self-administration and simplicity of application, absence of side effects, high surface area for drugs absorption. However, the method has recently been recognized as far less efficient than the systemic drug delivery (oral or injectable) (Kulkarni, 2009). The paper presents advances in understanding the drug delivery using in-vitro models.

Topical Drug Delivery Models

The artificial in-vitro models are ...

Question 1

Sample # 1:
Schedule IV. An example of a potential drug in this schedule is valium. Some of the symptoms that may be seen in conjunction with this drug include severe withdrawal, slow speech and movements, changes in eating habits, shaking, and loss of coordination, excessive sleepiness, and frequent somnolence.

Sample #2:

Schedule III/IIIN. An example of a drug in this schedule is Codeine. Some of the physical and psychological symptoms associated with this drug include withdrawals, addiction and dependence, depression, psychosis, delusions, psychosis, constipation, itching, rashes, dizziness, dry mouth, memory loss and low blood pressure

Sample # 3:

Schedule I of the Controlled Substances ...

Question 1

Spectrometry would indeed be a good analytical tool since it will help in distinguishing the different compounds in the powder. In such a case, the best type of spectroscopy would be infrared spectrometry and mass spectrometry. Infrared spectroscopy is a vital analytical tool to identify controlled substances. Infrared light is passed on the unknown substance. As the sample absorbs the infrared radiation, an infrared spectrum results, which is a series of peaks and valleys ("Physical Evidence Handbook Drug Identification Unit", 2016). Each substance in the compound results in a highly accurate infrared spectrum. The spectrum of the unknown elements ...

Discussion and Summary

The process of validating a newly developed HPLC-based analytical method intended to measure API and impurities in the drug samples employ a series of different tasks and experiments. The validation process of the new method would test the principles of operation of the chromatographic method. Some of the basic principles of operation of the method include retentions, resolution and sensitivity.
The first experiment that would be conducted to evaluate and validate the newly developed HPLC-based analytical method would be based on the retention. The retention of a drug with a specific packaging substance and eluent can be demonstrated as ...

Introduction

Cyanide is a faster acting and potentially poisonous chemical which may exist in different forms. For instance, it can be a colorless gas such as cyanogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide or as a crystal form like potassium cyanide as well as sodium cyanide. It is naturally available in some food as well as specific plants like cassava. It is also available in the cigarette smoke and when combusting certain synthetic materials like plastics. Furthermore, cyanide is present during the manufacturing of papers, plastics as well as textiles. For example, industry within the US does manufacture about 350,000 tons of ...

Question 1

The type of bloodstain evidence at the scene is a cast off pattern. According to Becker (2005), a cast-off pattern normally results in blood striking nearby surfaces such as walls, floors and ceilings. A cast-off pattern indicates that a blunt force trauma to the head. The large wound on top of the head is indicative of repeated use of the blunt force weapon on the victim.
The first step in the documentation process of the room would involve conducting an initial scan of the room to ascertain the evidence present. This would then be followed by photographing of the scene in ...

Section 1. Renal Excretion of Drugs and their Metabolites

Determine whether your drug is:
a) Primarily excreted unchanged (as the parent drug) in the urine (renally cleared)
b) Excreted in the urine principally as metabolites (metabolised; hepatically cleared)

Salbutamol is cleared through the urinary system, metabolizing through the inactive 4’-O-sulphate (phenolic sulphate). Within the urine (with a minor extraction method being faeces), both the salbutamol and the metabolite sulphate are excreted. In studies, urinary excretion of salbutamol has resulted in around 64% of a dose being excreted as unchanged salbutamol, with about 12% excreted as the sulphate conjugate (Spina, 2003).

Section 2. Drug Metabolism

For your drug:
a) discuss its metabolism noting the ...