Essays on Causation

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This case study presents J.W., a patient who went to the emergency room of the Community Hospital due to a persistent and severe headache over the last couple of days. Patient displayed signs and symptoms that her condition required blood testing and a head CT scan. However, Nurse Jackie, the nurse assigned to handle the patient’s case, only charted the symptoms but did not act on it or report it. The triage nurse, together with Nurse Jackie, also interviewed J.W. about previous neurological problems, headaches, or incidences of cerebral hematoma. But due to J.W.’s disorientation caused by ...

A. Beyond the merits of the case, the chances of Edie in winning this case depend completely on the investigation of the behaviour of the defendant as the reasonable person in the similar conditions. This approach is regarded as the main pillar of the tort law that is used for the determination of the liability between the parties during legal proceedings. With that, it should be noted that there are several cases when the applicant faces difficulties in proving fault for slip and fail accidents. There are several conditions that should be met established and proved in order to ...

Analysis of Incident Investigation Data for Causal Factors

Abstract Accidents may be caused by various conditions: the worker’s physical and psychological condition, safety rules control, overload at work, lack of manual to prevent accidents from happening. If the worker in poor physical condition, tired and incapable of thinking clearly, he should not be allowed to work any further for safety reasons, and those conditions of workers should be defined by the company’s safety control officers before letting him start the job. Giving overtime to workers also needs careful test of workers’ physical condition. Sometimes exploited may not be equipped with safety terms. Working with dangerous ...

Abstract

Regression analysis estimates the value of a random variable (dependent variable) for a given value of an associated independent variable. The regression equation provides the formula for such a calculation. In the present case, which is about the analysis of the dependence of total monthly sales on the monthly customer traffic, the consultant first examines to see if there is a correlation between the two variables. To achieve this, the consultant uses the scatterplot, plotting the points on a graph. After analyzing the scatterplot, the consultant is convinced that there exists a strong positive linear correlation between the two ...

Q.1 The elements of the plaintiff’s claim for damages against the hotel as the employer include loss of income/earnings or economic loss and pain and suffering. The complaint against the animal keepers as guests is a breach of the duty of care constituting negligence. Examples of animal diseases that one may contract as a result of being around or handling animals include zoonotic diseases such as anthrax, brucellosis, leptospirosis, arbovirus, and Campylobacteriosis. To avoid infection by these diseases, the care that one should include the use of personal protective equipment such as boot, aprons, overalls, goggles and gloves, ...

Things remembered recalled children’s jewelry from the market on July 19, 2016. The recall is referenced by the Recall Number 16-228. According to the United States Consumer Product Safety commission’s website, the reason behind the decision to recall was a violation of lead standards for children products. Specifically, the product subjected to the recall included the silver heart bracelets and the sweet charm necklaces for children. Silver heart bracelets are six inches long each of which has ten silver hearts linked by circle links. Besides, it has a lobster claw clasp for its closure and one charm ...

OPERATIONS SAFETY MANAGEMENT PLAN

General Considerations This Operations Safety Management Plan (OSMP) will apply to all staff as well as departments within the facility. Matters concerning security will be handled by members of the department of security who will be based in the facility. The members of the security have been adequately trained to perform tasks usually handled by security. However, the members of the security work on the presumption that they will not be armed anytime they are at work and that they are not authorized to engage in police activities. In a case where there is a need for police assistance, ...

the Person Act of 1861, and the Common Law Facts: Neil, a student in medicine, a heavy shoe fetishist, who found men’s brown shoes a real turn on. His course mate Thomas bought a pair of designer’s brown loafers which attracted Neil very strongly. Neil started obsessively to follow him and to take pictures of him wearing the brown shoes. He even started to make him small presents as brown shoe polish, laces or even pictures, leaving them in his student pigeon-hole. Just before his exams, Thomas felt himself ill, through all this stress, and asked the ...

The story of John Snow and the broad Street pump was a great success in the public health field in relation to the modern field of epidemiology. During the 1830s and 1840s, there were several cholera outbreaks in London, and Snow became interested in finding the cause and transmission of the disease (Tuthill, 2003). Snow plotted the locations where the disease was spreading and compared it with the city dwellers that depended on two water companies. His research showed that cholera incidences were frequent in the population being served by one of the companies. In the practical sense, Snow ...

Abstract

Various safety models have been developed for use in understanding aspects of safety. These models include the Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) model, Construction Accident Causation model, and Accident Causation Management model. Each model focuses on a specific aspect of the safety process. The STAMP model focus on the interactions between system components while Accident Causation Management model focuses on the source of human errors. On the other hand, Construction Accident Causation model focus on the predictability of incidence occurrence. None of this can be used to understand and address all safety concerns. This essay will begin by ...

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Abstract

System theory forms the basis for the Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) (Leveson 2011), and other Accident Causation Models, such as the Accident Causation Management System discussed in Kwon et al. 2006, and the Construction Accident Causation Model discussed in Mitropoulos et al. 2005. These models are compared and contrasted especially with respect to how human behavior is accounted for in each. In addition, a case study is discussed using the STAMP method to demonstrate the basic principles of STAMP. Due to a recent accident and much discussion ...

Sheila Renee White MAYO, Individually and as Administratixof her Minor Children, Rina Mayo, Jaclyn Mayo andPaige Mayo, Plaintiffs-Appellants,v.HYATT CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee. No. 89-3576Summary Calendar.

Background Information The case was a collective petition from Sheila Renee Mayo along with her three minor children. It was an appeal case based on the district court’s summary dismissal of their case on grounds of insufficient evidence to support the claim. The claimants had sued the Hyatt Corporation, through Hyatt for the death of Jack Mayo the husband and father of the petitioners consecutively. The district courts found the deceased 100 per cent ...

1. What is the definition of a tort? Tort is “a wrongful act, not including a breach of contract or trust, that results in injury to another's person, property, reputation, or the like, and for which the injured party is entitled to compensation.” (Merriam-Webster) 2. What are 2 types of damages you may receive if you are successful in a torts cause of action? “Legal damages can encompass economic losses, such as lost profits, as well as punitive damages, which are awarded to plaintiffs as a way of punishing malicious wrongdoers. “ (Wrongful or Tortious Interference with Contracts.) 3. Name ...

As a matter of fact and law, it is indeed true that to successfully bring a claim in negligence, the claimant has to prove on a balance of probabilities the existence of a duty of care, breach of that duty by the defendant and a resultant loss, harm or injury to them. This is known as "the three-part test" for negligence. In addition to these essential elements of the tort of negligence, no defenses should be applicable if a claim is to succeed. However, successfully proving the existence of these elements and getting remedies from courts is not a ...

Issue

In examining the criminal liability of the four persons about the death of Betty, several issues should be focused on approval or disapproval of any liability. In the case of Naveed, there is a need to prove whether he committed an actus reus in his threatening Betty. In the case of Peter, we need to establish under which circumstances and criminal law he might have been the causal link in the shooting, injury and eventual death of Betty. Also, there is a need to prove whether there was any state of mind with criminal liability and intent to cause ...

Criminal Justice

Introduction Criminological perspectives encompass several arguments that explain the cause of crime. Understanding the cause of crime is relatively important in solving criminality, which the various criminological theories tend to clarify. The discussion will highlight the three criminological perspectives namely trait, social, and classical theories. Each perspective will be discussed followed by an argument regarding the two sentencing models and determine, which of the models is a more effective approach in addressing crime. Lastly, the discussion articulates the sentencing model, which is likely to have the most potential in reducing crime while linking to the discussion on the various ...

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For the millennial female workers of today, some employees already have a solution to free them of their worries regarding their biological clock – making egg freezing part of their health care package. Egg freezing is defined as a “method used to preserve reproductive potential in women,” which is also called mature oocyte cryopreservation (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2016). Through this technology, women who intend to delay pregnancy for whatever personal reason can do so. In 2014, Apple and Facebook were two of the companies who announced that they would include egg freezing in their surrogacy benefits. It was ...

Amongst the major infectious diseases, hepatitis is one of the most important diseases affecting a huge number of populations worldwide. Hepatitis is majorly caused by virus or other contributors to the inflammation of liver. It can be infectious or non-infectious. It is a big concern to deal with the disease as it is responsible for taking huge tolls of life with its remarkable symptoms in function loss of the liver due to factors like liver scarring (cirrhosis) or liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) in extreme cases (NHS, 2016). Viral hepatitis is considered to be the cause of hepatitis occurrence in ...

The case at hand deals with the plaintiff’s contraction of Tuberculosis while being incarcerated by the state. The predicament involved in this cases brings up many issues pertaining to whether the state can be liable for the causation of tuberculosis while a plaintiff was in their correctional facility and whether the state has unlimited liability pertaining to the defendant’s contraction of tuberculosis, (“Dudley Lee v. Minister for Correctional Services,” 2012). This paper will conduct a discussion on the issues of causation and unlimited state liability and assess whether the state in fact caused the plaintiff’s contraction ...

Abstract:

Theories were developed over the years, as researchers and sociologists tried to explain the reasons why there is crime within the communities. These theories include the social bonds theory, the self-control theory, the power control theory, the control balance theory, the differential coercion theory, and the social support theory. Based on the theories, there are five realities behind the causation of crime: (1) that crime is caused by weakening bonds to the society; (2) that crime is the effect of having low self-control; (3) that crime is caused by occupational patriarchy; (4) that it is caused by the roles ...

The meaning of the word “correlation” is "relationship." If a change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the other variable, then we can talk about the correlation between these variables. The presence of correlation between two variables does not say anything about the causal relationship between them, but it gives us the opportunity to develop a hypothesis about causation. The absence of the correlation indicates that we have to reject the hypothesis about the causation between the variables. A separate methodological problem is the so-called "false correlation". This is a correlation (sometimes, it is even a ...

Abstract

This is an advocacy letter on hormones in food. There is growing fear that presence of hormones in food can potentially cause harm in humans. Despite the continued reassurances from food manufacturers on the safety of the hormones in the food, consumers remain a worried lot. This has been occasioned by the food processing companies’ reluctance to publish the foods that have hormones. With hormone containing foods unlabeled, associations between the introduction of hormonal ingredients into the food supply and human illness present a difficult task to be systematically tested and causation conclusively established. This letter is targeted at ...

Introduction

There are four ways through which individuals in the world ultimately expire or die. The four include suicide, murder, accident and natural death. Among the four ways, the one that attracts the most attention is murder. Murder, also referred to as homicide, is the act of one individual killing the other. However, there are sometimes when homicide is not criminal. For example, a person can kill another while defending themselves. In other cases, someone may be given the authority by law to take the life of the other individual who may have committed serious crimes.

A Summary of the History and Evolution of the Law Regarding Murder

In developing the homicide ...

In the Case of Dudley Lee v Minister for Correctional Services, the issue on causation and the unlimited liability of the state has been invoked in the arguments that led to the decision of the Constitutional Court to overturn the Supreme Court of Appeal ruling that discharges the respondent Minister for Correctional Services from tort liability. As can be gleaned from the facts of the case, plaintiff Lee was arrested for various charges that led to his detainment in prison for more than four years. He contracted pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) while confined in ...

Analyzing the case concerning causation

Tort law provides remedies to persons harmed by the actions of authorities or others. Ideally, tort claims are part of the state laws. Therefore, individuals are held responsible for their actions in case it causes injury to others. Tort law deals with cases such as the case concerning Mr. Dudley Lee, who contracted tuberculosis (TB) when in was in detention. Notably, the plaintiff got infected with TB while in jail because the authorities failed to take precautionary and preventive measures against communicable diseases (Lee v Minister for Correctional Services 10). The probable cause that made the applicant contract TB ...

The manifestation of criminal behavior has been subject to philosophical and scientific annotations with projections of divergent mannerism made towards the contribution. It is essential to understand that criminal behavior must be rooted from something. Consequently, several theories have been projected in an attempt to explain the causation of criminality.

Biological theories

In the view of these theories, the criminal behavior is a culmination of heredity thus can be passed from parent to children (Mancini et al., 2012). The theories project that the causation of criminality is solely rested on the physical attributes that are transmitted to the child at birth. ...

Anytime a story is told by different people, there are understandable number of variations. This is especially true for Greek and Roman myths, which were written during vastly different centuries with opposite views of religion. The Greeks seemed to view their early gods as perfect yet still human with their interactions with mortals. The actions of the divine motivated and drove the course of the stories. The Romans, by contrast, put their gods on a pedestal and shifted the blame to the mortals. The writings of Hesiod and Ovid reflect these differences, depicting the actions in a perfect light ...

I have chosen to analyze the scenario about Sensation and Perception, ‘Want to stand out in a crowd? Wear red!” The scenario mainly talked about how a research study proved that the color red is really perceived faster by humans.

Fact Check

The first error that I spotted in the reading is the definition of the Trichromatic Theory. According to the reading, the Trichromatic Theory proposes that our eyes are sensitive to three colors: red, green, and yellow. However, this is incorrect. In page 143 of the textbook, Trichromatic Theory states that we base our color vision on three primary colors – ...