Essays on Genetic Code

Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to expand the readers’ awareness about the philosophical and ethical principles that may be associated with abortion. With that, the topic that will be discussed in this paper is abortion. Abortion can be defined as the process of ending a pregnancy. It is important to note, however, that an abortion can happen intentionally or unintentionally. Unintentional abortion typically occurs naturally. Examples would be when there are birth defects that have been found during pregnancy; this is otherwise known as spontaneous abortion or simply a miscarriage. Intentional abortion, on the other hand, is done ...

INTRODUCTION

Modern science and technology has made fascinating discoveries and incredible innovations. There have been amazing advances in all areas and disciplines from engineering and robotics to science and medicine. It is the latter that has made some of the greatest advances and innovations. Human beings learn more and more everyday about how to treat illnesses and prevent diseases. They have also learned so much about the how the human body works; right down to the genes that make all living things what they are. It is possible today for scientists to understand how genes affect traits and that sometimes ...

B. OBJECTIVE

C. METHODOLOGY Over a period of time of four week study three generations of flies starting with a parental (P) generation that has already separate the flies in each generation of each cross into males and females and separate the flies according to their mutations. Based on the observed numbers of each phenotype in each generation of each cross hypothesize the parental cross and use the chi-square (x2) test and if there is little difference between the observed results and the expected results, the chi-square will have a low value, thus, the hypothesis will be supported in this case. ...

We see these days restaurants like Chipotle and grocery stores claiming to serve non-genetically modified foods. Are we eating artificial food? Is that good for our bodies? Is that good for the food that is being modified? These questions raise awareness for people who are oblivious of what GMOs are and how they are affecting our daily lives. GMOs may be more common in our diets than we know. GMO stands for Genetically modified organism and is a term that stems from biotechnology. It is the alteration of the genetic code of an organism to either enhance its properties, ...

Biology

(Department)

DNA and its importance in our lives

Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a long linear polymer located in the nucleus of a cell. It is developed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix. It is related to the transmission of hereditary information from one generation to the second generation. DNA contains the information for the development as well as reproduction of an organism, thereby leading to a normal life. In the year 1953, James Watson, a biologist, and Francis Crick, a physicist, discovered the structure of DNA in a laboratory in England (LEROY, 2003). The structure of DNA helped scientists to know the process ...

In the study of development and action, development of coordination is an essential and fascinating problem. The ontogeny of coordination is primarily the major problem of the ontogenetic origin of behavior. Coordination in physical activity occurs apparently during infancy as during this time basic patterns of posture and movement occur (Newell, 1986). Basic patterns of coordination are referred to as phylogenic activities as they are seen as fundamental to the survival of human species. The species ontogenetic activities reflect socially driven skills as well as shorter-term demands of individuals that vary with culture. All these developments are directly associated ...

Background

Early scientists and nutritionists believed that the most vital nutrient in living organisms, for building and maintaining the body was the protein. The role of proteins as enzymes came into existence several years later. This was around 1926 when experiments showed that enzymes were proteins. Insulin was the first protein to be sequenced. Hemoglobin was the first structure of proteins to be resolved. Myoglobin was then resolved later.

X-ray diffraction analysis (X-ray crystallography) led to the determination of the structure of the proteins (three-dimensional structure). The purification of proteins can be made possible from cellular compounds. Several methods have ...

The Scientific Method is a way that Natural Scientists determine, test and prove their hypothesis. It is an organized way to prove or disprove a theory ("Scientific method," 2014). In the context of evolution, the question to ask is: is evolution true? The next step is to do some preliminary research in order to put the question in the form of a hypothesis. To do this, the background research aims to determine if there is any empirical evidence that may support the question. The other area to explore is to question what else may have contributed to the end result, if ...

Nature vs. Nurture controversy leads its history from ancient times, when some philosophers supported or denied the ideas of the essence of the human being. What is human made of, how we become who we are? Is it due to our nature or the environment where we live? It is no secret that humans are collective beings that needs socializing. In this process, every one of us gain skills that are important for us in future. And even our style of life influence on what we look like, how we dress, and how we behave. What we know we ...

With reference to Biological studies, homology is the presence of shared pedigree between living organisms in terms of evolution. The homology might be in terms of genetical constitution, or physical constitution, to name a few. Here, I have described the evolutionary homology between various phyla supporting the description with a phylogenetic tree.

Genetic code is the combination of DNA and RNA sequences that constitute the amino acid sequences used in the synthesis of an organism's proteins. It is the biochemical basis of heredity and generally, protein coding amino acids is very similar in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The principle differences occur ...

Introduction

The study explored the homological characteristics of 22 species. The organisms were human, pygmy chimpanzee, common chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, white-handed gibbon, macaque (Cercopithecine monkey), horse, bison, cat, dog, bird, bat, frog, rattlesnake, alligator, fish, whale, wolf, pig, bacteria, and cow. The species were categorized as mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, or amphibians. However, humans and apes were further classified as primates. Moreover, the research sought to determine whether the species share characteristics that link them to a common ancestor. The research hypothesis was that if the evolutionary path of the 22 organisms were traced, then a common ancestor would be observed.

Universal Genetic Code

The ...

Introduction

Proteomics is the study of proteins in terms of their structures and functions. The term proteome refers to the entire set of proteins modified of produced by the organism. However, the interactions and modifications tend to vary with time and their distinct requirements and environmental stresses that the organism undergoes. This is an interdisciplinary domain based on research studies originally on yeast, then mice. Experiments have been forwarded describing the ways of investigating genetic interactions and various aspects of different functional proteins in genes. This essay proposes experiments that would be used to investigate a particular gene (named Without Kicking ...

Over the years, the understanding of the human genome increases to the point where the every gene and chemical base pairs of the human genome has already been mapped out (Catalano, np). What it implies is that if the effects and interactions of the genes would be fully understood, then humanity has the power to control and manipulate the characteristics of an unborn child. Of course, this action will be subjected to moral and ethical issues. Nonetheless, its practical uses, when fully understood, will be ultimately useful. Therefore, engineering human genetics should be allowed for medical purposes (Sousa and ...

Ms. Jordan

Academic English Genetically Modified Humans Should we alter specific genes in human beings—and create “designer babies”—like in the famous 1997 science-fiction film, Gattaca? It is a contentious issue, since there are pros and cons to both sides of the debate. On one hand, artificially modifying the genetic code could cure many illnesses directly tied to DNA, such as Sickle Cell Anemia, Down syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, and Turner syndrome (“Specific Genetic Disorders”). On the other hand, creating a “super”-race of humans with perfectly symmetrical appearances and virtually no illnesses could fragment mankind into a much starker divide of ...

The Bonobos are rare species of monkeys that are only found in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Their total population is estimated to be 10,000. Their specific habitat are; between the Congo and the Lomami rivers, between the Kasai and Sankuru rivers, and the Lake Tumba region. These areas represent the Congo basin, a region that is known to be the second largest rainforest globally. Their habitat can be approximated to be an area of 500000 square Kilometers. The Bonobos monkeys are relatively similar to human kind. They share more than 98% of the humans DNA. More ...

#1 MAKE OBSERVATIONS Some genetic diseases are very common in people with certain heritages. Examples include sickle cell anemia in persons from African descent, Tays Sachs in Jews from Germany or Eastern Europe, and cystic fibrosis in Caucasians. #2 ASK QUESTIONS

Is there a way to narrow down genetic issues specific to certain heritages?

#3 HYPOTHESIS There are factors within a person’s genetic code (DNA) and factors within the way persons of a certain heritage live that concentrate genetic issues within a particular heritage. #4 PREDICTION Genetic issues will be the result of changes within the affected individual’s DNA that mean they have differences in the way their ...

In “Am I My Genes?” Dr. Robert Klitzman states that there are about 5,000 diseases where there is good genetic data available for a pre-disposition for that disease (Donovan, 2012). In “Cracking Your Genetic Code” the program states that having some mutations, like the one for Huntington ’s disease is absolute, while other mutations just show an increased chance of the disease, which is much harder to interpret (Nova, 2012). Further, it should be realized that different sequencing companies at this point look at different parts of the genes so the results can be contradictory. In “Personal DNA ...

Introduction

The field of genetics had basically been initiated by Gregor Mendel’s work. In 1865, Mendel proposed basic hereditary laws based on his observations from the breeding pea plants. Several other hallmark discoveries like Thomas Morgan’s experiments in the year 1910 followed. Genetic code is essentially set of rules through which the information that is encoded within the genetic material that is, DNA or mRNA sequences is decoded into proteins that is, amino acid sequences by the living cells. Precisely, the code defines mapping between the tri-nucleotide sequences termed as amino acids and codons; each triplet of the ...

DNA Analysis

Forensic science (also known as forensics) can be defined as the use of scientific methods to respond to questions relating to a legal system. The questions could be related to civil action or solving a crime. The term forensics is derived from the Latin word forensic, which means “before the forum”. This word was conjured during Roman times when criminal charges were brought before a group of people in a public forum (Inman & Rudin, 2000). The accused and his accuser would present their speeches and give accounts of their versions of the story. The person who argued his case better than the ...

The City

The State Physiology vs. Psyche Every academic or scientific discipline has its own pace and characteristics of development. Depending on the field this discipline belongs to; its development might be directly dependant on technological improvements or be only indirectly influenced by it. In other cases, development of the discipline might depend on the evolution of human society or general human perception of this discipline. On the other hand, there are such scientific disciplines which include all mentioned above aspects. Those disciplines are also characterized by diversity of approaches to their inner development and research of the target ...

How an Animal Cell Survives

Although the animal cell is similar in many ways to eukaryotic as well as some few eukaryotic cells, there are strikingly large differences between them, especially the requirements for survival in various environments (Baitsell, 2008). The animal cell is one of the members of eukaryotic cell category, whose structure is quite complicated by the organelles present as well as the diverse functions they play towards the survival of the cell and the organism in general (Solomon, Berg, & Martin, 2004). The cell structure is defined by a plasma membrane that bounds a number of organelles, all of which function towards the ...