Essays on Lactic Acid

Response One

My curiosity to learn more about lactate values was as a result of the fact that I usually confuse the term with lactic acid which makes me view the term from the perspective of aerobic and anaerobic pathways the seminar was informative to me since I was able to gain more insight by viewing the lactate values I terms of ABG. In the seminar, I was able to understand the value the different ideas concerning the metabolic pathways, lactic acid dehydrogenase and the importance of the values attached to each. I got to understand that lactate is a metabolic ...

Introduction

In this paper, the article entitled “Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the prevention of Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in older inpatients (PLACIDE): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial” by Allen, et al., (2013) will be critically reviewed. The article investigates about Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) which occurs more often in older patients who are 65 and above and are treated with antibiotics that provide immunity against a wide range of bacterial diseases. Clostridium difficile is a dangerous bacteria which can cause AAD, and it can be very harmful to the patient’s health. The researchers “did a multicentre, ...

Chemistry

2. The nano carrier needs to remain in suspension in H2O, PBS, human serum, etc. What type of polymer do you need to use to decorate the surface of the nanocarrier to achieve this goal? In order to maintain the nanocarrier in suspension in water, Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS), human serum a suitable solution a polymer is needed on its surface. The polymer used needs to accomplish three goals. The polymer needs to decorate the nanocarrier surface to enhance suspension and secondly, to prevent protein absorption. Another characteristic is that the polymer evades the immune system. PLGA poly(lactic-co-)glycolic ...

Before the 16th century, the existence of micro-organism had not been discovered. It was until a microscope was invented that micro-organism become a subject of discussion (Barnett 2003). Microbiology is the study of microorganisms or microbes. Microorganisms are the smallest living organisms that cannot be observed with our naked hence they need to be magnified using magnification tools such as microscope. Examples of micro-organisms are bacteria, virus and fungi. Fermentation in simple terms is the conversion of sugar into acid, gases and alcohol by enzymes that act as catalysts (Pumphrey and Julie 1996). Fermentation is a process that occur takes place in ...

Introduction

Fermentation process refers to the conversion of sugars such as glucose to alcohol, carbon dioxide and energy in the form of ATP (Kale and Gokhale). Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen and converts substrates such as glucose into products such as acetate or lactic acid. During fermentation, there is no oxidation phosphorylation and thus the amount of ATP that is produced is low (Pigage, Neilsen and Greeder). One specific example of fermentation is lactic acid fermentation, which is the simplest form of fermentation. In the presence of oxygen in the cells, most organisms bypass fermentation to undergo cellular ...

Introduction:

The paper focuses on the question that which training method, whether aerobic or anaerobic reduces resting heart rate. The paper introduces literature relevant to the study and develops a methodology to reach to relevant findings via a thorough analysis, A short conclusion is presented at the end. A stronger heart is one that can move more blood with each beat and is capable of doing the same work with fewer beats. Therefore, as a person becomes fit, his or her resting heart rate should get lower. While there are several factors that affect heart rate, a regular check on resting heart rate ...

(City, State) The Cori cycle, which is also referred to as Lactic acid cycle, is a metabolic pathway where lactate that is produced through anaerobic glycolysis taking in the muscle moves to the liver to be converted into glucose. The glucose produced is then taken back to the muscles to be converted again to lactate. They activities in the muscle get their energy from the breakdown of molecules of glycogen through the glycogenolysis. This process results in the production of a glucose molecule in the glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) form. The G-1-P is then converted by the phosphoglocomutase enzyme to G-6-P, which ...

(City, State) Lactic acid fermentation refers to a biological process where sugars such as fructose, glucose, and sucrose undergo conversion to form cellular energy lactic acid. The process is an anaerobic kind of fermentation reaction and takes place in a number of bacteria as well as in animal cells like the muscle cells (Campbell & Reece, 2005). The application of lactic acid fermentation is broad especially in the food industry (Tempeh, 2008). Some of the bacteria that are involved in the production of lactic acid include pediococcus cerevisiae, leuconostoc mesenteroides, bifidobacterium bifidus, and streptococcus lactis (Tempeh, 2008). The process is also ...

Key Words: Disperse dye, Poly Lactic Acid, Fabric, elongation, tensile strength

Introduction and statement of the problem

The polymerization of lactic acid yields polylactic acid. As such, the raw material used in the manufacture of polylactic acid is lactic acid. Lactic acid is a naturally occurring substance that is produced by living things during metabolism. The use of polylactic acid in the production of fibers for various applications in the textile industry can be traced back to a very useful discovery a few decades ago. The production of biodegradable surgical sutures using polylactic acid set the path clear for more applications of polylactic acid (Ren 98). The good ...

Abstract

In this essay, it is done a description of the Bacteria species Lactobacillus casei and Clostridium botulinum about what regards their common features and similarities about their roles in the ecological niches they are found in. They have similar pH levels to be able to grow; they both are found in various ecological niches and also have therapeutic uses. In opposition to such, as for the characteristics in terms of oxygen levels of their environments, Clostridium botulinum is more demanding, requiring always low-oxygen levels to be present in the bacteria form and to be able to grow, while Lactobacillus ...

Industrial microbiology has helped greatly in the discovery and development of substances that we use in our day to day life. It applies scientific and bioengineering techniques to processes and materials. Microorganisms produce valuable products of industrial microbiology.(Law 15) They include; Antibiotics, fermentation beverages, enzymes for amino acids synthesis, dairy products, and recovery of minerals from low grade ores, waste and waste water management, Biodegradation of xenobiotics, synthesis of chemotherapy drugs, just to name but a few. It’s a field that requires people to research on existing problems find or discover new products, get ways of producing and commercializing ...

Environmental and Nutritional Requirements of Lactobacillus casei

Lactobacillus species have attracted considerable attention during the past few years due to the health benefits to the gastrointestinal tract when they are added as probiotics to food products such as yogurt and other fermented milk drinks (Broadbent, Larsen, Deibel, & Steele, 2010). In general, Lactobacillus species exhibit very complex nutritional and environmental requirements for optimal growth. Particularly, Lactobacillus casei is a rod shaped, aciduric (prefers acidic environments), facultative (capable of living in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) and mesophilic (temperature range between 15-40°C) lactic acid bacterium. These characteristics allow its isolation from different environments including fermented milk, meat or vegetable ...

Abstract

In this essay, a description is done of the Bacteria species Lactobacillus casei and Clostridium botulinum. Their common ground and similarities are presented, being a part of the Low G+C Bacteria, or Firmicutes: Gram-Positive, rod-shaped and fermenters. Additionally, it is also discussed what are their contrasting traits, that keep them distinguished, together with what are the factors used for the various strains’ differentiation, within each species. Keywords: Lactobacillus casei, Clostridium botulinum, characteristics, similarities, differences, phenotype, structure, phylogenetics.

Low G+C Bacteria – Firmicutes The Bacteria regarded for this essay are part of the Low G+C Bacteria, or Firmicutes. ...

Abstract

In this essay, a description of a non-pathogenic and of a pathogenic microorganism is made. As microbiology aims the study of the microscopic organism that inhabit the ecosystems, the understanding of what are the species present in the biosphere, what are the condition in which they live, what are their metabolic processes and products, and of how can these influence, positively and/or negatively other living forms, including humans, it is essential to study them to know how their caused illnesses be prevented, treated and, furthermore, how can possibly help the health welfare. As examples, the Lactobacillus casei and Clostridium botulinum species of ...

Regulation of body pH occurs either through pH regulation or pH compensation. Regulation occurs as a combined effort of buffer systems, and respiratory and renal systems. Normal metabolism produces acidic wastes, for example, carbonic and lactic acid. These products increase acidity of body fluids and cause a shift in body pH away from the normal alkaline nature. Buffers help to prevent the shift towards an acidosis, and hence maintain pH of the blood and the body. Buffers also facilitate maintenance of narrow pH ranges of body fluids. Maintenance of this narrow range is crucial since biochemical reactions are affected by concentration ...

Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Organisms

Similarities in both organisms include the fact that both organisms are non-sporulating. Although, not the only metabolite, Salmonella enterica can produce lactate as one of its metabolite while Lactococcus lactis produces lactate. Both organisms are anaerobes, feeding by fermenting substrates (PHAC, 2010). Salmonella enterica ferments glucose while Lactococcus lactis ferments milk. Salmonella enterica is different from Lactococcus enterica in several ways. From gram staining, Salmonella enterica is a gram-positive organism while Lactococcus lactis is a gram-negative organism. At the level of feeding, Salmonella enterica feeds on a wide range of carbohydrates (PHAC, 2010). It is a heterofermentative organism whereas Lactococcus lactis is a ...

New peptide based soft drink

Casein is a family of proteins found in mammalian milk and is generally classified into four types, αS1, αS2, β, κ. The amino acid sequence that makes up for it, largely contain groups of different peptides that are inactive. However, research in the area of finding bioactive peptides in Casein in the last decade has given numerous results. Several βcasein peptides, for instance, are now used as ingredients in protein shakes, energy drinks and other processed foods for their qualities like slow digestion (giving a continuous supply of amino acids and thus nitrogen to the body) and reduction of hypertension, etc.

Assuming that ...

1.0 Biological Pacemaker

Pacemakers are electronic devices implanted in individuals with bradyarrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms) to monitor and regulate heart muscle contractions. Biological pacemakers have been developed that will involve the injection of pacemaker genes from stem cells into damaged heart tissues to restore normal function and heart rhythm. The biological pacemakers are designed to down regulate the expression of the hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated (HCN2) channels and the potassium current as well as up regulating the β2 adrenergic receptors. The adoption of biological pacemakers over the electronic pacemakers offers various advantages. Electronic pacemakers require battery powering and maintenance while the ...

Fatigue: Processes, Side-effects and the Wingate Bicycle Test

When a person overexerts himself from doing strenuous activities through the say, he may feel sore and tired in each part of his body. This type of problem is called fatigue. Fatigue is mostly connected to the feeling of exhaustion because of the lack of energy and stress because of too much work, lack of sleep, lack of exercise or even because of boredom. But how exactly does this process work and how a person can discern fatigue once it is happening in the body. This paper will discuss the processes on how fatigue takes into place in the body, how ...

INTRODUCTION

General overview

Preparation of yoghurt takes place through milk fermentation process with various cultures of bacteria comprising of streptococcus subspecies mixed with lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies and thermophiles (Barbano, 2009). Basically, yoghurt comes in two types: distilled and set (Augustin et al., 2003). The author further explains there is a difference in the main procedure through which these yogurts are manufactured. In the set yoghurt (inclusive of fruit on the bottom), the formation takes place in retail pots as the fermentation of the lactic acid bacteria proceeds into lactic acid generating a structure of continuous gel in the container of the consumer. ...