Essays on Ottoman

Peter the Great is considered to be the tsar, who has dragged Russia out of the medieval circumstances to such a degree, that by his passing in 1725, Russia was viewed as a main eastern European state. Peter the Great in his efforts to modernize Russia in the early 1700’s has brought together government, modernized the armed force, made a naval force and expanded the enslavement and subjection of the laborers. His residential arrangement permitted him to execute a forceful outside approach. Somebody might think that Peter the Great’s reforms were more cosmetic, however that is not ...

The Tanzimat reforms comprised of several reforms that were promulgated in the Ottoman Empire between in the 19th century between 1839 and 1876. The intention of these reforms was to preserve a weakening Empire. The reforms took place under the reign of Sultans Abdulaziz and Abdulmecid. These reforms in the Ottoman Empire had a high influence from European ideals and were aimed at transforming the functioning of the Empire in order to conform to ideals of a modern state (Davison, 2015). Edicts were thus passed to achieve this goal including the 1839 Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane – The Noble ...

Introduction

Before the formation of states, the areas were always divided into realms. These were mainly vast lands that would always be formed primarily through the acts of acquisition. In the process of acquiring these new pieces of lands under their control, the emperors would always require that the inhabitants of these areas would always have to conform to their rules and ways of life. These may include issues such as religion, culture and even economic activities. The rise of Islamic empires throughout the world played a significant role when it came to matters of the spread of Islam throughout ...

The chapter discusses the histories of the ruling families of Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar. Many of these families shares same origins, but with time they broke away and founded their own kingdoms and developed their own rules.

Al Sabah Family of Kuwait

The founder of the Al Sabah family ruling over Kuwait was Sabah bin Jabir who was from the Utub tribe. The Utub tribe is part of the Anaiza tribal confederation, from which the Al Saud family of Saudi Arabia belongs. Sabah bin Jabir is also credited with the founding of the state of Kuwait. The Utub tribe is also the source of ...

In Asia, the political instability that stemmed from consistent warfare and the lack of a centralized chain of command threatened merchants and discouraged them from traveling across the continent in the name of trade. A perfect example is evident in the case of the Mongolian and Ottoman campaigns that paralyzed trade routes running from central Asia to the Byzantium Empire. Jackson Spielvogel sheds light on the given point by explaining that Mongol conquests during the Thirteenth Century “reopened the doors” of trade, which Islamic rulers had previously closed, to European merchants seeking markets in the East (460). However, after ...

The Christian Bible and Islamic Quran chare a surprising number of similar themes and ideas as a result of their shared religious heritage and birthplaces; an example of this is found in the Bible’s “Sermon on the Mount” parable from the Mathew Gospel and the Quran’s “Lord of Mercy”. It is important to note that the Lord of Mercy referenced by the Koran can include a number of passages, as Allah is directly references as the Lord of Mercy many times; unless specified otherwise, this report will refer primarily to the opening of the Koran for simplicity. ...

Art, architecture, and design are very important clues for historians to figure out what exactly a civilization, culture and society valued. Architecture, in particular, is a very important part of a larger material culture which may be used by historians as clues to figure out what impact these decisions had on the larger culture and the way each society organizes itself. In this sense, it is almost nearly inescapable that each piece of art or building will not in some way or another influence our thinking regarding how each of these societies is organized. This is true everywhere around ...

In spite of the fact that World War I happened more than one hundred years ago, there are still many unanswered questions and a lot of controversy around it. The war started after assassination of the duke of Austria-Hungary Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist, and shortly after the conflict between the two states, many other countries, including their colonies, were involved. However, many rulers were assassinated throughout history, and not every time such a huge conflict took place. In the case of World War I, tension had been growing for a long time before the explosion. With that said, ...

The Middle East is a vast region with many countries which are differently endowed with both natural and human capita l resources. The state institution and development of societal status have also evolved differently based on the past experiences of colonial and pre-colonial eras. The Middle East region is known to have suffered economic backwardness dating back to the seventeenth century. The state of economic conditions and social developments of the Middle East countries is quite similar to those of North Africa region countries particularly Egypt. The two regions were highly affected by the ruling of the Ottoman Empire ...

Throughout the course of modern history, numerous events have revolved around the Middle East, affecting the cultural perspectives of the people living there. For instance, the Russian invasion of Afghanistan and the subsequent political maneuvering by Western/Arab nations spawned decades of bloodshed in the region, destroying both an entire generation of people and the viability of a nation. The creation of Israel in 1948 created a massive power shift in the region, as the Arab nations attempted to retake the territory but were soundly defeated, and again in 1967. The Second World War engulfed the North African Muslim countries, ...

Abstract

This paper reviews the historical background of Jihadi-Salafism from the time of the crusaders. Jihadi-Salafists are depicted as elements of the broader Salafi movement, social and religious reformers who desire to restore the original beliefs and practices of the first three generations of the Muslim religion. The current Jihadi-Salafists draw their motivation from the perceived attacks on the Muslim community since the beginning of the European colonialism in the nineteenth century and the termination of Ottoman caliphate during the twentieth century. The first part of the discussion includes an evaluation of the United States foreign policy and how it ...

Of the world’s many disputed regions, perhaps none is as unique as Kosovo. To be sure, depending on one’s national origin, ethnicity, religion, legal-historical perspective or political point of view, especially if you live in or are from southeastern Europe, Kosovo is either an independent nation or it is a province, albeit autonomous province, of the Republic of Serbia. The starting point to these differences in understand about Serbia is most likely 1389 and the Battle of Kosovo. Prior to that event, the region that is now known as Kosovo was under the control of the Serbian ...

What question does the author pose? This typically is implied rather than stated explicitly, so you might be searching for something that is not literally in the text.

Thesis/position/argument/claim

Where do you first find the argument? The argument is first realized in page 89 where the author says “the extraordinary sensitivity of the Ottoman elite to local conditions allowed them to build an empire across three continents that endured for many centuries.”(Greene 89). It is an indication of the involved process and what it would take to achieve control over other states or people. There are other sections in ...

There are different points of view on the reasons to begin the Second World War. On this work there will be considered two points, one of them was described by John A. Vasques. The other book to consider was Why Nations Fight by Richard Ned Lebow. According to Vasques, World Wars occur rarely, and their reasons are curious. There are classical reasons for war, for example, territorial conflicts. On the other hand, Lebow insisted in the idea of national significance. This may be delivered through the mass aggression or war But in fact, there were a lot of participants ...

Following the Napoleonic wars, there was a gentlemen’s agreement between both Britain and the French empire to largely stay out of one another’s way. Nevertheless, they still nearly came to blows on a number of occasions during the 19th century. Yet, the British and French Empires gradually came to see one another as potential allies, even if not as close friends. This relationship benefited both powers in very material ways. Both were concerned about the increasingly aggressive nature of Germany and the alliances it was forming, as well as the rising power of Russia under the Czar. ...

Since its very inception, the Syrian conflict has become a threat not only for the local residents and neighboring countries, but also for the whole world. The IS militants crossed all limits in their radical methods of waging war against a number of Syrian and Iraqi peoples; moreover, "the Islamic State’s rise has shaped the battlefield in Iraq and Syria, as well as shifting alliances between the United States and countries in the region" (Phillips 351). Kurds, taking into account their minority over other nationalities, have become one of the main targets of the ISIS' troops. Kurds have ...

This paper will look at how the people from Eastern Europe are portrayed in Western Media. The focus of this paper will be on the stereotyping of Russian women as being beautiful, the Roma as thieves and the people of the Balkans as violent. The popular opinion of Russia women is that they are beautiful and mysterious. They believe that they walk around on the ice in high heels, do not sweat even in fur coats and avoid public transportation. The goal of the article The Most Beautiful Russian Girls is to ascertain the kind of lives that these ...

There is a wide accepted concept that after centuries of development, the Muslim world began to decline in the 15th century. Did it really decline? In this work I would like to illustrate the main trends of developments of the Muslim world in early 15 – early 20 century. We know that in part of the second millennium, and for five centuries later there were many Asian invasions in other regions of the world, wide expansion (Seljuk, Arab, Turkish). But then the stagnation began. Since the "golden age" of the Abbasid Empire, it has not changed territorially. And large areas ...

Introduction

Anthropology in Turkey is a rich context of gradual changes in people’s culture, social platform and political administration. Political and cultural heritage are among the key elements that have undergone the immense transformation. Efforts towards unification of the Turkish nation depicts change. These efforts led to the dissemination of Ataturk cult to unify the Nation. In the political realm, the first and second constituting declarations pivot the turning point. The 1990s saw the transformation of the PKK strategy with the aim of becoming a democratizing force in Turkey. This paper discusses the state of anthropology in Turkey, emerging ...

Paper 4

History Paper “Choices made regarding Ani’s preservation cannot escape political implications, and contests over the site’s meaning should be acknowledged rather than ignored and engaged in rather than silenced. It is possible that once admitted, the difficult issues at Ani can become opportunities for creative solutions.” Heghnar Watenpaugh speaks these words about the Turkish-Armenian archeological site of Ani. She believes that Ani’s preservation bodes well for dialogue, reflection, and maybe even reconciliation. Her work relates to physical conservation, but still underlines the importance of preserving memories. This sort of preservation in the Arab world may also ...

Introduction

The Armenian Genocide, which is otherwise known as Armenian Holocaust was the methodical annihilation of members of the Armenian minority within the borders of their native land which is now the Republic of Turkey. Historically, the Armenians are descendants of the ancient people even before the first century of the current era, and were the first nation to deeply adopt Christian culture, which makes them different from other people in the neighboring regions. Most of the genocide committed against the Armenians was carried out in 1915, and the rounding up and killing about 600,000 to 800,000 people ...

Tanzimat is the name of modernizing reforms in the Ottoman Sultanate from 1839 to 1876, when the first Ottoman constitution was adopted. The basic principles of the reform were set out in Hatt-i-Sharif, issued by Sultan Abdul-Majid on the 3 of November in 1839 while his accession to the throne. Unlike previous reforms, the main place in the Tanzimat occupied not military but socio-economic issues. The initiative belonged to the group formed by the bureaucracy, headed by Mustafa Reşid Pasha, who became the author of Hatt-i-Sharif. For several years he was ambassador in England and France, and then ...

Introduction

Contemporary academic analysis is concentrated on the issue of states’ emergence. The former is analyzed in different social, political, and economic contexts. Such state of affairs can be explained from the practical point of view, meaning nowadays there are many players at the international level which have recently appeared. However, in order to understand the nature of the aforementioned processes, the historical analysis is thought to be of great importance, since lots of contemporary phenomena took place in the previous centuries. Thus, in this paper, the correlation between the Sykes-Picot agreement, formation of the Palestinian identity, and creation of ...

The thirteenth century to the seventeenth century can be considered a period of ascendancy as there are many examples of dominance and the fight for superiority between various groups and empires: most notably through the Mongol Empire, the destruction of the Abbasid Empire, and the consolidation of the Ottoman Empire. In the thirteenth century, Mongol invasions were rampant all over Asia, leading through the Middle East and into Europe. They were sent by the Mongol Empire to gain territorial expansion across Eurasia and the Middle East. Mongol armies led by Genghis Khan invaded Iraq and Iran beginning in the ...

Introduction

The Ottoman Empire was ruled from the top by a Sultan. A collection of taxes was an eternal problem in this empire so they came up with a tax farming system whereby tax collectors were employed to collect taxes in the entire empire. The system brought about various mistreatments and the poorest received very heavy tax burdens, they did not have the capability of avoiding taxes or bribe off the tax collectors. A segment of the population lived under the millet system and it consisted of the Jews, Christians and Religious minorities who run their own schools, local communities ...

Today, Syria faces a serious crisis. The country that once boast diversity is now engaged in a civil war bloodier than any war in history. Millions have been displaced and nearly a quarter million have died. The civil war initially rose as an Arab Spring. Arabs across the Middle East were seeking a democratic society. However, with the rule of the al-Assad family in Syria, violence is dominant and the country rests in a blood bath.

History of Syria

Originally, Syria consisted of a large amount of land that is now many countries today, including Syria itself, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel. The ...

Sovereign Statehood Is A Modern Fiction That Has Been Universalized Through Imperialism And Decolonization. Critically Analyze This Statement Using Examples From More Than One Part Of The World

Introduction

Sovereignty in international relations is a concept that indicates that a state is constitutionally independent. In politics, a state is considered sovereign if it exists in a legal, absolute, and unitary condition where the state is equal to other states in international law and is not answerable to any other foreign state (Biersteker and Weber, 1996). A sovereign state has clearly defined borders within which people reside and the government of ...

Historical origin and development of shipyard in Istanbul

Ships and shipyards are a very old tradition in Istanbul (Cvikel & Kahanov, 2013). The pioneer shipyard was designed in 1390. The shipyards developed quickly and as early as the 16th century, Turkish shipyards were leading globally (Grant, 2005). Traditional shipbuilding techniques in combination with modern technology have helped the shipbuilding industry develop as an international recognized trademark in shipping industry since the beginning of 1990's. In Istanbul, shipyards perform various functions ranging from creating a variety of ship models such as yacht both big and small. Repair and maintenance of the different vessels are also done in these shipyards. ...

The western intervention into the Middle East is one that has been seen to cause an unending debate of whether the move is of great help to the region or a source of problems. Many will agree with the statement that western intervention, or westernization for that manner, though showing countless evidences of force and spite, has in its process brought many positive changes and been hugely beneficial in a manner that without it, the Middle East would never have been where it is today. However, there are many who still have the belief that the countries would have ...

And Its Impact on the United States

And Its Impact on the United States

Introduction

The entire subcontinent of the Middle East would have a very different history and outlook if it were not for very unfortunate events that have taken place in the area over thousands of years. There is plenty of wealth to go around, plenty of trade opportunities with the rest of the world, as well as a great potential for a tourist market. Unfortunately, “the cradle of civilization” is in a constant state of unrest that has precipitated over gigantic wars that have left a lasting impact on the area. In fact, war ...

I would like to start my analysis by introducing a little bit the movie background and how it was filmed. Almost all members of royal family of Jordan are Arabs related to the Hashemite dynasty, who consider themselves to be direct descendants of Prophet Muhammad. The exception is Prince Ali Bin Al-Hussein which is maternal Circassians. Sometime ago he came up with the idea to make a film about the Circassians living in Jordan. Choosing the director for the movie, Prince did not hesitate for too long. He called Mohy Quandour, who was living in London, known as many-sided ...

Example A

During the Holocaust many pieces of art were stolen from the Jewish people by the Nazi party. One of these paintings is known as The Women in Gold. The painting was originally known as Adele Bloch-Bauer, but the Nazi’s changed the name so it could be displayed (Stamberg, n.p.). In changing the name they in essence stripped the painting of its Jewish identity just so they could excuse the fact they wanted to hang the painting for themselves. The subject of the painting, Adele Bloch-Bauer was the wife of the wealthy sugar tycoon, Ferdinand Bloch (Stamberg, n.p.). During ...

Introduction

During 1509 and 1513, the Ottoman Empire went through a civil war that was fought between two brothers, Ahmed, and Selim I, sons of Bayezid II, as they wanted to get the ruling authority after their father. Both had a lust for power, and they led this civil war with the support of their followers and pushed the Ottoman Empire into social and political unrest. The civil war caused loss of thousands of lives. It could, therefore, be argued that the civil war did not the purpose of fighting for the rights of people. In fact, it was initiated ...

The Muslim movements after the Caliphate

After the abolition of the Ottoman Empire, and later the Caliphate in 1924, in the modern Muslim world began "non-Caliphate" period. This process was historically logical, because the theocratic form of government suffered a crisis in the Muslim world, where national movement and bourgeois relations were growing. Nominal power of the Sultan still existed, but only in name. In this situation, the Sultan resorted to Pan-Islamism policy, however corrupt administrative apparatus, a weak army and a weak economy, led this policy to the failure. By the early twentieth century in the country were rapidly spreading European ideas and values, ...

Post-Classical History

Some of the terminologies that explain the post-classical world include the post-ancient era, the pre-modern era or the post-antiquity era. The post-classical is the immediate period after the classical world and the period preceding the modern history. The classical period happened in two time periods depending on the different continents in the world. The time periods include the years between 200-500 and the year’s between1200-1500. In this era, Han, Rome, and Gupta experienced the spread of the major religions of the world. It is during this period that Buddhism and Christianity spread while the Islam religion emerged. Religions ...

Q2.Mustafa Kemal’s on the abolition of a caliphate and Hassan Al-Banna’s text “towards the light text” on political life. Mustafa Kemal and Hassan Al-Banna are two important figures in the history of the Arab world in terms of their influence to nationalism and the current state of their nations. To begin with, Mustafa Kemal was an author with a liberal mind that made his works and line of thought free from the influences of the situation at the time where people had limited line of thought owing to the forms of leadership and religion. While he did ...

Introduction

The Armenian Genocide, which is otherwise known as Armenian Holocaust was the methodical annihilation of members of the Armenian minority within the borders of their native land which is now the Republic of Turkey. Reports revealed that the victims reached over a million Armenians who were rounded up by the Ottoman authorities. Historically, the Armenians are descendants of the ancient people even before the first century of the current era. Moreover, the Armenians were the first nation to adopt deeply adopt Christianity in their culture, which makes them different from other people in the neighboring regions. Accordingly, there are ...

Introduction

The medieval Islamic city was influenced by the enthusiastic patronage of art and architecture, examples being Mamluk rulers and the amirs of the Mamluk era. The architectural projects from this period comprised of both small and multifaceted complexes. The buildings helped the society in many ways and could be used to hold important functions, religious and commercial activities amongst others. Buildings were developed in the form of mosques, hospitals, kuttab, and Kurf amongst others. The architectural projects demonstrated the urban and artistic order that was significant in ensuring that the fundamental pillars of Islam were observed within the society. ...

Main Argument: The Islamic state of Iraq and Syria has recently waged war on the two countries and annexed vast amounts of territory. Under the leadership of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the newly declared state has waged war in Iraq and in Syria that has caused the death and displacement of hundreds of thousands of people and massive damage to property. According to AL-QARAWEE, ISIS is the most recent re-creation of an outfit known as Tanẓīm Qāʻidat al-Jihād fī Bilād al-Rāfidayn formed in 2004. A critical analysis of the sectarian conflicts in the Middle East ...

Causes and development of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict

The conflict between Palestine and Israel has been proceeding for almost a century, and it remains unsolved up to this day. None of the parties wants to make the large-scale concessions, following the minor conditions of a shaky truce. The origin of the conflict can be seen even before the First World War. Precisely, the main causes of the conflict have the religious and racial nature based on the territorial issue. In addition, it is worth considering that the escalation of the conflict has been associated with the creation of the State of Israel, which was corroborated by the ...

Introduction

The Ottoman Empire was one of the world’s largest empires with history dates back to the Islamic medieval period from the 10th to 11th centuries. The main religion of the Ottoman Empire was Islam and most of their architecture and art was based on the religion as well. The beautiful buildings that exist today were the relics of the old Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was originally founded in 1299 by the tribe who distinguished themselves as Oghus Turks under the rule of King Osman I. Ottoman empire stretched from the mainland Turkey and controlled various countries in ...

The Middle East was part of the great Ottoman’s Empire which had enormous power and influence. The Empire was located in Constantinople the old Roman city. This great Islam empire ruled and dominated most of what had been the Roman empire in the North Africa. The Ottoman Empire also covered a large portion of Europe since the year 1400 and in the years of 1500 the Muslim world dominated the world economy. In 1700s the ability of the Middle East, then the great Ottoman Empire to wage war had considerably reduced. An Empire that made income from wars ...

The Ottoman and the Habsburg territories were the two major talked about empires that formed distinct categories in the Europe. The Mediterranean surrounded the two. Rooted in the Sunni Islam, the Ottoman Empire occupied the eastern and southern Mediterranean. On the other hand, with the Roman Catholic Christianity as their religion, the Habsburg Empire covered the western and northern Mediterranean. Though similar in some ways to the socio-economic ways, however, both the empires comprised of varying many different ethnic and religious groups. (Pál and Geza 47) Inalcik narrates that “Ottoman judiciary the judges were the administrators in the ...

The recipe for Greek mussaka and good advices I received from my neighbor who originates from Greece. Mussaka is a main course dish that is prepared in all countries of the Balkan Peninsula and is considered as a national meal in every one of them. The difference is in the meat and some people, according to taste add two egg yolks in the bechamel sauce and change the bottom or both layers with potatoes. The word béchamel has a French origin and it came much later with many other words as names to the similar things, prepared in ...

Nationalism and the Press

Nationalism is a feeling of loyalty and devotion a person has towards his country. It is a sense of national consciousness where an individual praises his country and places primary emphasis on the country's culture and interests as opposed to other nations. Nationalism can lead to uniformity of thoughts, actions and assumption among various individuals in a country. Nationalism is a major cultural defining factor in any state. It mainly depends on a country's ideology and way of life. The press, on the other hand, is an independent body that sensitizes the citizens on various aspects of life including ...

Nationalism is defined as the devotion that a particular person has towards his country. It is widely described as a sense of belonging that many people feel important. This sense of belonging allows the person to put primary interest to the nation. Many historians differentiate nationalism from patriotism by saying that nationalism is a state of belonging that people have over a country that is not yet free while patriotism is the love and loyalty for a country that is free. Arab nationalism is the state that arose among the Arab-speaking nations which felt the necessary urge to unite ...

This essay seeks to explain more on various world economies to include, Ottoman, Safavid, Qajar and North Africa. These savings had existed before the modern global economy came into existence. On the eve of world war 1, Ottoman empire comprising of present day Turkey, Syria and Palestine, Iraq and parts of the Arabian Peninsula, originates from early times of the reign of Suleiman who was the Magnificent. He led the country into becoming one multinational, and lingual country that had Western Asia, North America, Caucasus and South East Europe under their rule. It had a period of economic reforms ...

Comparison Essay on Architectural History of a Building

Introduction The Dome of the Rock (Qubbat as‐Sakhrah) is a religious edifice structure built in the7th century that is located in Jerusalem. It was built by Caliph Abd al‐Malik, the Umayyad. This edifice is not a mosque, but may be described as a Muslim shrine. Like the Mecca Ka'ba, the Dome of the Rock is built on a sacred stone. It is widely believed to be the place from which Muhammad the prophet ascended into heaven in the process of his night journey into heaven. The sacred stone over which this edifice is built was long considered ...

Miners and the State in the Ottoman Empire: The Zonguldak Coalfield 1822-1920

The story takes place within the coalfield of Zonguldak, which is situated along the Black Sea Coast. The area was well-endowed with mineral deposits, and as the economy entered the steam age, there was the need for a continuous supply of coal. The mines were discovered, and miners from the villages had to be employed to work in the mines. Quataert explains the experiences of the coal miners had in the Ottoman Empire. The coal miners came from the Zonguldak villages, and they worked under deplorable conditions. The miners had a difficult lifestyle since there was no free medical ...

When Greece defeated the Persians in the Persian Wars, a new style of government had begun to emerge in Athens which is the rule of the people: democracy. In the 5th century B.C., the great king Pericles had commissioned Iktinos and Kallikrates to construct a building that will reflect the new style of government; this was the start of the Parthenon construction on the top of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. Iktinos and Kallikrates were merely architects who designed the Parthenon layout but it was Phidias who executed the creation of the luminous and humanistic marble sculptures depicting many ...

AbuZayyad, Ziad. "Unraveling Arab Regimes Pave The Way To A New Middle East With Islamic Prospects". Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics & Culture 20/21.4/1 (2015): 46-52. Print. Barr, James. A Line in the Sand. London: Simon & Schuster, 2012. Print. James Barr is an experienced journalist in the field of politics, severally traversing the Middle East and Arab countries in Europe and Africa. He has several other books on the politics of Arab countries such as “The Secret War in Arabia”. In this book, Barr discusses the short rule of European powers in the middle-east and what led to their ...

Introduction

Pilgrimage to Mecca otherwise referred to as the Hajj, is and famous event globally and has been there through history. This religious rite is observed globally by people ascribed to the Muslim religion in present date. During the 18th and 19th century the Hajj provided grounds for various economic activities. Hajj caravan travelled annually from Damascus mainly comprising of the pilgrim. Mecca was at the centre of economic activities taking place during this time. The trade existed between various groups which include the pilgrim, the people of Damascus, and the people of Hijaz. The events of Hajj caravan during ...

Pan-Islamism

The evolution of the contemporary nation states across the entire Arab world is an interesting, yet, distressing process. Almost a century ago, a majority of the Arabs were part of the Ottoman Caliphate or the Ottoman Empire, which is actually a vast multi-ethnic state based out of Istanbul. Currently, the Arab political map appears more like a highly complicated jigsaw puzzle. A manifold and convoluted course of incidents that took place during the early 1910s brought the Ottomans Empire to an end, while also resulting in the emergence of many new states whose borders apparently spread throughout the Middle ...

Introduction

“Choices made regarding Ani’s preservation cannot escape political implications, and contests over the site’s meaning should be acknowledged rather than ignored and engaged in rather than silenced. It is possible that once admitted, the difficult issues at Ani can become opportunities for creative solutions.” Heghnar Watenpaugh speaks these words about the Turkish-Armenian archeological site of Ani. She believes that Ani’s preservation bodes well for dialogue, reflection and maybe even reconciliation. Her work relates to physical conservation, but still underlines the importance of preserving memories. This sort of preservation in the Arab world may also be likened ...

Classical liberalism had come the full circle of its utility before the 20th century. People seemed satiated with what governmental non-intrusion in the affairs of large industrialists did to their financial wellbeing. People were at no liberty to enjoy the deserved fruits of their labor. Thus, naturally, the welfare state of modern liberalism became a response to the shortcomings of the classical doctrine. However, the WW1 frustration coupled with the Great Depression in later years undermined the prevalence of modern liberalism giving rise to ideologies like Nazism, yet the Keynesian liberalism overcame the corrupt vision. Although an ally of ...

The essays aims to show if and how national identity finds its reflection in architecture. Turkey is the country handpicked for this particular scientific purpose inasmuch as it a solid example of a multicultural state acknowledged at political and legal levels. More importantly, it has a rich history of multiculturalism. Istanbul and Ankara are the primary examples of architectural tendencies. The essay carefully traces the evolution of western influence and the rationales behind the cultural dialogue in the days of the empire, which allows understanding the nature of possible national identity erosion in the modern Turkish architecture. The brief ...

Question One

The Hashemite family incorporates the Royal families of Iraq, Hejaz, and Jordan. This family belongs to the Hasanid Shariffs of Mecca. Hussein ibn Ali Al Hashimi as the amir of Mecca and Grand Sharif was also the custodian of the Muslim holy places. In 1908, Abdul Hamid II appointed him as such and he was after that together with his sons Faysal and Abdullah allowed to return to Hijaz, which is now present-day Saudi Arabia. During the First World War, the Ottoman Empire cooperated with the Central Powers in fighting against the Allied countries. This collaboration allowed Hussein as ...

Why the Middle East is considered Eurocentric?

The Middle East is considered Eurocentric as it is the term used to consider the word from a European perspective a consideration of European culture preeminence. The term was a consideration of European exceptionalism mainly taken from western civilization according to Owen (2002). It was popular in the setting of decolonization.

What members are considered part of the modern day fertile crescent?

The area is part of a the Middle-East that curves in a quarter moon like shape from the Persian Gulf to the modern day countries like Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and Syria while also incorporating southern Iraq according to Issawi (1988).

In 1914, what modern day countries did France, Britain and Italy control?

Syria was colonized by the French and Iraq, ...

The Republic of Turkey officially and fully supports the denial of the Armenian Genocideб it spends huge funds on the PR campaign of denial of genocide of the Armenians. Turkish government has sponsored universities, which provide credence to the Turkish position. To destroy traces of the Armenians in Turkey, Turkish government has systematically destroyed the monuments of Armenian architecture. The denial of the Armenian Genocide in Turkey is a continuation of the policy of Turkey Republic during the reign of Ataturk, who has denied mass killings of Armenians. Turkey's attempts to fraudulently minimize the number of Armenians living in ...

Pan-Islamism denotes a move towards achieving Islamic unity for all Muslims under one state, commonly referred to as a caliphate. The idea of a caliphate was first conceptualized during the time of Prophet Muhammad, who was seen as the de facto spiritual and political leader of all Muslims. In the modern era, the idea of a Muslim caliphate was popularized by Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (jrank.org). He was an Islamic philosopher and political activist. He worked as an advisor to the King of Afghanistan in which it has been documented that he advised on the resistance of Britain's advances in ...