Essays on Psychological Science

Psychology

Hypothesis: Intelligence is not genetically inherited. Intelligence has less to do with genetics than with the socio-cultural environment in which a person has grown. The rise of genetics gave people a chance to prove that intelligence is genetically inherited. However, deep studies suggest otherwise. It is the environment and availability of resources that shape the intelligence of an individual. If people who are considered non-intelligent, are provided the same educational opportunities and social environment, then their display of intelligence will be on par with other people who developed in the same environment. Turkheimer and co-researchers (623) in their article ...

The chosen song is Sounds of Summer by Dirks Bentley. The song makes me think about the beauty of summer and the vibrant activities that come with it. Summer time is a beautiful time. In my childhood, even though we had a lot of fun playing in season including winter, summer came with so much joy and one thing that is identical with summer is vacations. Many of our vacations happen during summer; we take time to enjoy the beautiful weather and participate in many activities. During this period, we also get to is it family and attend several ...

What are the most effective teaching and / or learning styles for international students? Are these different from those for domestic students?

Introduction

Relocation has been cited as one of the major causes of decline in the academic performance of many international students (Altbach, & Knight, 2007). Research by psychologists indicate that relocation to new countries affect the performance of international students as they are faced with cultural shock and have to struggle to keep up with the country’s education system(Rienties, Beausaert, Grohnert, Niemantsverdriet, & Kommers, 2012). In order to tackle this challenge, educators and psychologists have been developing better ...

Abstract

The application of the rule of law as well as driving the use of the law towards the creation of a law abiding society is the limelight towards the creation of a society which does not condone crime and its sycophants. Enforcing law is one of the most effective mechanisms of controlling crime in any area. The use of the police as a law enforcement mechanism encourages peaceful coexistence within the society. The control of crime is usually a major step in discouraging crimes in communities. In the places where there are high cases of criminal cases reported, the ...

INTRODUCTION

One of the technological platforms regularly visited by college students each and every day is social media. There are many youths who participate in all social media, like Facebook, Instagram and Twitter, as if it is an important factor of their lives, something that is essential and necessary. Social media places youths in place where there every posted action and opinion is free to agreeable responses, positive accolades and “likes,” but they are also facing negative comments, hurtful insults and, in some case, even threats. E.A. Vogel, as well as other authors, in the 2014 article for Psychology of ...

We have slowly and reluctantly accepted that the lives that we live on the internet are not just abstract rather; they hold meaning and sentiment for the most of us. We like to keep in touch with very close friends and even partners that we have become unfortunate enough to move away from, and we even find ourselves making new friends when online. So, since we have established and passed the responsibility over to the internet to take care of our emotional needs of this nature, we have also found that we can trust the same internet with the ...

Abstract

The application of the rule of law as well as driving the use of the law towards the creation of a law abiding society is the limelight towards the creation of a society which does not condone crime and its sycophants. Enforcing law is one of the most effective mechanisms of controlling crime in any area. The use of the police as a law enforcement mechanism encourages peaceful coexistence within the society. The control of crime is usually a major step in discouraging crimes in communities. In the places where there are high cases of criminal cases reported, the ...

Exploring High Self-Esteem and Narcissism as Contributors of Aggressive Tendencies: an Argument against the Low Self-Esteem Hypothesis

Literature Review Introduction There are relevant themes in the current literature that relate to the argument presented in this position paper. Many of these themes have focused on supporting the high self-esteem hypothesis, which holds that highly favorable self-appraisals cause aggression and make people more prone to acts of aggression. The results and findings of several research studies conducted with the purpose of supporting the so called high self-esteem hypothesis have actually been successful in providing evidence in favor of the view that it is actually high levels of self-esteem that increase an individual’s proneness to aggressive tendencies ( ...

Identifying the causes of aggression and pointing out ways to reduce or eliminate them can help to reduce aggression in both people and society. Understanding the importance of addressing aggressive behavior is important in limiting unwanted outcomes such as harassment, violence, and death. There are five major categories of aggression that should be assessed. These include gun legislation, reduction of media violence, understanding the social context of terrorism, reduction of self-harm, and values and regulations for activities such as bullying. Through analysis of these factors, a more informed perspective on how to reduce aggressive behaviors can be achieved. In ...

York College

Abstract Media violence has incorporated negative effects on the behavioral development of children due to which their inclination towards the positive behavior and attitude has been decreased. The previous studies have addressed the extent to which the environmental factors, including exposure to the media content, contribute in the development of the violent or prosocial behavior. However, the prior studies did not provide any strong ground by means of addressing all the aspects of media content. In this manner, the current study is aimed to determine the effect of the media content on the prosocial behavior. The current study incorporated ...

Abstract

This study sought to investigate the fact that there is greater likelihood of one to falter in detecting the second target T2 after he has detected the first target T1. There had been concerns that participants in previous studies had problems in detecting the second target after 200 ms -500 ms from the first target. The researcher employed a 2 ×6 experimental design; it involved a randomized sample of 49 university students. Using web experiment software, Interactive Sensation Laboratory Exercise (ISLE), the researcher had students identifying letter S as the first target and letter T as the second target ...

The dating landscape in the 21st century has known tremendous changes as a result of the technological developments that facilitate online dating. Having a larger pool of people from which to pick, singles have become more picky, interracial marriages are emerging and so is the gay dating and homosexual weddings (Brooks, 2011). But these dating trends do not reflect all the changes that online dating has produced to the current society. Online dating’s main outcome is that it made it easier to find love. Online dating represents a system that allows individuals to search dating partners for sexual ...

Introduction

Leadership today is viewed as a social process wherein leaders and followers interact effectively and participate actively in the leadership actuations (Goertzen, 2013). With the growing proliferation of leadership and leadership development theories, which focused on the educational, experiential, and cultural factors involved in effective leadership, the conceptual environment of leadership is naturally set at showing off the self-made nature of leadership today. However, close observation on the natural behaviors of children will inspire questions on the validity of the claim that leaders are made, not born. A child in the play, for instance, who takes initiative in organizing ...

Since ancient times, thanks to the social needs a person had to distinguish and take into account individual psychological characteristics of people. Even then, people began to think about the existence of a spiritual principle, which has guided their behavior. Psychology, as a special scientific discipline, was born in the depths of philosophy, and so the psychological "dimension" of identity is very difficult to identify and explore not focusing on the philosophical doctrine of man, the specifics of its existence (individual and public), about the nature of human consciousness and activity. The formation of psychology as a science has ...

Synesthesia is an event by which the prompting of one sense group gives stimulation to a sensation in another group. The term synesthesia according to Campen and Froger (2008), comes from the Greek terms syn that means together and aesthesis which means to perceive.1 At present, the most popular and widely known form of synesthesia is the hearing of vowels or music in color. Campen and Froger (2008) also add that the different types of synesthesia such as the sense of smell is stimulated by one or more senses such as hearing and sight.2 Color Synesthesia for one is ...

Since time immemorial the world has been grappling with the question regarding the different behaviors exhibited by men and women respectively. This has been a much-debated issue in both the print and digital media. The Telegraph for instance carried an article on 14th September 2013 regarding this issue. The article titled Are Men Really From Mars? tried to address this age old question in the most captivating way. The author, Debbie Magids, offered a different dimension regarding the battle of sexes debate by asserting that men are not from Mars as many have been made to believe. The author further argues ...

The nature-nurture controversy refers to the debate over whether heredity or environment play a greater role in a person’s behavior. The debate addresses how much of our makeup, behavior, personality and preferences are the product of biology such as genetics and biological makeup as opposed to the result of the way we are raised, our environment and essentially everything we come into contact with in our lifetime. Those following a nature viewpoint believe everything we are is a result of biology.

Evolutionary scientists believed in the nature side of the debate as did those following biological theories such as the one ...

Introduction

The number of internet-based relationships is increasing as more people become acquainted with the internet and as more personal gadgets that access the internet are acquired. Most of these relationships are romantic. The evidence from research suggests that they have the potential for adverse effects of existing relationships as well as on face-to-face relationships. According to Smith and Duggan, one in every ten Americans has accessed an online dating site of mobile app on dating. Many people have friends who have met a long-term partner or spouse through the internet or online dating. In recent years, public attitudes on online ...

Abstract

Employee training and development plays an important role in maintaining and retaining talent in the organizations. Companies spend a huge amount of money on training and development programs. This paper discusses various benefits, offered by the training and development programs, especially in the era of globalization and excessive competition. Training and development helps organizations in acquiring new skills and knowledge that is essential to remain competitive in current competitive business environment. The paper discusses positive association between training and development programs and employee motivation, employee retention, employee development and job satisfaction.

Annotated Bibliography

Aguinis, H., & Kraiger, K. . (2009). Benefits of training and ...

The Role of the Teacher in Fostering a Positive Impact through Warm Demanding versus the Academic Performance of Students in Public School Setting: A Correlational Study

Graduate Faculty of the School of Education Requirements for the Degree of

Introduction 3

Statement of the Problem 5 Purpose of the Study 7 Research Questions 8 Hypotheses 9 Definition of Key Terms 10 Brief Review of the Literature 11 Summary 19 Research Method 21 Operational Definition of Variables 9 Measurement 10 Summary 19

References 12

Appendix A: Annotated Bibliography 13 Introduction One of the ...

Concept Paper

Graduate Faculty of the School of Education Requirements for the Degree of

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

Statement of the Problem 2 Purpose of the Study 4 Research Questions 4 Coding and Theoretical Framework 5 Definition of Key Terms 7 Chapter 2: Literature Review 8 Summary 12

References 14

Appendix A: Annotated Bibliography 24 Introduction One of the goals of an educational institution is the development of “warm demanding,” an educational environment in which the educational, professional exhibits a warm; but demanding presence in the classroom (Bondy et al., 2007). Current research suggests that there is a distinct overlap ...

Concept Paper

Graduate Faculty of the School of Education Requirements for the Degree of Belinda J. Haye Prescott Valley, Arizona

Introduction 1

Statement of the Problem 1 Purpose of the Study 2 Research Questions 3 Hypotheses 4 Definition of Key Terms 5 Brief Review of the Literature 5 Summary 7 Research Method 7 Operational Definition of Variables 9 Measurement 10 Summary 11

References 12

Appendix A: Annotated Bibliography 13 Introduction One of the goals of educational institution is the development of “warm demanding,” an educational environment in which the educational, ...

When it comes to adolescents making decisions for their own life, typically it depends on what the subject material is. By the time an individual reaches adolescence, they are picking what they want to wear, what they want to eat, and many of the movies they watch in their spare time. Parents begin to relinquish some of the rules they held over the individuals as children in order to let them grow, become independent, and learn lessons on their own. However, many ask where to draw the line. Adolescents are capable of making many decisions for themselves concerning small ...

Introduction

The phenomenon of alien abduction has insisted on the emergence of research procedures that would define the concept by which these assumptions could be proven wrong or not. Relatively, it could be realized that in the field of psychology, unlike in the field of mystified science, alien abduction is seen to have been rooted on the distinct course by which experts intend to see why the sensation happens, and why the assumption itself is developed. The exploration of the issue on alien abduction is completely identified with what is assumed as a consistent experience that a person needs to contend with ...

Is my sexuality my choice? This is the question that all studies focusing on sexual orientation are grappling with (Wardell, 1972). Pomeroy. Sexual orientation is an enduring sequence of being attracted emotionally, sexually, or romantically to men, women, or both sexes. It also relates to one's sense of identity founded on attraction, behavior, or membership of people with the same attraction (Arreola, Neilands, & Diaz, 2009). Sexual orientation is divided into three categories that include heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality. Groups of people including scientists and academicians as have tried to explain the causes of sexual orientation and its genesis. ...

Stress has been a common “illness” among professional’s alike and ordinary people. Several have been claiming that they are stress out. This claim has resulted to numerous drugs that are available over the counter to reduce stress. In addition, stress reliever sessions and classes have also been put up by psychologists or even gym instructors just for the purpose of reducing the stress that a person is feeling. What is stress and what causes it? Psychologically speaking, stress is defined as a reaction to a stimulus that can affect both the physical and mental equilibrium. As a result, it can cause numerous disturbances ...

In the 2008 film Die Welle (The Wave) directed by Dennis Gansel and produced by Rat Pack Film and Christian Becker, high school teacher Rainer Wenger (portrayed by Jürgen Vogel) challenged his students about the possibility of an authoritarian government in modern Germany. To prove its possibility, he provoked his students to being his blind Nazi followers while he plays as the dictator "Herr Wenger". It was an experiential experiment gone astray but a subtle and touching revelation on the transcendence of fascism in contemporary time. For Rainer, it started as an innocent class strategy in teaching Autocracy ...

While an individual can be certain that their recollection of events is accurate, eyewitnesses can often get large details incorrect, such as gender, clothing colors, and race. According to research by Frenda, Nichols, and Loftus (2011), there are several aspects of human nature that contribute to what is referred to as the Misinformation Effect. Memories often deteriorate over time, even when the events feel like they just happened yesterday to the individual recounting the experience. However, due to a variety of variables, such as the amount of stress associated with the experience, information provided by fellow eyewitnesses, investigators, and even ...

How Psychodynamic Therapies Have Changed since Freud

Introduction Psychodynamics can be described as a series of propositions about the following factors motivational processes, unconscious cognitive, affective and motivational processes. This refers to the mental depictions of the character, others and interactions, developmental dynamics, the origin of many personalities and social dispositions in childhood. This also covers the tendency for effectiveness and dynamics to operate parallel and produce different solutions that are of compromising solutions (Ballen, 1997). A large number of research bodies in the area of development, social, personality psychology and cognitive have supported these propositions. However, Freud’s systematic legacy has propositions for a wide array ...

The article “Acceptance and Rejection: The Sweet and Bitter” published in the Science Daily provides an analytical perspective to the duality and seeming interconnection between acceptance and rejection. Drawing from the work of DeWall and Bushman, the article points out the fact that acceptance is the fundamental concept that holds humanity together. According to the article, human beings actually thrive on acceptance. It has defined, and still continues to define, the essence of human existence in many ways. While quoting DeWall, the article points out that the need for acceptance is informed by the primal characteristics that separate human ...

According to the data provided by the Association for Psychological Science ([APS], 2012), Science Daily published an article explaining what hindsight bias is, how it manifests, and suggestions on bypassing that cognitive flaw. Researchers explain that people convince themselves they anticipated a certain outcome in various situations, but they do not distinguish between knowing something before it manifests and feeling that they know it. That phenomenon is currently called hindsight bias and researchers identify it as a problem. It is a general principle that can be applied in politics, marketing, sports competition, and various other areas of life. Researchers overviewed existing ...

Wellbeing

Over the recent years, there has been an increased resurgence in the study of positive psychological research. This has led to broadened scientific research aimed at investigating varied such as personal satisfaction, mental health, happiness, and wellbeing among other topics. With the expansive range of goals, these topics are examined at the societal, subjective, and individual levels. My interests in this examination are the personal beliefs and approaches to wellbeing, including the examination of how such personal beliefs and approaches constitute ‘living the good life’. These factors have spurred many varied debates and interpretations over what constitutes individual wellbeing ...

Psychology of Gender

In the Chicago Tribune article Romney’s Case to Women Fails to Convince by Mary Sanchez (2012), the author reported how Mitt Romney failed to win the hearts – and probably the votes? – of the undecided American female voters by failing to address the concerns that are most important to them, such as equality, particularly in the workplace, and on issues such as contraception and abortion.

Although Mitt Romney can be applauded for being a doting husband and father, it’s not really something that would be relevant to most women, especially when many American women play the role of bread ...

According to Kendra Cherry, psychologist, cross-cultural psychology is a fairly new field in the area of psychology that explores how cultural factors affect human behaviors. Psychologists who focus on cross-cultural psychology focus on comparing and contrasting differences and similarities in behaviors between cultures. Some focus areas might be familial relationships, language acquisition, and emotional expression. In contrast, cultural psychology differs in that culture and mind cannot be separated. In the study of cultural psychology, one focuses on the impact of culture, social practices, and traditions as types of unity (Cherry, 2012).

Initially, it was for academic reasons that the initial ...

Evolution – The Reality of Existence

This paper deals with two articles and two conversational scripts, each of which tries to emphasize the predominant role and the process of evolutionary development that dates back to our ancestors, and which cascades down to our own lives and plays a role in determining our current behavior and lifestyle. The first article titled Potential Evolutionary Role for Same-Sex Attraction (Association for Psychological Science, 2010), published in the Science Daily on Feb 4, 2010, tries to highlight the role of human evolution in promoting homosexuality amongst men. The article -- based on the research findings of two evolutionary psychologists, ...

Introduction

As people grow older there are certain biological and cognitive changes that take place in the body. The human body experiences decreased capabilities in its respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, neural and urinary functions. Due to the adverse challenges that the elderly face in their later life, it would be great for the various scientists and experts to come together and research more on the theories of aging or the causes of aging. They can come up with more treatments that will increase the immunity system of the old people. This way the older people are able to live their last ...