Hydrolysis College Essays Samples For Students

Chapter 8

Chemicals in action
An acid and base reaction occurs when a complete exchange of electrons between the proton donor and proton acceptor occurs. In this process a salt if formed. In the definition, a salt is a substance formed from an acid by its replaceable hydrogen either wholly or partially by a metal or an equivalent radicle. Example of salt formation
Mg+H2SO4→MgSO4+H2
Mg+HCl→MgCl2+H2
In the modern ionic theory, a salt is a compound of oppositely charged ions. From this point of view, there is no difference between NaCl and NaOH. Further, anhydrous aluminum chloride is not a ...

The influence of the activity of the enzyme amylase on starch is governed by the following parameters.

- Temperature
- Substrate concentration
- Ph
- Enzyme concentration.
The above table shows the action of the enzyme a- amylase enzyme XK-60 varying the substrate between 100 to 300g.1-1. The table shows that between 250 to 300g1-1.the level of hydrolysis of starch is almost the same at 30.1% and 30.3%. This is deduced as to be a result of the amount of sugar obtained from the hydrolysis of starch by the enzymes. On the other hand, the rate of hydrolysis is directly proportional to the enzyme concentration. From experiments applied in the test, it was ...

1. What happens to glucose or galactose when the Cu2 in Benedict’s is reduced?
The glucose and galactose both monosaccharaides are oxidized. The cyclic structures of both sugars are opened resorting to an aldehyde group at the end of the aliphatic compound. The aldehyde group is the one that reduces benedict’s solution and oxidizes the sugars.
2. Would you expect fructose or glucose to form a red color rapidly with Seliwanoff’s reagent?
Fructose is a ketose therefore, a deep red color will form quickly with Seliwanoff reagent, while glucose an aldose with form a light pink color ...

Protein degradation is a regulatory process of all living beings that helps to weed out proteins that are faulty in nature. The fault maybe in their sequence or folding. The proteins are degraded via ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The proteasome is made up of an outer activating module and an inner core particle (CP), which in turn is made up of outer α subunits and inner β subunits. The α subunits guard a N-terminal gates pore, which open up when proteasome activators (PA) binds to it. The β subunits have the active sites that can broadly accommodate different faulty proteins for degradation. ...

Introduction

Quality is the characteristic of a service or a good to be fit for use by the customer or the consumer. The pharmaceutical quality means the production of a product that is free of contamination that gives the therapeutic benefit that is labeled in the container to the customer. This quality is either evaluated in vitro or vivo by the tests performed. In quality design, the vitro product is ensured to have good performance and the same provide a similar quality in the vivo performance test. In this case, the product performance is related to the product performance.

Quality by Design (QbD)

This ...

INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Infrared Spectrophotometry and Organic Chemistry
Infrared (IF) Spectrophotometry is designed to determine the sample by measuring infrared radiation absorption of wavenumbers within the region of 4,000-400 cm-1 at different wavenumbers, as it passes through the sample. This technique employs the property that the IF absorption spectrum of the material is typical of its chemical structure. IR spectra are demonstrated in charts drawn via plotting on the abscissa and the absorbances or transmittances on the ordinate. Except when indicated, when the spectrum of the sample is the same in the intensity of absorption at a similar wavenumber to the ...

The experiment aimed to show that Blm10 protein elevates the turnover of proteasomal substrate through an active gating mechanism. This was to be done by showing that Blm10 enhances degradation that is proteasome-mediated in vitro using hypophosphorylated unstructured tau-441 as the substrate.

The objective was achieved using various stains such as BY4741, yMS63, yMS94, yMS122b, yMS131, yMS152, yMS159, and yMS476 among others. To start with, the proteasomal activity was assayed by determining gate opening in yeast CP/20S proteasome by the C terminal peptides. Phenotypic analysis was also done by growing the stains overnight in YPD and diluted to a density ...

Abstract

Chymotrypsin is a typical digestive enzyme which is mainly used in the digestion of proteins through a process commonly known as proteolysis. The enzyme chymotrypsin often cleaves bonds of peptide amide preferentially where a carboxyl side of that bond is a tryptophan, phenylalanine or tyrosine.

In this experiment, the chymotrypsin molecules were arranged in such a manner that all the enzyme molecules began the catalytic process at the same time. The rate at which the p-nitrophenol was being generated was initially rapid which was then followed by a much slower hydrolysis rate at steady state.

Therefore, the experiment essentially did sort to establish the concentration ...

Johann Friedrich Miescher was the first one to introduce us about his finding of an acidic substance which was weak in nature and was present in the nuclei of the WBC present in human beings and the first name given to this substance was “nuclien”. It took few more years for Miescher to research and find out the two components present in the unknown substance and they were “protein” and “nucleic acid”.

As the research on the nucleic acid progressed, it was found that they were the primary components present in chromosomes and a close analysis of the constituents revealed ...

Abstract

The prodrug design is an efficient and powerful method that can be practised in a wide range of parent drug compounds, administration routes and preparations. Its main goal is to overcome the drawbacks of regular drug compounds by effectively targeting the drug's particular site of action for improved therapy. This assignment seeks mainly to depict the different classifications of prodrugs and the role these play in drug design through the use of several examples. A brief description highlighting the modern aspects of prodrug design is also covered here.

Introduction:

Prodrugs are inactive forms of drug compounds that undergo chemical or ...

Membrane transport refers to the mechanisms by which ions and other small molecules move across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane allows the passage of certain molecules down their concentration gradient. This passage depends on the charge, size and polarity of the molecule. Non-polar molecules and small polar molecules diffuse easily across the cell membrane by the process of simple diffusion. However, it becomes difficult for charged polar molecules to enter the cell even though the concentration of the ion is more outside the cell when compared to the cytosol. At ...

Introduction

Enzymes are proteins which have the ability to facilitate metabolic reactions without being used up in the reaction. The enzyme amylase is responsible for facilitating the hydrolysis of starch to form sugars that are then assimilated by the body. Amylase is an enzyme needed for the digestion of carbohydrates for nutritional purposes. Starch is one of the most important sources of energy in the body. Starch is a polymer made up of several monosaccharide and disaccharide monomers. However, starch cannot be absorbed and used in the body as it is (Cornish-Bowden, 134). Consequently, it has to be digested into smaller ...

Exercise 1

- The columnar epithelium from the stomach resembles the columnar epithelium from the duodenum in many aspects. The columnar nature of the epithelium in both instances serves for increased protection of the underlying organs and organelles. The simple columnar epithelia found in the stomach and duodenum also contains the largest cytoplasmic volumes in comparison to all the other epithelia, housing organelle density and energy reserves suitable in the engagement of the most complex of secretory and absorption functions. The duodenum epithelia however, posses an extra microvillus which aids in increasing the surface area for absorption. The epithelia in the ...

Q. What type of chemical bond do you believe connects the atoms of Graphene? Why?

A. A Graphene sheet is essentially a one layer thick graphite structure, an allotrope of carbon that forms hexagonal rings. The bonding in atoms of Graphene is essentially a covalent bond between carbon atoms. Each of the carbon atoms present in Graphene shares its valence electrons with three other carbon atoms forming a triple directional bond pattern on each carbon atom. This creates hexagonal ring like structures that constitute the two dimensional lattice of Graphene.
Q. Based on what you have learned in this chapter about the properties of water, why is that water is able to permeate "pass through" Graphene?
...

INTERNET ACTIVITY:

Pyramid method was invented in the early 90’s. The pyramid shows ratios or proportions of food that a person was required to take in a day. The pyramid proposes for a high share of green vegetables just like other regional food guides. Hence its similarity but it differs with the other methods because it is a bit confusing. I wouldn’t follow the pyramid because it gives vague ratios to their food percentage it is hard to know if this is followed by everyone. The plate method is much simpler as it has individual assistance rather than blanket advice or direction. It ...