Behaviorism Research Papers Samples For Students

Introduction

Many thinkers and scientists have proposed models and theories about how people learn; they are called learning theories. The learning theories are classified as behaviourism, cognitivism, constructivism, humanism and design-based. Behaviorism is based on the supposition that learning occurs for an organism through interactions with the environment. Behaviouristic school assumes that an organism always responds to a stimulus and the ‘responses’ are depends on the nature of the stimulus, i.e. rewarding or pain giving. Here, the learner is considered as a system that has the capability to respond to a stimulus and the learner is passive. The definition that emerged from the ...

During the early 20th century, when psychology was mainly oriented on mental processes, behavioral psychology was established to improve the ability of the psychologists to make decisions by using better experimental methods. Some of the first pioneers of behaviorism were Watson, Skinner, and Tolman. While cognitive psychology relied on introspective methods to explain human behavior and cognitive processes, those psychologists considered visible behavior the most important element for studying and understanding human behavior. However, their perspectives are different in terms of the emphasis they place on studying different elements of human psychology, and they also have different approaches to ...

Behaviorism proclaims that human's behavior depends on the environment. It happens as follows: an incentive generates a certain reaction. The reaction to behaviorism means human actions; the stimulus – means a stimulus coming from the external world. The main idea of the research is that according to behaviorism, all behaviors are the result of external activity and I am going to consider this issue.
Behaviorism is one of the main directions of modern academic psychology. Behaviorists studied psyche of humans and animals through their behavior. The behaviorists propose to consider the psyche based on objective facts and came to the ...

Speaking difficulties of International students

The number of students who travel to other countries for education has increased considerably in recent years. Immigrant students join courses in order to learn English so that they can communicate with the local people, settle in a new country and study the subjects of their interests. Students expect that the courses should not only provide the knowledge of English language but also offer tips that would prepare them in every way to settle in a new culture. They expect to get knowledge about manners and etiquettes of the new country and serve as finishing schools. This renders the situation in a ...

Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive psychology is a sub discipline in the diverse psychology discipline, and is concerned with the study of how human beings think, perceive, recognize, remember, speak and make solutions to any problem (Sternberg, & Mio, 2008). It also attempts to focus on mental processes including the way human beings integrate, store, manipulate and apply information. In this way, cognitive psychology attempts to explore the process of thinking as well as knowledge acquisition in a conceptual format (Sternberg, & Mio, 2008). This discipline arose out of discontent with earlier methods of psychology, such as behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Within its development timeline, cognitive psychology has ...

Reflective Summary on Human Learning (Sixth Edition) by

Reflective Summary on Human Learning (Sixth Edition) by

Introduction

Reflection of the first designated chapters of the Ormrod (2008) textbook on Human Learning (Sixth Edition) provides a broad spectrum of the evolution of the science of learning providing understanding of the cognitive abilities aligned to the human learning experience. From the onset of this reflection and choosing the two areas personally affecting the subjectivity of understanding self, changing beliefs about learning, and influencing the professional goal of attaining the role of teacher, it became apparent there was more to this process than just two chapters. First, Boud et al (1994) and ...

Abstract

Operant conditioning refers to the process of behavior learning in which an individual receives external stimuli that can affect learning outcomes. The term was first used by Skinner, even though Watson and Thorndike already understood the procedures of operant conditioning, with the exception of continuous stimuli that were first applied by Skinner. The five procedures that explain the types of stimuli that can affect human behavior include positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, and extinction. In practice, operant conditioning is used to teach behavior to children, modify behavior in psychotherapy patients, and eliminate old or introduce new ...

Theories of Behaviorism and Operant Condition or Learning

Theories of behaviorism relate to principles that seek to explicate behavior in terms of overt or observable actions and responses. Behaviorism is essentially defined by the theories proposed by John Watson and B.F. Skinner, which highlight the stimulus and response mechanism as a way to observe and understand human behavior. Behaviorism highly values observable behavior because it is a manifestation of internal behavior that is measurable and may easily be recorded (Nevid, 2012). Behaviorists such as Watson and Skinner argue that the observable and measurable nature of overt behavior makes it an essential and reliable gauge of human behavior. Watson is ...

Cognitive psychology is one of the branches of psychology that is relatively young. It is worth noting that cognitive psychology has tremendously grown within a short period and become among the famous subfield in psychology. There are various research that have been undertaking in the field of cognitive psychology. The practical application of cognitive psychology tends to assert more meaning to the field. Some of the topics include memory, learning styles, language acquisition, as well as forgetting. Cognitive psychology refers to the division of psychology that studies the mental process, which include how individuals remember, perceive, learn and think. These ...

The foundations of psychology were laid after the integration of biology and philosophy into a new realm of knowledge – known as psychology in the modern age. One of the things which led to the development of psychology is some ‘mysteries’ in the early studies of biology. For example, biologists could not understand the relationship between the brain and some of the physical changes witnessed in trauma patients. This sparked interest into studying the association between emotional responses and the brain. With time, distinct schools of thought such as structuralism, functionalism, psychodynamic analysis and behaviorism were developed with the aim of ...

Human behavior, specifically the internal behavior, is probably one of the most complex phenomenons to explain. Various theories have been developed in an attempt to understand and explain human behavior, and Skinner’s behavioral theory is one of them. Burrhus Frederic Skinner, a behavioral psychologist born and raised in Pennsylvania, is considered the father of radical behaviorism. In his quest to explain human behavior, he invented the famous, or rather infamous, Skinner box which he used for the experiments. With animals (such as rats or pigeons) as the specimen, Skinner directly transferred his findings to human beings, without the slightest ...

Abstract

Psychology is one of the most interesting fields in the world. Most of the issues discussed in the field of psychology involve the activities of mind and this includes the power of reasoning and being rational. Psychology tends to explain human behavior and the reason why different people will behave differently even in similar situations. The aspect of self disclosure is one that has been explained through the definition and elaboration of different schools of thought in psychology. Personality is another important aspect highlighted in the field of psychology as it plays an important role as well in determining ...

Learning is key to human development and behavior. Behavioral psychology is one of the methods for understanding how learning develops and the understanding of individuals. Learning is a modification of behaviors due to consistent practice and requires the interaction of behavior and environment to yield changes. Assessment of learning is performed by means of tests that quantitatively measure achievements; whether they are newly acquired mental or physical skills. Learning and performance are related but separate subjects, and learning itself may be state dependent, meaning, that the conditions under which material was learned must be replicated in order for that learning ...

Abstract

Cognitive psychology entails the processes of learning and thinking and eventual improvement of one’s existence and understanding in the long-term. Some of the items that are studied under cognitive psychology include perception, memory, language and thinking. As humans we receive a lot of sensory information and hence rely on our brains to process this information and that directly affects how we behave. Through advancement in technology, understanding cognitive psychology has become easy and, therefore, utilizing its benefits. Perceptions and conceptions enable us to understand ourselves. Appreciating one’s strengths leads to the process of improving on one’s weaknesses. ...

Introduction

Leadership today is viewed as a social process wherein leaders and followers interact effectively and participate actively in the leadership actuations (Goertzen, 2013). With the growing proliferation of leadership and leadership development theories, which focused on the educational, experiential, and cultural factors involved in effective leadership, the conceptual environment of leadership is naturally set at showing off the self-made nature of leadership today. However, close observation on the natural behaviors of children will inspire questions on the validity of the claim that leaders are made, not born. A child in the play, for instance, who takes initiative in organizing ...

Abstract

Different researches have been conducted on the impact of debt on families. This current research study explores the effects of debts among children born in low income families. While using a study sample of 100 participants, the current research study found out that more poor children from indebted families have low educational attainment as compared to the children from wealthier families. This study suggests that in order to end poverty in the long run, the government needs to provide alternative sources of finance for the low income earners. This would help them repay their debts and leave them with enough ...

ABSTRACT

Abraham Maslow’s theory on holistic-dynamic theory was majorly meant to advance previous schools of thought that tried explaining behaviorism and psychoanalysis that he deemed as too constricted and subjective. His theory holds that people are continuously motivated by one need or another (Maslow, 1998). Maslow viewed man as both being and becoming, he saw that man had actual self and a potential self (Maslow, 1968). Maslow deduces that mans ultimate goal should be one with personal growth and of self actualization. Maslow organized mans’ 4 basic needs in a hierarchical order, which men need to satisfy in order to achieve ...

Abstract

A number of different psychological perspectives based on well established theories are used in understanding and managing individual behaviors. Knowledge of the psychological principles and relating them to psychological perspectives contribute to a well informed response to an individual’s behavior. Different people show different behavioral characteristics that depend on the environment, culture, and personal understanding of an individual. The following research analyses the psychological behavior of Darth Vader. The analysis represents three main perspectives that describe Vader’s behavior. These are cognitive perspective, behaviorist perspective, and humanistic perspective.

Introduction

Different people demonstrate different behavioral characteristics that determine analyzed using the ...

Introduction

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is an excellent example of physiotherapy. Even though it has been applied in various contexts including family issues, the model was specifically designed to cure depression and other related illnesses (Spiegler, Guevremont & Spiegler, 2013). It has not been clear as to who came up with the model, however, the idea was conceived by stoic philosophers, as for that reason, the model is significantly attributed to stoicism. Notably, Epictetus and Aaron T. Becks are thought to be the original developers of the model. Currently, family therapy is the most popular and relevant form of cognitive behavior ...

Theorist: Albert Bandura Observational Learning Theory

Introduction
A Theorist
Life, Family, Education, and Work
He was born on December 4, 1945, in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, and the youngest and the only boy among the six siblings with a father (a trans-Canada railroad worker) from Poland and a mother (a town’s general store worker) from Ukraine. Albert Bandura has learned three foreign languages, Russian, Polish, and German with the help of his father. The family had no formal education, but they have shown a high importance and value on educational attainment. The entire family had worked hard together, celebrated a happy life, and created a ...

The death of a language also usually occurs with the death of the language’s last fluent speaker. The motivation of the younger generation to learn their native language is often mired by the lack of opportunities their native language will provide them. In exchange for learning a more widely used and regarded languages, native languages are starting to die out. The motivation of the new generation to learn a native language is a determinant of a native language’s decline and subsequent death, in exchange for learning a more widely used language.
Three basic theories have been widely ...

Introduction

The behaviorism approach in psychology entails the suggestion that behavior can be studied through scientific research without delving into the inner mental states of the mind (Fridlund, Beck, Goldie & Irons, 2012). It is an approach considered as inclined to materialism such that, it opposes the fact that the mind acts independently. This particular approach to psychology assumes that human or even animal behaviors are heavily influenced by the immediate environment via reinforcement or association.
One of the pioneers of this approach to psychology was the Russian psychologist, Ivan Pavlov who carried out extensive studies on classical conditioning (Fridlund, Beck, ...

A phobia is an extreme fear that will not go away. People may develop a phobia after having a bad encounter with a certain situation, object or activity. Therefore, trypanophobia is an extreme fear of needles. The number of people suffering from trypanophobia is increasing significantly since the people with this condition refuse to seek help from a doctor. People with needle phobias constantly experience panic attacks, lightheadedness, or fainting when they come across two needles. This fear prevents many people from obtaining required vaccinations, blood tests and other medical care, which make it a serious issue. Therefore, the paper will examine how Trypanophobia ...

Introduction

There are various personality theories which are offered by different individuals including the psychologists in explaining human personality traits and behaviors.
As a compiler of these theories, I would first classify them based on some perspectives, for instance, the topics that each theory focuses. In order to synthesis these theories together, I shall categorize and discuss these theories offered by these personalities based on three major perspectives which include the psychodynamic theories, the humanistic theories and the behavioristic theories. The psycho-dynamic theorists major focuses on the internal or inner struggles and conflicts which are defined by the internal workings ...

Tutoring Two ESL Students

Statement of Research Focus

In this research paper, I will investigate the process involved in tutoring two ESL students who want to learn English as their second language. I will tutor them using four effective literacy approaches that are to be discussed later in this paper. I originally came up with the idea of tutoring these students because most of the ESL students use the internet to learn the English language, which is a tool not recommended in the learning process (Chomsky, 2003). In addition, most of the tutors that teach the English language do not understand the literacy approaches ...

Clinical psychology is a field of psychology that involves integration of science, clinical knowledge and theory with an aim of preventing, relieving, and understanding distress that is psychologically based. This area of psychology mainly involves psychological treatment and assessment although research, consultation, and teaching may practiced by clinical psychologists. There are several approaches to this area of psychology; but four are the ones mainly used. These approaches are cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, family systems and humanistic perspective. The effectiveness of treatment while using these approaches is based on understanding their goals.

The approach of cognitive-behavioral was developed from a combination of behaviorism and ...