Essays on Conformation

Critical Thinking

In this video, an experiment was conducted to investigate how majority group’s social pressure affects people’s conformation. Seven students are put in a stable room with another naïve participant and a task on line judgment is used. Before the experiment, the seven confederates had decided on which response to adopt when the task is presented. However, the naïve participant is not familiar with this plan and believes that, every other participant is real. In all the criminal trials made by the seven confederates, the naïve participant follows their opinions. If I was a naï ...

Vid30 complex participation in the degradation of CDC25 in yeast and their role in Ras/ cAMP/ PKA pathway

Background: Unicellular organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae in its total life cycle is exposed to diverse and changing nutrient conditions. Thus, in order to survive and achieve a competitive advantage, it has adapted itself such that it not only uses the wide range of available nutrient sources but also the sources that are nutrient rich. It mainly uses fructose and glucose by rapidly fermenting to alcohol. In response to these nutrient conditions, the intracellular trafficking transcription and turnover of protein from nutrient transporters (e.g. Hxts) get regulated. Therefore, when the availability of the glucose increases, the expression of low- ...

Lysine

Amino acids are organic molecules, the monomers of proteins that contain both amino and carboxyl groups. Proteins of a cell mostly contain 20 types of amino acids that differ in the side chain known as R group. Therefore, the properties of the amino acid in protein fully depend on the characteristics of the side chains.

Lysine is an essential amino acid, that means it cannot be synthetized in the human organism. The side chain of the lysine molecule contains an additional amino group attached to the carbon skeleton. Because of the positive charge in the side chain, the charge ...

Background

Early scientists and nutritionists believed that the most vital nutrient in living organisms, for building and maintaining the body was the protein. The role of proteins as enzymes came into existence several years later. This was around 1926 when experiments showed that enzymes were proteins. Insulin was the first protein to be sequenced. Hemoglobin was the first structure of proteins to be resolved. Myoglobin was then resolved later.

X-ray diffraction analysis (X-ray crystallography) led to the determination of the structure of the proteins (three-dimensional structure). The purification of proteins can be made possible from cellular compounds. Several methods have ...

Abstract

Proteins are made up of amino acids and have major structural as well as functional roles in the body. Amino acid chains are synthesized from DNA sequences through transcription and translation. Proteins become fully functional only after co-translational or post-translational modification of the amino acid side chains and folding into appropriate three-dimensional conformations. Even slight changes in the DNA code could drastically alter the protein folding, alter its functioning, and eventually lead to certain diseases. Inherent cellular repair mechanisms, protein degradation pathways and molecular facilitators such as chaperones try to keep proteins in their native, stable conformation by acting ...

Membrane transport refers to the mechanisms by which ions and other small molecules move across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane allows the passage of certain molecules down their concentration gradient. This passage depends on the charge, size and polarity of the molecule. Non-polar molecules and small polar molecules diffuse easily across the cell membrane by the process of simple diffusion. However, it becomes difficult for charged polar molecules to enter the cell even though the concentration of the ion is more outside the cell when compared to the cytosol. At ...

Introduction

Enzymes are proteins which have the ability to facilitate metabolic reactions without being used up in the reaction. The enzyme amylase is responsible for facilitating the hydrolysis of starch to form sugars that are then assimilated by the body. Amylase is an enzyme needed for the digestion of carbohydrates for nutritional purposes. Starch is one of the most important sources of energy in the body. Starch is a polymer made up of several monosaccharide and disaccharide monomers. However, starch cannot be absorbed and used in the body as it is (Cornish-Bowden, 134). Consequently, it has to be digested into smaller ...

Introduction

Cells are independent units of life. However, when a cell becomes part of an organism, it becomes part of a tissue and organ system. Cells in a tissue are joined to each other and to the extracellular matrix (ECM) by cell junctions. There are three kinds of cell junctions: Occluding junctions, anchoring junctions and communication junctions. Occluding junctions occur in the epithelium where the adjacent cells are so tightly sealed together that even small molecules cannot pass. Communicating junctions allow the exchange of chemical and electrical signals between cells. Anchoring junctions are the ones which attach a cell either to its neighbor or ...

Inorganic

The compound 1 analyzed in this scenario is Blue-emitting Cationic Iridium (III) Complexes that use non-conjugated compounds as auxiliary ligands, and matching complexes containing non-conjugated cyclometalated ligands that have never been confirmed. The deep-blue-emitting cationic bis-cyclometalated iridium (III) complexes that are possessing non-conjugated bis (imidazolium) carbene and bis-(pyrazole)-having methylene as its subsidiary ligand. The complex one in conjunction with deep-blue emission at 440nm is applied in the manufacture of Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells (LECs). Moreover, the bulky tert-butyl constituents are used in restricting the interaction between molecules. Limiting the intermolecular interactions are essential in the regulation of rates ...

Part 1: Summary

Signaling pathway is a series of biochemical events initiated, after a cell receives extraneous stimuli, by factors such as hormones. The activation of the adapter proteins turns on the connections among the pathways and allows the signal transfer (Flynn). The adaptor protein Crk, for example, influences the physiology of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Many proteins regulate the off and on states by shifting between the trans and cis configurations of a proline switch. In Crk, the cis-trans isomerization modulates the proline switch. The switch is off in the cis state, and the Crk protein is inactive. The switch, however, is on in ...

Research Plan

Introduction Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems incorporate pervasively in prokaryotic genomes that have also been suggested to perform a role in numerous critical cellular operations (Van, & Bast, 2009). These systems characteristically comprise of a two-gene operon encoding a toxic protein molecule which aims at an important cellular purpose and an antitoxin that connects to and hinders the toxin. Control of toxin action is attained via differential constancy of the stable toxin as well as the unstable antitoxin (Kamada & Hanaoka, 2005). In several occasions, the antitoxin also operates as a transcriptional autorepressor of the operon, whereby the degradation of the antitoxin leads to transcriptional introduction ...

Pseudo means false or something that is not genuine whereas science signifies knowledge that is gained through observation, experimentation and investigation hence Pseudoscience as a word is quite paradoxical. Similarly the basis of Astrology is considered to be paradoxical and conflicting. Astrology is a belief system that the movements of celestial bodies have a certain influence on human beings and certain outcomes are predicted on the basis of these movements. Planets are held responsible for the physical and mental traits of a person. Additionally, it is also believed that a person’s fortunes can be amplified and performing certain rituals can alter misfortunes. ...

Prions are infectious proteins that are usually linked with the occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders in humans as well as many other mammals. They belong to the class of misfolded proteins and are the causative agents for the different transmissible diseases, mainly encephalopathy that can be defined by the changes in the anatomy accompanied by Pathophysiological origin that follow Mendelian genetics. The main characterization of the disease is the aggregation of proteins in the neurological system leading to degenerative brain diseases that are fatal and are incurable at present. Murray et al. (2004, p.37) have stressed that the transmissible ...

The auditor shoulders the responsibility of determining any deceptive or erroneous occurrences of the financial dealings of a company during a particular period so as to avoid the organization from misquoting its position in its financial statements for any fraudulent purposes. An auditor thus ensures the conformation of the company’s accounts to the adopted accounting standards and reports on the company’s financial statements and its internal control system. The role of auditors therefore needs to ensure that the final statements of the company are free from any misstatements arising due to either fraud or unintentional errors. The auditor ...

Abstract

The experiment conducted is a palladium catalyzed coupling of a terminal alkyne to 4-Iodonitrobenzene. 1.25 mL of 95% ethanol was added along with 93mg of 4-Iodonitrobenzene, 80mg piperazine hexahydrate and 4 mg CuI, in a 5mL clean and dry conical vial plus spinvane. 80 µL (density 0.898 g/mL) of tetrahydro-2-(2-propynyloxy)-2H-pyran was added to the solution through an automatic pipette. To this add 3 mg of Pd(OAc)2, refluxed and stirred under a water cooled condenser for half an hour until it turned dark brown. The reaction mixture was then poured into a clean and dry evaporating dish and heated gently with a ...