Reformation Research Papers Samples For Students

CONTEXT AND COMPARISON OF

In reaction to the decadence and corruption so pervasive in the Roman Catholic Church, the Protestant Reformation sought to introduce an asceticism into the artistic world of its followers. Martin Luther, as well as others who followed him, advocated the destruction of art in churches, particularly images of saints, muted color schemes for the artwork that remained, and an emphasis on images either of Jesus or of contemporary leaders and heroes of the movement. Joseph Koerner’s book The Reformation of the Image (2004) compellingly shows how visual art became indispensable to a religious movement built on words. In a time ...

During the height of the Protestant Reformation, in which Martin Luther and a number of other religious scholars and theologists took radical steps away from the Catholic Church, many different interpretations of the Gospel came along to offer alternatives. However, while this was happening, a somewhat independent development was occurring in John Calvin’s own efforts; he worked to formulate a particular religious ideology that would soon come to be known as Calvinism. Due to this unique perspective on the Scriptures, and the radical changes that he would bring about in the way the Church worked, John Calvin would become vital to ...

Introduction

The notoriety of Roman Catholicism across Europe figured prominently throughout history - best manifested by the rise of the papacy, headed by the pope and traditionally based in Rome, Italy. The papacy, which stood as the main governing body of Roman Catholicism, has since become embroiled in key political issues throughout its leadership. Despite its limited role in recent times, the papacy was once a center of political authority in Europe, with its influence greatly sought by European powers beginning from the time of Roman Emperor Constantine I up to the Reformation. This study seeks to outline how the papacy ...

Introduction

Reformation was a powerful religious movement aimed at reforming the teaching and the organization of the Christian Church, which originated in Germany in the beginning of the XVI century. It spread rapidly across Europe and led to the separation of Roman Catholic Church and the formation of a new form of Christianity - Protestantism. Reformation movement was of great importance for the history of Europe, and for the history of the world as a whole. In the Middle Ages, the whole society was strictly subordinated to the Church, which had a strong influence on the social structure of European countries. The social structure of ...

Introduction

During the 16th century, many changes occurred in England. This was because of the various religious factors that shaped the politics of England. In addition, most of the literature during this period played a major role in shaping English Literature. The Hamlet was one of the ideas that played a significant role in defining religion and literature in England. Religion during the 16 century resulted to conflicts between the Catholics and Protestants. The conflicts that began between the pope and King Henry VII saw England became a Protestant country. The struggle also resulted to changes in sacraments. The Protestants only adapted three ...

Europe experienced many changes in the 16th century, among them the protestant reformation, also referred to as the protestant revolt. The pioneers of this movement were Martin Luther, John Calvin, Huldreich Zwingli, and John Knox among other early Protestants (Spitz 45). The major aim of the Protestant movement was to break away from the practices and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. Former events within Europe including the Western Schism and the Black Death had gradually destroyed the faith people had in the Catholic Church leading to the Protestant reformation. Ambitious political leaders that wanted to extend their powers ...

Abstract

The protestant ethic or what is commonly known as the protestant work ethic is a concept used in economics, sociology and history. It largely attributes much of its theory from the works of Max Weber. This ethic basis its arguments upon the emphasis by the Calvinist on the usefulness of hard work, which according to the Calvinist is part of one’s worldly success and calling and a sign of individual salvation (Grossman, 2006, pp.128- 131). Weber’s ethic therefore, is a study of the relationship that occurs between the spirit of modern capitalism emergence and the ethics of Protestantism.

Introduction

Martin ...

The process of Galileo - inquisitorial trial of 70-year-old physicist and astronomer Galileo, held in 1633 in Rome. Galileo was accused of supporting the banned public heliocentric system of Copernicus, which the Catholic Church has earlier condemned as heretical doctrine (1616). As a result of the process, despite the agreement to renounce Copernicanism and repent, Galileo was sentenced to life in prison, which was soon changed to the house arrest and lifetime supervision of the Inquisition.
“Galileo process subsequently became a symbol of the confrontation between science and religion - or, more generally, freedom of thought and dogmatic (political or ...

The Greek and Roman Influences on Culture, Science, and Religion

The Greek and Roman Influences on Culture, Science, and Religion
The Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, and the Protestant Reformation were the most important cultural, scientific, and religious movements between 1400 and 1700 in Europe. However, those movements were not based exclusively on the observations and reasoning of scholars and artists, but the influence of ancient Greek and Roman teachings, which was forgotten during the Middle Ages between the 5th and 15th century, played a significant role in inspiring those movements. The revival of knowledge in science, art, and technology from those ancient civilizations was the trigger for implementing changes in ...

The Renaissance was a period in Europe that happened between the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries. Most history scholars consider it as the main point of connection between the middle age and the modern history. Renaissance started in Italy, and arrived in the other European countries in the succeeding years. The period of the Renaissance was the first step towards religious revolution, commonly referred to as Protestant Reformation (Tankard, n.p). It is probably the political circumstances of the sixteenth century that led to its success in some places and failure in others. The Renaissance period was a mark of major ...

Throughout the biblical history from Genesis to Revelation, the Bible talks about persecution/suffering and caring for the needy. The Old Testament does not emphasize it the way Jesus puts it in the New Testament. The Christian point of view of these two concepts is reflected by utilizing the examples set by Jesus, when He came to earth to save the souls of men. Jesus gave some teachings on why suffering and persecution was part of the Christian path and why it was the responsibility of Christians to care for the needy in the fulfillment of the God’s purpose ...

Introduction
Crime continues to be a rampant problem in many societies, as conflict proves to be a natural engagement between humans. With that, regulating criminal acts have reached varying extents targeting both the punishment of offenders and the elimination of the causes leading to those kinds of acts. Emerging as among the most potent forms of responding to crimes is restorative justice – a concept that requires constructive cooperation and communication between parties to a criminal case (Umbreit 1).
This study serves as a descriptive account explaining the nature of restorative justice, with emphasis on one ...

‘Name’

‘Instructor’s name’
‘Subject’
Martin Luther is one of the greatest contributors to Christianity, and his Lutheran Reformation is counted among the most influential phenomenons of modern history. Luther is the originator of the Protestant Reformation, and it is said that, more books have been written on him than any other person except his master, Jesus Christ. He is a German theologian and religious reformer, who inspired hordes of followers to denounce some of the established doctrines of the Catholic Church. This essay will examine his life and scrutinize how his personal struggles influenced his philosophies and preaching.
...

Abstract

The essay revolves around the peasants’ war of 1524-2525. The peasants’ war, also known as the revolution of 1525, is the largest insurrection or revolt in the history of Europe before the French Revolution. The goal of this essay is to explain the history before the revolution on the administration, economic situation, the culture of the peasant in ration to their agrarian development and the different social classes that existed. The causes of the war outbreak, movements and the suppression of the peasants’ war 1524 are discussed in the essay. Under the leadership of Martin Luther and Thomas Muntzer, ...

Introduction

In the early 1500’s, a young German university teacher and monk known as Martin Luther began feeling that major reforms were required in the most famous church at that time, The Roman Catholic Church. There was one particular practice in the Roman Catholic Church that Martin Luther hated and this was indulgences selling. Indulgence selling involved the exclusion or release of individuals from punishment for sin in exchange for money. The individuals were given what was referred to as “letters of pardon”.
In 1957, Martin Luther made a conclusive list of personal objections to the practices of the Roman ...

Abstract

It is well known that the debates on the religious topics are among the hottest in our time. Understanding the processes of possible differences can significantly smooth or eliminate the conflict altogether. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to study the relationships between representatives of different religions in different countries. Comparing these relations will help to identify possible scenarios for the behavior of the two sides and the possible outcome of the conflict between them. This paper examines the relations between Orthodox Christians and Muslims in the Ottoman Empire and between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman ...

There has been an ineffective penal system for punishing criminals. The government should aim at getting tough on criminal activities to ensure that the society becomes safe and comfortable in a criminal free environment. However, there has been conflicting influences in the penal system that has proved to be inefficient in protecting people from crime. Law makers have tried to raise issues to solve the problems within the penal system but with less success because the criminals have always been given less punishments. For a penal system to be effective, it should focus on reasonable principles and should serve the purpose ...

Introduction

John Wycliffe began his reformatory work in the mid 1370s.In most of his sermons, Wycliffe publicly declared that the church was not upholding the Biblical statutes accordingly. He said that the clergy of the time practiced certain aspects that were contrary to the teachings of Christ and the apostles. He publicly condemned the church for this claiming that the “there was a great contrast between what the Church was and what it ought to be” (Anonymous 10). This called for the necessity for reform, which he spearheaded.

The media he used for the reformation

Wycliffe wrote several books that sought to bring a new form of Christianity not ...

The Catholic Church had descended into corruption and scandals through the middle ages, with popes being closely involved in politics, civilian affairs and above all, levying exorbitant fees and tithes in return for the pope’s indulgences. Martin Luther served to crystallize the growing discontent among the faithful, with the publication of the 95 Theses, which proposed varied reforms within the Catholic Church, which by then the most powerful and wealthy institution in the world. Luther’s manifesto, which sought to cut out the church bureaucracy, structure and cost (the Middlemen to Salvation). The Germany princes, influenced by Luther’ ...

Introduction

Before the Protestant Reformation and the Enlightenment, though, the field of inquiry was completely different than it would be afterward. There was only one religious establishment during that time period, and that establishment had the power of eternal fear over everyone and everything. The fact that the Roman Catholic Church had the power to ban someone not just from church but from any chance of salvation radically altered the calculus of anyone interested in pursuing any sort of intellectual endeavor. Remember, this is the same institution that sought to excommunicate Galileo and Copernicus because of their claims that the ...

Introduction

Juvenile offenders are growing in numbers and they take a significant account of arrests involving the crimes of burglary, murder and rape. Juvenile delinquency is no doubt a social problem that is becoming pervasive if not addressed appropriately. The juvenile law took transitional stages in order to adopt to the changing trends in juvenile crimes and offenses. Through the efforts of social reformers, the juvenile justice system in the country took one form to another from the creation of reformation schools for the juvenile delinquents, the separation of juvenile offenders from the adult offenders, the creation of the special juvenile courts, ...

Introduction

The Effects of Scientific Revolution on Religion has been a very critical topic in such fields as history, philosophy and other social sciences. The scientific revolution, arguably one of the most important developments in human history is a movement that substantially shook the foundations of religion (Wolfe & Wolfe, 2011). The primary purpose of this topic, is to narrow down the broad topic of the effects of scientific revolution in such a manner that such effects are viewed from the perspective of the medieval religious structures, and not from the eye of the entire humanity. I chose to discuss this topic because it ...

a juvenile’s experience in the juvenile justice system?

Introduction

On any ordinary day, an estimated 81,000 children (263 out of every 100,000 youths ages 10 through the state’s upper age of original juvenile court jurisdiction in the overall population) are contained in a juvenile justice residential placement (Children’s Defense Fund, 2012). To add, about 7,560 children are contained in adult jails and 2,778 in adult prisons (Children’s Defense Fund, 2012). This is a risky very condition.
As reported in the 2007 National Prison Rape Elimination Act Commission, juveniles are at the highest risk of ...

The ritual of marriage is a very important milestone in the life of an individual and, more so, in the life of an individual who is also a devout Christian. The Scripture often mentions the sanctity of marriage as well as the permanency of it in one’s life. Such descriptions have resulted in a dilemma for particular individuals who, for some unfortunate reason, have had to divorce and remarry. At present, Catholicism does not permit divorced individuals to remarry unless and until they have had their marriage annulled by the Church.
While the Orthodox Catholic views on remarriage ...

Abstract

Religious art has been present in art history for a long time. However in different periods it was used in different ways. In Early Renaissance people used to show their faith with it, whereas in the High Renaissance and later Baroque, it became a tool in the hands of the Church. Nonetheless, history and the process of art development have provided us with plenty of artists and their masterpieces for all the future generations to study. The works of Antonello da Messina, Leonardo da Vinci and Rembrandt van Rijn are considered the best examples of each period in question ...

Introduction

Abortion is a sensitive aspect in the various dimensions of life, which include religious, cultural and political aspects. It is a concern that has led to public debate over the decades and an area of interest in the public health sector as evidenced by the World Health Organization. At least, a huge percentage of the world population come from countries where the practice is prohibited, and if permitted, it is on the grounds of saving a woman's life, such as in Kenya (Izugbara et al., 2015). However, despite the policies to manage the practice, it is important to appreciate ...

Introduction

During the early centuries of Christianity, an era of official persecution of the Christians, not only was the church and state separated, but also opposed. This essay will describe the connection that prevails between church and state from the ancient times in relation to the present times. In so doing, it will show the various shifts historically and in the current world of the state having influence over religion and religion having the upper hand over the state and the current attempts to bring a separation between the two parties. This sense of antagonism can be well edified with ...

Abstract

The Age Graded Theory explain why people with propensity to commit crimes at early stages of their lives desist from offending later on in life while others do not. It was was advanced by Robert J Sampson and John H Laub in 1993. This paper critically analyses the Age Graded Theory. It looks into its historical background, the strengths and flaws associated with it with a view of establishing why its proponents thought that desistance could best be explained by the theory. To this end, it explores the three-fold limbs of the theory. Besides, it examines how its salient ...

John Donne’s poetry reflects a deep image of religious elements and most of his sonnets are the combination of both Catholic and Protestant. In “The Flea” and “Show Me Dear Christ” John Donne also uses religious imagery. He expresses in implicit way this tactic. HHHHis early poem “The Flea” implies the concept of sexual love; furthermore, it exemplifies unconventional metaphor by which the flea bites two lovers, who are compared on the basis of sex. Moreover, we see a woman trying to resist sexual advances. The speaker with the help of the flea was trying to convince her that the ...

(insert professor’s name)
(insert course)

Through the 1600 and 1700s, Europe served as a center of a large range of change. From evolution of science and philosophy to the development of new political and religious movements and ideologies, many central elements of European intellectual life underwent a transformation. Accordingly, the art and culture of the era adapted to reflect these developments. More importantly, the forms of art and architecture become a means of supporting changing ideologies in the areas of the most change. The evolution of Baroque art and architecture owed its existence to the cultural rebirth of the Renaissance and ...

Abstract

In our increasingly dependent age, older technologies are slowly but surely being phased out. We stand to forget their use, their evolution as well as their contribution to our own evolution as mankind. One such technology is the printing press. To move forward, we must pause to reflect on the past, appreciate it and ultimately learn from it. The printing press has evolved from a simple, rudimentary letter press in China to the revolutionary Gutenberg’s press that made the Bible the most published book of that time to the modern technology of offset lithography. It has played a fundamental role ...

Websites are important sources of information for research and other general purposes. Some webpages are useful while others are not. This essay evaluates two webpages based on the CRAAP TEST (Currency, Relevancy, Accuracy and Purpose).

Daily Times: Literature Plays Vital Role in Societies’ Reformation: Abdullah Hussain (Farooq 2013)

The information in the above mentioned webpage was published on Monday, March 4, 2013. There is no evidence that the information has been updated or at least revised since it was posted on the web. However, because the article was published this year (2013), the information is useful to my research, because it is current. Older sources would work for my research as long ...

The American Correctional Association is one of the biggest correctional associations in the world. It draws its membership from within and without America (Tewksbury & DeMichele, 2005). Though the name came into being in 1954, its precursor associations had been in existence since 1870 (Mc Shane & Williams, 1996). Its primary function is to develop and realize better correctional processes and operational values or standards (Tewksbury & DeMichele, 2005).
One way it carries out its mandate is through accreditation of correctional facilities, which is mainly done through evaluation. Evaluation and accreditation is done by the Commission on Accreditation for Corrections (CAC) ( ...

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to investigate the development of gendarmerie in Mexico. It is a special military body that serves as a fully armed, auxiliary police bureau and created with the purpose to maintain law and order in public. The first part of this research consists of the political situation in Mexico and reasons that led to the creation of the additional police force. The final stage of the research will be concerning the positive and negative influences of this political and social phenomenon. This information might be useful for people that are not indifferent in current political and ...

Introduction

Othello is the most tragic dominant hero of Shakespeare, since his definitive demolition is so much a purpose of his best excellences, as disparate to persons like MacBeth, Lear, and Hamlet, who are damaged by their most horrible. Othello is a gracious fighter, however greatly an innocent and far too hoping of other men's advice, and consequently he is simple victim for Iago, who in order might be greatest villain of Shakespeare, since he is so simply wickedness. Richard III, by compare, as a force of wickedness, is as well just more appealing and bright than those about him. Iago has not ...

Essay: Corporate Ethics after the Financial Crisis of 2008

Corporate Ethics refer to the acceptable moral practices in business. It includes moral principles, values and codes of conduct that determines the behavior of group of individuals in satisfying their customers’ needs. It also entails honesty, straight forwardness, trust, fairness and other core values that surround decision making business transactions or deals. Corporate or business ethics consider other business stakeholders’ interests during various business transactions. Corporate ethics and business success are therefore inseparable.
Upholding corporate ethics is one of the best ways by which companies can ensure their maximum benefits. Managements should not give higher priorities to their ...

History Questions

The council of Trent was the most important councils in the history of Roman Catholic Church. It took place between the years 1545 to 1563 (Jedin, 2008). It was on and off three times between these periods. It created new rules for the church and eliminated vices that pulled the church down for example the sale of excesses and corruption. Other changes that took place included the holy mass, holy orders and clergy education, the marriage sacrament, and other decrees regarding the church. The council involved Jesuits, papal supporters, delegates of Italia, and even protestant representatives (Jedin, 2008). These ...

How Western Religious Heritage has shaped up Work Ethics in the West

Work ethics is about how people carry out their jobs or their responsibilities. It also includes how a person feels regarding their career and vocation of their jobs. Work ethics involves respect, good behavior, communication, attitude and even how one relates with others. It is work ethics that shows whom and what a person stands for. Characteristics of work ethics include accountability and honesty. This narrows down to what a person would do or does when they are in a particular situation. The major issue in a situation would involve what is acceptable, right and above board. According to philosophy, if a person does not ...

The Cyclical Nature of Reformation

So, you’re sitting in a church service, chafing against your uncomfortable clothes, tired of sitting in that pew. The minister is droning on in a language you can’t understand. This whole sin/forgiveness/grace thing has you confused, if not depressed, and you’re tired of being asked for money every time you come in the doors. The minister has nicer clothes than most of the people in the audience before him, and you’re sure that the profit from the items for sale out in the foyer goes at least partially to buy those fancy clothes. You feel resentment and ...