Essays on Catholic Church

In the many developments that are taking place in the religious world, ecumenism is one of the most significant of them all. Church leaders are coming together with common goals that enable them to best serve and worship God, among other many activities. The main goal of contemporary ecumenism has been for all the Christians in the world to be brought together into unity amidst diverse and pluralistic expressions of the faith. This interdenominational union is rooted in the belief that all Christians are bound together by Christ and His existence should not be the cause of division and ...

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Through the 1600 and 1700s, Europe served as a center of a large range of change. From evolution of science and philosophy to the development of new political and religious movements and ideologies, many central elements of European intellectual life underwent a transformation. Accordingly, the art and culture of the era adapted to reflect these developments. More importantly, the forms of art and architecture become a means of supporting changing ideologies in the areas of the most change. The evolution of Baroque art and architecture owed its existence to the cultural rebirth of ...

Introduction

Homosexuality and gay relationships are some of the most controversial issues in the contemporary world. Proponents such as civil and human rights activists support homosexuality and gay unions while religious organizations oppose these issues. Almost all Christian
denominations are opposed to homosexuality and gay marriages with the Catholic Church being at the forefront (Songy, 239). Interestingly, numerous allegations of homosexuality and gay relationships among the leaders of the Catholic Church have surfaced over the last decade adding to the controversy of the issue. The general guideline according to the Catholic Church on marriage is, “a faithful lifelong and exclusive ...

In “Advent is New Beginnings,” the topic revolves around Pope Francis, who exclaimed his famous remark with regard to homosexuality: Who am I to judge? Whereas said statement by Pope Francis has earned him critical acclaim from circles who perceive his progressiveness in finally changing the traditionally conservative direction of the Catholic Church on homosexuality, it is nevertheless an ambiguous one. Said statement did not include an express statement by Pope Francis stating a definite stand on homosexuality and at the same time, he did not place his leadership on an affirmative stance towards urging the entire Catholic Church ...

During the Middle Ages from the 5th century to the 11th century, Christendom, specifically the Roman Catholic Church, reigned supreme and wielded almost unrivaled influence over the hearts and minds men. It was, in fact, a period in earth’s history where the Christian Church was at the apex of her power. Her power, however, started to wain during the Renaissance. At that time, there were important developments that, while not stripping the Catholic Church of her power, challenged her hold on power.
What is clear is that events that transpired during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance periods ...

I believe that newly-elected Pope Francis will go down in history as one of the greatest Popes the Vatican has ever produced. He is intelligent, noble yet humble, and expresses love, compassion, and acceptance towards people within the Catholic faith, as well as those who practice other faiths. Even with these positive attributes, my feelings about Pope Francis are ambivalent, and I have some misgivings about his papacy.
He is a passionate man, and his views are as equally pronounced and passionate. I admire these qualities about Pope Francis. However, he has brought upon him, and the Catholic Church ...

Prevalently, music forms an integral part of each and every religious ceremony. Evidently, almost all the dominations have espoused the imperativeness of music in various religious functions. A notable fact is that despite various denominations agree on the pivotal role of music, the nature and type of music each denomination play has a complete variation. The primary reason for the mentioned variation is the fact that each religious group has distinct principles that govern the usage of music. Similarly, a myriad number of the religious group has totally different perspective when it comes to religious music. As a result ...

Historical events, particularly the very distant ones, can be viewed in different and contrasting perspectives. Interestingly, technological innovations of online games can be used to advance alternate perspectives on historical events. Online gaming has become so widespread that it has great power to influence one’s perceptions and can be a convenient route to provoke deeper thinking on alternate perspectives. Thus, the central focus of my thesis and argument is that video games like the Assassin’s Creed have the right to offer different interpretations of history, however absurd the notions advanced.
As an online game, the Assassin’s ...

- Edict of Milan (313 AD)
The Edict of Milan was a document created in 313 AD, a letter penned from Roman Emperor Licinius to the governors of his Eastern imperial provinces, commanding them to treat the Christians more kindly. This edict was the result of a meeting between Licinius and Emperor Constantine I earlier that year, where they both agreed that it was time to treat the Christians well. The Edict also declared that the meeting places and property of Christians were to be restored to them: "the same shall be restored to the Christians without payment or ...

Modern day Christian church community

Christianity started in the early Israel and Palestine in what was previously known as Levant during the first century. It spread throughout the near east nations and later on spread further to Europe where it became popular in the middle ages and spread worldwide during Europe’s exploration age and became the biggest religion in the world. Statistics show that about a third of total global population are Christians. In the early years of the first millennium during the great schism the church split into two major groups, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic. Later on Protestants ...

Introduction

Over the years, Catholic Church has undergone several changes, although the most significant being the changes brought by Vatican II. Arguably, Vatican II changes brought forth doctrines that the Catholic Church initially believed and taught its members. Worth noting, the changes brought forth “new Catholic Church”. This change is mostly attributed to the Vatican Council II that represented Vatican II, which was dogmatic as compared to other Vatican councils that were pastoral (Lopez & Julian, 2013). This changes not only affected Catholic Church members, but also the Protestants, and was led by Pope John XXIII.
First, the mode of mass ...

The Catholic Church and Her Magisterium define sacred music in Ecclesial Documents. In Catholicism there are specifics in the liturgy that describe the requirements for sacred music. Sacred music is not for ordinary usage and not for use by anyone outside the church. Sacred music is blessed and unique. The Catholic Church and Her Sacred Liturgies are the only ones who should use sacred music.   Music plays an important role in the liturgy and the most beautiful music of Holy Week is the Gregorian chant. Gregorian chant is beautiful in both senses as prescribed by Catholic scholars; it is ...

Baroque Art Period (1600-1750)

The term Baroque originates from the Spanish word of baroco, which means one big pearl of irregular shape. It defines the art period from 1600 to 1750. This period was turbulent in Europe since the religious conflicts between the Protestant and Catholic Church’s Reformations were at their peak; the Catholic Church, for years prominent within the spiritual European population, now had to restructure their customs due to the intense criticism expressed by Martin Luther. This religious conflict was not bloodless; the Peasant’s revolution in Germany and the Thirty Year War are indicative of the disastrous results of ...

General outline of lessons:

Lesson 1: introduction of the general concept of sacraments. What they entail, and the general belief attributed to them.

Lesson 2: the sacrament of baptism and its relevance in the church

Lesson 3: the sacrament of Eucharist. The general concept of this sacrament and its associated ceremonial practices and its relevance
Lesson 4: the sacrament of reconciliation. The meaning of this sacrament. The understanding of its symbolism and its relevance
Lesson 5: the sacrament of confirmation. The relevance of this sacrament to the church, its associated ceremonial practices and its general meaning and value to the church
Lesson 6: the sacrament of marriage. The implications of this sacrament both social and ...

The period of the 15th century is known as Reformation period in Western and Central Europe. It was represented by a broad public-governmental movement with an anti feudal character. In fact, it was the struggle against Catholic Church, due to the fact that it was the main pillar of feudal regime.
It all began in Germany, however it spread quickly to Switzerland, the Netherlands, France, England and Italy. The Reformation was followed by the Peasant War - the largest social movement of the Middle Ages. One of the most prominent and influential person of this period was Martin Luther.
...

Introduction

Reformation was a powerful religious movement aimed at reforming the teaching and the organization of the Christian Church, which originated in Germany in the beginning of the XVI century. It spread rapidly across Europe and led to the separation of Roman Catholic Church and the formation of a new form of Christianity - Protestantism. Reformation movement was of great importance for the history of Europe, and for the history of the world as a whole. In the Middle Ages, the whole society was strictly subordinated to the Church, which had a strong influence on the social structure of European ...

Introduction

All through my life, I was born and lived in a Muslim family and neighborhood. I had never thought of associating with people from other religions, especially the Christians, who I had heard many misconceptions about them. I attended a Muslim-sponsored school, where all my peers shared the same religion. Our teachers were also from the Islamic religion, with an exception of one female teacher, whom I realized had a difficult time with her colleagues.
After my parents moved to the United States, the new neighborhood was full of people of different religions: Mormons, Christians, Protestants, Hindus, Buddhists, and ...

Pope Francis Assisi was an Australian Cardinal who was known for his effort in uplifting the life in the slums in Australia; his real name is Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio. Pope John Paul 11 appointed him as a Cardinal of San Roberto in 2001. He was then appointed as a pope on 13th March 2013 after pope Benedict xvi resigned from office (Benson 10); Benedict xvi made history by resigning from office because; a pope is required to serve the people until his death. When cardinals were gathered in the Vatican City to search for the successor of Benedict ...

Introduction

In the early 1500’s, a young German university teacher and monk known as Martin Luther began feeling that major reforms were required in the most famous church at that time, The Roman Catholic Church. There was one particular practice in the Roman Catholic Church that Martin Luther hated and this was indulgences selling. Indulgence selling involved the exclusion or release of individuals from punishment for sin in exchange for money. The individuals were given what was referred to as “letters of pardon”.
In 1957, Martin Luther made a conclusive list of personal objections to the practices of the ...

The Trial of Galileo by Doug Linder (2002)
This book talks about how a cosmic conflict arises between two worlds. Catholic Church world of absolutism and scholasticism that holds power in Europe is in collision with Galileo’s world that deals with humanism and science.
It starts with Galileo backing Nicolaus Copernicus theory on the celestial orbits revolution called the Copernicus Theory. Nicolaus published a book called Revolutions off the Celestial Orbs that outlined clearly brought the idea that the earth rotates around a sun that is at the middle of the whole universe.
Galileo concludes this theory right ...

Introduction

The word Catholic Church was established in the year 110. However, opinions differ on the exact time that the church came to be established. The church was established on the doctrine of serving one God unlike other religious societies that had a number of gods such as the Greeks. It was organized under five patriarchs including the bishops of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople, and Rome. The Bishop in Rome was usually consulted in times of disputes. There were claims in Rome that Rome had connections with Saint Peter and Saint Paul. The Catholic Church at the time came to ...

Christianity, despite its humble root and in the beginning only a handful of followers has grown to over “1,870,000,000 adherents in the world” (Neusner, 151). Representing over a third of the world’s population. These followers all follow the teachings of Christ, but they differ in some core beliefs and also the interpretation of Christ’s teaching. While the center of any Christian religion will always remains the same—Christ and his teachings—the way this is followed and practiced has often led to changes within a religion or a split in denominations. One famous change ...

Europe experienced many changes in the 16th century, among them the protestant reformation, also referred to as the protestant revolt. The pioneers of this movement were Martin Luther, John Calvin, Huldreich Zwingli, and John Knox among other early Protestants (Spitz 45). The major aim of the Protestant movement was to break away from the practices and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. Former events within Europe including the Western Schism and the Black Death had gradually destroyed the faith people had in the Catholic Church leading to the Protestant reformation. Ambitious political leaders that wanted to extend their powers ...

The beginning of the Protestant Reformation is usually associated with Martin Luther publishing his “95 Theses” in 1517 (Reformation). As was a common practice at the time, Luther posted his document on the church door as a sign that he wished to debate the topics listed. He was a German Augustinian monk and a lecturer at the University in Wittenberg. His bold move challenged some of the practices of the Catholic Church at that time as well as some of the specific church practices, or Doctrines.

Luther argued that the Bible was the true way to understand the word ...

Introduction:

Eucharistic adoration
The Rite of Eucharistic Exposition and Benediction
Role of the Eucharistic adoration
Introduction: Qurbono.
Parts of the Maronite liturgy:
Service of the word
The Anaphora
Role of Qurbono.
Discussion prompts 2: Liturgy
Adoration is man’s way of acknowledging that he is God’s creation (CCC, no.2628). Man pays his homage to the ‘King of Glory’ through adoration. Adoration comes with humility and shows our supplication (CCC, no.2628). Eucharistic adoration refers to honoring or doting Christ’s Eucharistic presence (Catholic church.org 1). Catholics are able to truly contemplate the mystery of Christ who is truly before them. ...

Introduction

Eucharist is one of the rituals in the Roman Catholic Church. It denotes a celebration of the Eucharist liturgy of as commonly referred to, the mass. The start of this ritual can be traced back to the Last Supper. This is the night before Jesus was betrayed. Together with his disciples, Jesus instituted this ritual that entailed the Eucharistic Sacrifice. In this ritual, the Body and Blood of Jesus were sacrificed according to Catholic Catechism (Catholic Church 1323). The presence of Christ in the sacrament that was used in the altar, the Eucharistic ritual honors Christ through the worship ...

- Introduction of the religion
The Catholic Church was instituted by Jesus Christ. The word “Catholic” means “universal” (Norman, 2007). “Love Godand love your neighbor” (Mark:12:29-31, The New American Bible). These phrases sum up the teachings of Jesus Christ which Catholics make as their guide as they live their lives following Jesus. At present, the Catholic Church is headed by Pope Francis from the Vatican. The pope is the vicar of Jesus here on earth. The leaders of the Catholic Church are the bishops and priests. They are tasked to spread the teachings of Christ and manage parishes, vicariates, ...

This essay gives information about a recent visit to a Catholic Church and a Mosque. It tries to compare this to the Jewish Temple (The author’s church). A discussion about the similarities between the religions will be at the commencement of the paper followed by discussion about the entrance to the church, the service itself, literature available and a reflection on the visit.
A recent visit to a Catholic Church and a Mosque revealed a number of similarities and differences to the Jewish Temple that is normally attended by the writer’s family. The Catholic Church was attended ...

Protestant Reformation was a split in 16th century in the Western Christianity. Before the Reformation, all the Christians were Roman Catholics. Basically, reformation was a way to completely reform the Catholic Church. Reformers like Martin Luther wanted to reinstate people’s faith in the church by getting rid of corruption. In essence, it was instigated by John Calvin, Henry III and Martin Luther. Reformers efforts against the Roman Catholic Church’s ecclesiastical structure are what resulted in Protestant Churches’ creation. Other than the weaknesses in the Catholic Church and the Catholic hierarchy, the paper reviews core contributors as well ...

The formation of the Christian movements namely Waldensians, Humiliati and Robert of Arbrrisel was driven by a common cause. This explains why they may share some characteristics. They most probably stemmed from the Catholic Church and their doctrines were founded on the teachings of the Catholic Church.

Discussion

The original founder of Waldensians was known as Valdese. He was a former catholic priest and broke out following the confession of his faith. He refused to abide by the requirement that the heretics (the believers in orthodox practice) were to sign an oath. The Robert’s movement, however, did not split ...

Catholic is a Roman Catholic faith or a member of the Roman Catholic Church. The term catholic was initially used to mean a universal church. Therefore, it is used to describe all Christians of diverse religions around the universe since we all believe in Jesus Christ. In the 2nd century, catholic was used to reiterate its universal aspect. Catholic Church is among the largest Christian church with approximately one billion followers around the globe. The Roman Catholic Church has played a domineering role in western civilization. The head of the church, according to church’s hierarchy, is the Pope. ...

1. Discuss the Lay Investiture struggle and give its effects.

Lay investiture was a system in Europe where the kings and the noble lords used to appoint the church leaders such as bishops. The aim of these kings was to ensure that they would easily get any advice they required from the clergy. The people in the church usually accepted any religious leader who was appointed to them by these kings (Sherman, 123). These leaders also usually accepted their appointment by the kings. During the period, pope was given an authority that was not very clear to the people. ...

Introduction

Cardinal Leon-Joseph Suenens served as a Belgian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church from 1904 to 1996. Before his promotion to cardinalate in 1962, Leon served as an Archibishop of Mechelen-Brussel from 1961 to 1979. He was a powerful leader in the Second Vatican Council who advocated aggiornamento in catholic churches. Pope John selected Cardinal Leon-Joseph due to his commitment in the renewal of the church. He was a strong man who once saved the church from organizational chaos hence, gaining popularity among Vatican councils. Throughout his service in the Second Vatican Council, Cardinal Leon had many influences towards ...

The protestant reformation of the Christian church was the division within the Christian church that was initiated by John Calvin, Martin Luther and other early Christian church reformers. The reformation started after Martin Luther posted the ninety-five theses outlining his objection to some of the Catholic Church teachings. Luther fiercely opposed the belief that freedom from Gods punishment could be bought using money. He also opposed the sale of indulgences (Hans, 22).
Luther pleaded Christians not to waiver in following Christ through listening to false assurance from the Catholic Church that they could buy salvation (Hans, 23). Martin Luther ...

Religious Studies - Saint Gianna Beretta Molla

Introduction
The canonization by the Catholic Church in 2004 of Gianna Beretta Molla as a patron saint of mothers, physicians, and preborn children is a remarkable story of human faith in her religious convictions as both an ethical physician and as a follower of the teachings of God through Jesus Christ his Son. Phenomenal events are common in the worlds of the Old and New Testament and the lives of the saints marked by mystical intervention.
In our era, the Eternal Father selects ordinary people from our midst to use as His instrument to spread the gospel. He calling ...

Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII all had certain ideas in common during the Protestant Reformation, since they rejected the authority of the pope in Rome and thought that local rulers should be heads of national churches. Indeed, the Reformation could be described as a great impetus to nationalism as it spread through northern Germany, Switzerland, Holland, Scandinavia, England and Scotland in the 16th Century. They all thought the Latin Mass should be abolished, and had the Bible translated into the local vernacular languages. All Protestants abolished the old religious orders, permitted clergy to marry, ended the veneration ...

Art and Architecture

The Representation of David in the Sculpture by Bernini

Gina Lorenzo Bernini was born in Italy in 1598. His artistic talents were recognized when he was very young. Lubow (2008) reports that Bernini was only eight years old when he “carved a stone head that was ‘the marvel of everyone’ who saw it” (p. 77). Throughout Bernini’s life he accomplished great works of art, including paintings, sculptures and the creation of great fountains throughout Rome. Bernini was always involved with making art from an early age until he died at the age of 82. One of his great ...

Introduction

During the 16th century, many changes occurred in England. This was because of the various religious factors that shaped the politics of England. In addition, most of the literature during this period played a major role in shaping English Literature. The Hamlet was one of the ideas that played a significant role in defining religion and literature in England. Religion during the 16 century resulted to conflicts between the Catholics and Protestants. The conflicts that began between the pope and King Henry VII saw England became a Protestant country. The struggle also resulted to changes in sacraments. The Protestants ...

World Literature

Answer to Question 1 Dante’s Divine Comedy

Dante had his fifteen minutes of fame during a deeply contentious time in Florence, Italy just at the beginning of the new century, the century of the 1300s that is. The Whites and the Blacks were had split the city with their rigid partisan views. Dante was an outspoken member of the Whites; the side that supporting the “Ordinances of Justice” and the government. The Blacks political leanings were towards the aristocratic and they were backed by the Pope. Dante was a Prior, a powerful elected civil servant position ...

Introduction

The central element and aspect of the Christian Faith is the divinity of Jesus Christ, the founder of the religion. Acceptance, belief and confession of Jesus Christ as the Son of God and the Savior of the world and humanity is the most basic element that distinguishes a Christian from a non-Christian. This shows that Jesus Christ is the foundation on which the entire Christian faith is built. As such, every Christian must give reverence to Him and to His position as the pivot around which every other thing in the spiritual world revolves.
The idea of Jesus being ...

Luke Johnson Timothy was an American religious researcher who concentrated mostly on Christian, literary and moral teachings of the New Testament. He was a former monk of the Catholic Church and did so many scholarly articles that have continued to be used in religious studies throughout the world. He was well known for expressing his opinion about The Creed as taught in the Bible. In his book, The Creed: What It Is and Why It Matters, he vehemently expresses his personal understanding of this subject and supports his arguments with biblical texts. This makes his opinion about this subject ...

Introduction

The sociological concepts of various aspects of life vary to a wide extent. A sociological inquiry seeks to explain how people have developed the behaviors and characters they have. It explains the various aspects of the community and various sociological factors and issues shaping the community. Life has numerous aspects and sociological constructs and factors shaping the life of the people in those communities and countries. For example, Language is considered an aspect of culture, where a group of people share a common origin and, therefore, speak the same language. The language spoken by various groups of people has ...

Arguably, the reformation is understood on most cases to be the political and religious revolutions that took place in the 16th century. The reformation resulted into partial disruption in the western Catholic Church that lead to the formation of various territorial and national churches. As a matter of fact, reformation succeeded in various ways. Initially, the church was united under the Catholic Church umbrella, but after the reformation took place, the disruption led to development of many churches. This implies that the reformation succeeded in bringing in changes. In the past, the Catholic Church was the only educated church ...

Arguably, the development and growth of Christianity can be traced from its roots in Roman controlled Palestine to major religion in the globe. In fact, the Christina practices have gone to the entire continent of Europe and the world at large. As ammeter of fact, Christianity is the most popular religion in the planet earth, with global believers, making one-third of the world population. Additionally, this religion is also disputed by many other sects and religions in the globe. Christianity is certainly an Abraham religion that is based on the teachings, death, life, crucifixion, and resurrection of Jesus Christ.
...

Introduction

After the destruction of the Roman Empire, the church became on of the foundations of civilization. During the time of Gregory I the Great (590-694), the medieval papacy started exerting its power. Gregory’s accomplishment was to assert its authority and establish the temporal papal power. Gregory was a Roman aristocrat by birth and he witnessed the destruction of Rome. Gregory concluded that the world was coming to an end and therefore withdrew from it in order to become a Benedictine monk. Gregory was elected Pope in 590 and took the role of protecting Rome and the surrounding territory ...

Several institutions developed in both France and England in the 13 and 14th century and these institutions were behind the civilization of western countries. The first institution was the church. Many crusades were made in these countries facilitating the spread of Christianity. When church became an institution in these countries, leadership became a major issue and specifically the catholic leaders became too much involved in political affairs. They controlled monarchy in England that had a lot of power (Noble, 156).

Schools are some of the other institutions that were very important during the period. Many people got their education ...

In 1892, Francisco Franco was born in El Ferrol Spain. After serving in different positions in the government, he rose to power and became a dictator in Spain from 1939 to 1975 (De Madariaga 17). In his manipulation to form the second Republic, Franco took advantage of the situation of realism in the build up towards the World War II. In many ways, Franco’s rise to power was slow and planned culminating in the aftermath of the 1931 municipal elections. During the years towards the World War II, the political struggle between nations presented a perfect chance to ...

People might find it hard to admire something they do not understand such as faith. However, in Agustin’s case, no one can ignore the fact that he is to be admired in his continued search for the Truth and his fight to be honest and faithful to this truth he finally discovered, even when it meant he had to struggle to live according to it. Whether someone has faith in God or not, Agustin’s journey of conversion and faith against all odds is to be admired, and clearly supports Portier’s comment.
Agustin’s change of life ...

Introduction

The word music originates from the ancient Greek word muses that mean the nine goddesses of art and science. Music was formed long time ago when European musicians composed it for notation of rhythms. Music is an art that makes an organized sound effect through the elements of rhythm, pitch, and dynamics and is an expression of feeling and thought. Every culture past or present follows music. Since music is a part of all times and places in one or the other way, it is probable to be present before the dispersal of humans around the world. For hundreds ...

Many states of the world have legalized same sex marriages or in other words, gay marriages. The trends regarding homosexuality are on the rise around the world, and progressive thinkers believe it is the right of individuals to marry whomever they desire. Even though, gay marriage is looked down upon by several religions, but there are people in a gay wedlock. Human rights activist often support the idea of gay marriage because they believe nobody has the right to dictate individuals about, who to marry. Catholicism is strictly against gay marriage, same sex relationships, and social acceptance of homosexuality; ...

Certain aspects in my life have molded my spirituality. The bible in the book of Proverbs Chapter twenty-seven verse number seventeen elaborates that iron sharpens iron as one man sharpens another (Proverbs 27:17).In essence, the interaction with my grandmother in life has given me a new attitude towards people in the society. My grandmother has imparted her compassion and humility in my life. The faith that I have has been influenced by my physical and mental well-being. Currently I am pursuing my nursing degree at a private Catholic university. My personal growth and accomplishments gives me hope and ...

Thesis

This paper is on the topic of The Catholic Church and Medieval slavery. The first section of this paper is on how slavery used to be involved in Trade and Commerce and the role of slaves in society. The second section of this paper is on rural life in the medieval ages and how the role of the church. The third section of this paper is on social classes of society in the medieval ages and how the Catholic Church used to be involved. The fourth section of this paper is on slaves of the church in the medieval ...

The Code of Hammurabi – it is one of the oldest monuments in the sphere of ​​legislation. It is a black basalt pillar on which cuneiform inscriptions on the classic Babylonian dialect of Akkadian are located, which include two hundred eighty-two articles from various areas of law. The Code of Hammurabi was created by the king of Babylon Hammurabi, who reigned in round 1793-1750 years BC and made Babylon the biggest cultural, economic and political center of Asia Minor of those times. The Code of Hammurabi – is one of the most important sources of the ancient Babylonian law and of ...

Modern culture is so saturated in satire that it is difficult to find works that pursue the authentic and the sincere. Once works like 1984 and Brave New World opened the floodgates of cynicism and skepticism that the events of the two World Wars made to seem the proper perspective. Today, works like The Onion make satire a part of the culture. Popular programs such as Saturday Night Live and Conan live off satire, which means that members of modern culture look at life with a half-satiric eye. In the time of the first modern satirists, such as Voltaire ...

An overview

Introduction
In simplest of words, theology is the study of religions and religious beliefs. Some scholars choose to call it the science of deities and divinity. But atheistic scholars do not very much approve of theology as a viable branch of study or ‘science’. Nevertheless, theology has been helping religious people understand, follow and even reform their religions with time. The great theologians in history have acted like a guiding star to bring changes in religious beliefs and rituals. And in the course of past several centuries, the major religions in the world have been modified mainly because of ...

The settlement in the German states recognized Roman Catholics and Lutherans but did not do the same to Calvinists. Calvinists who had made gains in most of the states began to demand for their rights. This brought the thirty years war due to the conflict. The conflict has been one of the most complex conflicts that have been documented in the German history. The war consisted of horrifying events which devastated the battle ground of the Holy Roman Empire. The length of the struggle contributed connection between the initial cause, outbreak in the year 1618 and finally the peace ...

Arguably, western civilization began many years ago and traces its main roots to Mediterran and European classical Antiquity. As a matter of fact, the Western civilization that was witnessed many years ago has tremendous influence in the life of people today. The western civilization has a crucial link with the western roman empire, which emerged from feudalism. There are various historical episodes and events that took place in the Western nations that marked the occurrence of western civilization. This occurrence include the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, as well as religious wars. It is worth noting that the western civilization ...

Introduction

Christianity has several denominations but in order to understand it well I would like to focus on the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church is one or if not the oldest denominations of Christianity and also the most popular denomination. Due to its long historical background on Christianity it is an appropriate case study.so I visited St.Peters basilica church at around may this year and it was summer in the place with a friend of mine.at our time of visit the congregation was composed of generally everybody from the youth to the elderly.so we came across one of the altar ...

Arguably, Christianity has undergone tremendous changes in the world. Protestant reformation is one of the 16th century breaks within Christianity in the western region; it was initiated by John Calvin, Martin Luther, as well as early Protestants. As a matter of fact, Protestant Reformation took place in the year 1517-1648. These reformers objected various issues that took place in the Roman Catholic Church, such as rituals, ecclesiastical structure and doctrines. As a matter of fact, protestant reformation was one of the responses on the appalling corruption that took place in the papacy.
In fact, there were various causes of ...

Predestination vs. Free Will: The Dispute between Augustine and Pelagius

In the early centuries after the Catholic Church had become the official religion of the Roman Empire there were numerous theological disputes on a wide variety of subjects that were resolved in church councils and synods, the most important of which were held at Nicea, Chalcedon and Ephesus in the 4th and 5th Centuries. One of the most significant of these conflicts was between the free will beliefs propounded by the Irish monk Pelagius versus the predestination doctrine of Augustine, the bishop of Hippo in North Africa, which remained ...