Essays on Oxygenation

Patients with hypertension, coronary heart disease, and congestive heart failure have a high risk of developing impaired tissue perfusion and deep vein thrombosis. In this case, Mr. X, 71 years of age has a history of lower leg cellulitis and venous stasis ulcers in both extremities. Based on clinical and nursing diagnosis, Mr. X was known to have impaired tissue perfusion and the risk of developing deep vein thrombosis. Nursing diagnosis also revealed an altered body image due to psychosocial reasons and current health status (Mitchell C. 2016). Abnormal flow or maldistribution of blood circulation associated with selective vasoconstriction, ...

Abstract

Medical personnel working in the emergency department encounter many cases of patients suffering from life threatening conditions. It is important, therefore, that the healthcare provider determines the exact extent of the injuries before the patient is committed to specialized treatment. In this case, a patient presents to the emergency department with a life threatening condition, renal failure. Assessing the vital signs of the patient is critical in ensuring survival, in addition to reducing or mitigating the extent of the injuries. The assessment was achieved via a primary survey of the patient, which involved assessing the airway patency, breathing and ...

ICU Observation Evidence-based Practice

ICU Observation Evidence-based Practice

Introduction of the Patient

The patient goes by the name T.P. A 72-year-old male who’s a retired truck driver. He’s immediate family includes his wife, daughter, and grandson (10 years old who is autistic and has turrets syndrome). He is currently diagnosed with myocardial infarction and altered mental state. The past medical history of this patient shows that he has suffered a lot of diseases including hypertension, diabetes mellitus Type 2, congested heart failure, peripheral neuropathy, CKD-3, CAD, dementia, chronic kidney disease and GERD.

The primary medical diagnosis is myocardial infarction which refers to regional myocardial necrosis ...

1. What is the underlying mechanism of M.A.'s asthma? What are the three airway responses that occur during an asthma episode?

An autoimmune response to allergens from cats and plants is the underlying mechanism for the patient’s condition. These allergens, though nonpathogenic, trigger an inflammatory cascade wherein lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells exert their effects on the respiratory tract (Linzer 87). As an example, B lymphocytes synthesize immunoglobulin E which helps signal the release of histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandin and cytokines which are proteins that promote vasodilation and hyperactivity in mucus-producing goblet cells (Murdoch & Lloyd 27). Prostaglandin causes the smooth muscles in the airway to constrict. Along with vasodilation and increased mucus production, bronchial constriction ...

- Review of the Functions of the Skeletal System

The skeletal system has about six general functions in the body of an organism. It is indicated that the skeletal system forms a vital section of the body because there are other numerous functions that particular bones perform in the body. These different bones are situated in the various parts of the body according to their functionality. The first function of the skeleton is the provision of support to softer tissues as well as giving points of attachment for most of the skeletal body muscles. The body tissues and muscles could ...

Asthma is a chronic airway disease that is difficult to manage because of numerous risk factors and complicated by poor self-management. This is a case study of acute severe asthma triggered by viral respiratory infection and exercise in an Aboriginal female with chronic asthma. The discussion will include the diagnostic tests, patient assessment, care and interventions, medications, and nursing care performed or should have been performed. The expected outcomes will also be described.

An arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis was performed showing respiratory acidosis and mild hypoxaemia. Above normal PaCO2 and below normal pH meant the lungs could not eliminate carbon ...

- Introduction Radiations such as  - rays, UV rays, etc. have ionizing effects on tissues and have the ability kill cells and inactivate viruses. A detailed analysis of the survival of such cells and viruses are imperative in many fields, including radiation oncology, public health and environmental photobiology. However, the mathematical and statistical tools based on target theory in radiobiology are mentioned in literature (Alpen, 1988, Smith, 1989, Hall, 2000) and are wide in use in the analysis of experimental data involving biophysical mechanisms of the repair of radiation damage. This work demonstrates the use of probabilistic approaches ...

Introduction

Engineering has been hand in hand with sports, however, this relationship has been overlooked by many individuals including the engineers as well as athletes themselves, however; the last two decades have shown that people are beginning to recognize the critical role played by engineering in the enhancement of the performance of sportsmen and women (Czyzewski, 2011). Athletic possess a very technical side which has a strong relationship with engineering that is analyzed can reveal a lot of aspects that can be enhanced through engineering. Engineering has made it possible to analyze athletes using computers in order to determine their skills and athleticism using ...

Introduction

The comfort line theory is a Mid-Range theory applicable in pediatric nursing. It was written by Katherine Kocalba who was born in 28th December 1944 in Cleveland, Ohio. In the year I965, she attained a Diploma in nursing from St. Luke’s Hospital and then proceeded to acquiring a PHD in 1987 from BSN- France Payne Bolton SON. In 1997 she became a Clinical Nursing Specialist and is now currently the Associate Professor at Akron College of Nursing of all the Nursing Emeritus at the university. She developed the Comfort Theory in the 1990’s mainly directing it for the women who ...

This example involves a pharmaceutical company that is testing a new medication to change oxygenation levels. In one group the subjects received the experimental drug while in the other group the subjects did not receive the drug. Subjects in each group were then measured on oxygenation levels. This is not a reversal design in which the groups then are switched in terms of condition. Therefor it is an independent samples test, comparing the means for two different groups. The question posed is whether the mean oxygenation level for Group I (treatment group), is the same as the mean oxygenation level for ...

- Scope and purpose of the clinical practice guideline Surgical infection is a healthcare associated infection where a wound infection occurs after an invasive/ surgical procedure (Gruendemann & Mangum, 2001). Other types of infections that occur especially for surgical patients include urinary tract infection, bacteraemias, anti-biotic- related diarrhea and postoperative respiratory. Surgical infections are usually experienced with the first seven to ten days after the operation/ surgery to a life threatening postoperative complication. Some of these include a sterna infection, which occurs after an open heart surgery. Surgical infections, at least most of them, are caused by contamination of an incision with micro-orgasms ...

Literature Review and Resources

Surgical site infections (SSI) are the typical type of infections that occur in a wound caused by invasive surgical process. This type of infections is the prevalent causes of healthcare-associated infections. Most patients who undergo a surgical procedure always fall victim of surgical site infections. In minor cases, these infections do occur after the patient is discharged from hospital. It is of great significance to note that, surgical site infections can range from a normal trivial wound discharge without any apparent complication to an adversely complicated condition. This type of infection is related to morbidity, a considerable statistic of postoperative deaths is related ...

Management of the Postsurgical CABG Patient

Management of the Postsurgical CABG Patient Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is a recommended treatment for coronary heart disease (CHD). In the United Kingdom, around 2.7 million people have been diagnosed with this condition (NHS, 2012). The aim of surgery is to relieve angina and shortness of breath by improving the flow of blood to the heart (Parry et al., 2010). These symptoms cause severe discomfort and distress as well as limit the amount and type of physical activity a patient may engage in. Surgery helps patients attain a higher quality of life referred to as satisfaction with life ...

Introduction

Human brain is a complex organ and so are its diseases. Over the years numerous techniques, devices and processes have been developed that can help us to correctly access and diagnose the problem areas and provide solutions to them (14). Computer controlled delivery of carbon dioxide is a method that is conducted with the help of a gas blender that works to supply and alter carbon dioxide to the brain creating tensions in the brain (10) (16).

Carbon dioxide challenge

Changes in the carbon dioxide tensions in the brain are capable of sufficiently affecting the Brain and its functioning (1) . Due to increased carbon dioxide ...

Oxygen and Respiratory Disease

Part 1: Introduction Oxygen and respiratory complications are closely associated with oxygen therapy. Long term oxygen treatment can help to make the quality of one’s life better. Oxygen therapy help COPD patients and those with hypoxaemia, low oxygen levels to live longer. Even if oxygen is prevalently used in hospitals, it has often been wrongly prescribed causing further complications to patients. The major indication for oxygen therapy is the respiratory failure. Respiratory failure involves the failure to keep up adequate gas exchange. Documentation in a number of hospitals fails to record the respiratory rate and other vital signs ...

A condition affecting the system of veins in legs with venous hypertension resulting in different pathologies that involve swelling, ulcerations, pain, skin changes, and edema is called chronic venous insufficiency (Eberhardt and Raffetto, 2005). It is necessary to understand normal venous function and anatomy to analyze the venous insufficiencies pathology. The peripheral venous system serves as a conduit returns blood into the heart and as a reservoir where blood is stored. Appropriate operation of the peripheral venous system is dependent on a series of muscle pumps and valves (Eberhardt and Raffetto, 2005). Blood entering the venous system of lower extremities has ...

Renal compensatory mechanisms

Severe anemia causes the redistribution of blood supply to vital organs such as the brain and heart. This results in a decrease in renal blood flow causing the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system. Activation of this system results in increased production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands. Aldosterone causes increased retention of salt and water by the kidneys. This compensatory mechanism increases blood volume and renal blood flow without altering tissue hypoxia in other organs (Gaspad, 2005 as cited in Coyer & Lash, 2008).

Pituitary gland

The decrease in renal blood flow also stimulates the production of anti-diuretic hormone which increases ...

Oxygen is essential to the survival of all body cells. The supply of oxygen to those cells is maintained via the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an integral part of the cardiovascular system which is maintained by the heart, blood vessels and blood. The three main subtypes of circulatory systems that occur in humans are the systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation and coronary circulation. All the three types of circulation are dependent on one another to maintain the supply of oxygen to and removal of carbon dioxide from the body tissues.

Pulmonary circulation serves as the link between the ...

Smoke inhalation injuries in fire victims

The clinical manifestations of acute and chronic smoke inhalation injuries are due to two processes; one, the direct effects the inhaled substances have on the respiratory system that is, pulmonary injuries and the systemic effects induced by the toxic gases such as cyanide and carbon monoxide absorbed. Pulmonary injuries can further be categorized into those affecting the upper airway and those below the level of the glottis. Smoke inhalation triggers a systemic inflammatory response. Diagnosis of smoke inhalation injuries is based on the presenting symptoms and a battery of diagnostic tests majorly blood gas analysis.

Body

Injuries of the upper airway occur ...

Circulatory and respiratory Systems: An anatomical and physiological analysis

Circulatory and respiratory systems form the most important organ systems in any animal as they are both responsible for transporting the life sustaining element of oxygen to every cell and tissue in the body, while also collecting the wastes and disposing of them through various organs. However, the anatomy and the physiology of these systems differ radically in each classification of animals, in effect throwing light on the various stages of evolution in different types of animals. In this paper we shall discuss the circulatory and respiratory systems in four animals with regards to their anatomy and physiology so ...

Introduction

Bronchiolitis is an infection in the lower tract of the respiratory system common amongst children. “The major cause of the infection is RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) accounting for over 90% of infections in Australian children and infants” (Lenney 2009, p. 36). Globally, it is a leading cause of infant hospitalization being associated with increasing morbidity rates and costs in recent decades. For instance, it was reported that 21% of infants in North America developed the disease in the first year of their life, with an annual cost of $390 million annually (Checchia 2008). In the UK, the infant death rate ...