Behaviorism College Essays Samples For Students

Have learning styles changed over time? If we think about Gardner’s multiple intelligences, or the range of learning styles that have been identified since the second half of the twentieth century, some might say ‘yes’. But, in fact, people have not changed so drastically since the institutionalization of formal schooling in the 18th Century, or since the onset of the Internet generation (otherwise known as the Millennials). What has enabled the genesis of learning styles to emerge is a better understanding of pedagogy. For far too long the only way to learn was through the sage on the stage ...

Social learning theory and traditional behaviorism are both theories that involve reward and punishment in molding an individual’s behavior. Experience is vital to learn concepts and ideas but personal and environmental factors as well as the interpretation of learning and reinforcement is quite different between the two cognitive theories. How does social learning theory differ from traditional behaviorism?
According to social learning theory, a behavior may be obtained from a direct learning experience or by observing the behavior of others (Bandura, 1971). Actions that produce unfavorable consequences are rejected thus a pattern of behavior is created. Social learning theory views ...

Lifespan Perspective of Human Development

The lifespan of any living thing are the various stages a person undergoes from birth until death. Famous psychologists, Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson have divided these phases into separate stages that every individual undergoes. The lifespan perspective has its roots in three main concepts; biological, socio-cultural, and individual influences. Even though development is a lifelong process but the rate of development declines over the years as a result of ageing. There are several theories on lifespan development which include; cognitive, behaviorism, social, psychoanalytic, and psychosocial. Psychologists who have developed theories based on these schools of thought have taken differing approaches towards ...

Introduction

The psychological field is familiar with the difference of B.F. Skinner and John Watson’s theoretical perspectives. However, none of the two differs as much as Edward Tolman’s perspectives. One of his popular assertions is that his believes in the importance of every aspect in the psychological field. In addition, all those aspects can undergo investigation through perpetual theoretical and practical analysis of rat demeanor determiners in a maze (Pickren & Rutherford, 2010). These different perspectives are captivating and are popular in this era’s modern psychology. This paper will generate a fair comparison and contrast on Skinner and Watson’s ...

Theories of psychology

Understanding psychology in the present times is a complicated affair. There are many approaches that have been upheld by prominent psychologists and social scientist in the study of psychology. The most prominent among all these theories are: behaviorism perspectives, cognitive theory of psychology and structuralism perspective of psychology (McGuire, 2004). These theories hold different views and work on different assumptions and principles. They were founded at different times in history, but bear some similarities. This paper gives brief explanations of all these theories, examples to illustrate them and a brief discussion of the roles of all these theories in psychology today. ...

Abstract

The paper is dedicated to the study of origin of behaviorism, its main principles and contribution that it made into psychology. To get the necessary information, literature review was conducted with the results of the studies analyzed so as to meet the purpose of the study. First, definition of behaviorism is provided, followed by description of three main periods that existed in the history of behaviorism – Watson’s behaviorism, Skinner’s neobehaviorism and social behaviorism. Then the main mistakes of behaviorism are defined and conclusion is made as to the contribution of behaviorism into psychology. In particular, it is ...

Adolescents face a variety of unique stressors and circumstances once they reach the secondary school level. Regardless of the country of origin or the type of school system that the student is attending, there are problems that are unique to the developing social skills and greater world awareness that comes with adolescence. Teachers and other adult caregivers who are tasked with guiding adolescents through this tumultuous time in their lives are faced with unique challenges as well, and the field of psychology has provided a number of different theories and methods for addressing the issues of learning during adolescence. Both behaviorist ...

Abstract

My disposition toward adult learning is very much situated toward behaviorist adult learning theories and the notion of learners being engaged with the material and the instructor in classroom practice. Through active engagement with the subjects at hand, critical thinking skills are applied and I actually have their attention. This is accomplished through varying activities, as well as debate and discussion fuelled by logic and reasoning; the emphasis on positive learning behaviors and developing them is at the heart of my teaching.

In my own study of adult learning and adult education, I have come across many different ways ...

Behaviourism aims to identify observable, quantifiable laws in order to explain human behaviours. At least three kinds of behaviourism have been recognised. These are structuralism, methodological behaviourism and radical behaviourism (Strawbridge). Although psychology now focuses more on the internal matters of thought and emotions, behaviourism has had a long-lasting impact on countless issues (Behaviourism). However, the use of behaviourism has several major problems.
Firstly, whilst Skinner aligns his theory with Darwin's, there are contradictions between the two. For example, Darwin claims that humans are continually improving themselves to acquire better self-control. However, to raise self-control means to raise free-will, ...

A. Behaviorism, Constructivism, and Cognitivism

According to some of the scientific theories, learning is a steady change of a human behaviour in a specific situation which results in gaining an experience. This definition helps us to distinguish three main approaches to learning. These approaches are: behaviourism, cognitivism and constructivism.
The core of the approach of behaviourism lies in the increasing of the amount of observations. Such learning is successful when a person sees a certain perfect response for a specific stimulus for a few times.
In other words, behaviourism emphasizes that the results of such performances and the responses for the stimulus tend to ...

Perspectives - Compare and Contrast

Introduction

Psychology is a science that was started by early Greek philosophers who shared Plato’s principles. They mainly focused on the study of the mind’s functions. Behaviorism is a popular form of psychology that was established in the 19th century. It involves learning perspectives that are derived from different aspects of philosophy. Based on behaviorism, all organisms have distinct behavior, which involves thinking, acting and feeling. Behaviorists study how behaviors are learnt and reinforced. The study of behavior psychology began as a phenomenon, which aimed to help in situations like mental therapy and counseling. The methods and concepts of studying ...

Behaviorism is the worldview by some psychologists that learning is as a result of response to some external stimuli in the environment of an organism. This implies that the organism in question, or the learner, allows things to happen and does not influence them from within him/her, or rather, the organism is passive. Behaviorists do not subscribe to the existence of mental processes as being important determinants to learning, they believe that learning starts at a point referred to as tabula rasa, loosely translated as “blank slate” (Schnaitter, 1987). Behaviorists, therefore, focus on the stimuli, the response to the ...

Several psychological theories have evolved due to the desire of understanding more the behavior of humans. Not all were accepted but are still considered to belong to the history of psychology.
Behaviorism as a psychological theory was primarily used from 1920’s to 1950. Several psychologists support the behaviorism theory like Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, Skinner, Hull and Bandura. In the behaviorism theory, it treats psychology as a science and is concern with the observable behavior of humans and animals. The behaviorist argues that these observable behaviors can be objectively measured while those of the cognitive couldn’t. The environment shapes ...

Psychology of Criminal Behavior

In the contemporary world, not a day goes by without numerous reports of acts contrary to the law thus obliging the criminal justice system to play its indispensable role in comprehending and rehabilitating offenders into law-abiding citizens. Renowned psychologists such as John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner as well as Edward Thorndike through their theories in fields of behaviorism and operant conditioning exemplify the underlying concept by which the Criminal Justice System is founded. This paper thus seeks to describe the theories of behaviorism and operant conditioning in relation to the criminal justice system. I will succinctly analyze how these theories ...

PROFESSORINSTITUTION

Operant Conditioning 2
Introduction
Operant conditioning is a type of learning where a subject’s behavior is modified through antecedents and consequences. The concept was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov who was studying the digestive system of dogs. The theory of behaviorism was introduced by John B. Watson. Later, B.F. Skinner helped define the mechanics of behaviorism through his work. Over the years behaviorism has grown in popularity and scope. Research has shaped the practice of behaviorism as it has been adapted by many disciplines (education, psychology). The most popular use of Behavioral Therapy today is found in treating ...

Introduction: An Overview

Cognition is a mental process used in acquiring knowledge, and how this knowledge is used. This encompasses features like judging, memory, sensation, and thinking. Hence, it shows how human beings get information, apply it in their daily living, and transform their lives accordingly. Cognition and the mind are closely interrelated since the mind processes information and how such information is used. Cognition can be classified into two types: conscious or unconscious; and natural or artificial (Lovett, 2013). Since time immemorial, it has been considered an abstract characteristic of living organisms and over the years been studied as a property of the ...

Introduction

Over the years, psychology has become an important science, alongside more traditional sciences such as chemistry and physics. According to the American Psychological Association (2011), psychology is:
“the study of the mind and behavior. The discipline embraces all aspects of the human experience — from the functions of the brain to the actions of nations, from child development to care for the aged. In every conceivable setting from scientific research centers to mental health care services, "the understanding of behavior" is the enterprise of psychologists” (Support Centre, 2011).

There are various approaches to psychology, namely behavioural, cognitive, humanist, psychoanalytic ...

Introduction

Over the years, psychology has become an important science, alongside more traditional sciences such as chemistry and physics. Psychology is “the study of the mind and behavior. The discipline embraces all aspects of the human experience — from the functions of the brain to the actions of nations, from child development to care for the aged. In every conceivable setting from scientific research centers to mental health care services, "the understanding of behavior" is the enterprise of psychologists” (APA).

There are various approaches to psychology, namely behavioural, cognitive, humanist, psychoanalytic and biological. The approaches vary widely, and have varied in ...

Introduction

Politics is an interesting phenomenon that has been around since time immemorial. However, the scientific approach towards understanding politics may have emerged recently when its study was institutionalized and made as an organized discipline. Most scholars believe that politics, as a science, started in the United States somewhere in the 20th century (Berndtson, 2009, p.1; Easton, 2012, p.134). As observed, “political science as an academic discipline was first established in the United States and that it was only after the Second World War, when politics was made a separate field of study at European universities” (Berndtson, 2009, p.1). Many ...

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Introduction

Psychology is the branch of science which deals with the study of the mind. It has a further sub-category of behaviorism which is the study of behavior. But the extent of Behaviorism Psychology had flaws. Scientists and researchers needed something more in-depth and advanced to study the internal mental states. Behaviorism only dealt with the external behavior that a person observed. This gave birth to Cognitive Psychology.
Cognitive Psychology better interlinks itself with linguistics, neuroscience and philosophy. The development of cognitive psychology circled back to the ...

Cognitive psychology is one of the important disciplines to human cognitive understanding. It is actually a science that focuses on investigating human mental abilities. These mental abilities include understanding, thinking, reasoning, perceiving, remembering, as well as learning. In most cases, cognitive psychology is compared to aspects of behaviorism. As a matter of fact, cognitive psychology focuses on them nature of human psyche that cannot be observed and uses the abstracts constructs in producing the observable behaviors. In defining cognitive psychology it is worth noting that the discipline is related to linguistics, neuroscience, and philosophy. The contemporary study of cognitive psychology rests ...

Introduction

Management science and organizational behavior are important features in a productive business enterprise. As a part of a team several times in my life, experiences had taught me to place a great deal of emphasis on control either I have been the person in control as exemplified in the playground photo or the person controlled through the administration for the educational system in the form of education. . The third photo is the ultimate control involving money and wealth which people seek in order to facilitate life’s necessities and enjoyments. Financial rewards are very often the controlling factor in ...

Psychology is a discipline studying human behavior and mental processes. It is a scientific study which includes diversity of perspectives and approaches. When psychology appeared there were two main theoretical perspectives such as functionalism developed by William James and structuralism discovered by Wilhelm Wundt. Functionalism was focused on exploring human behavior, mental processes and its cause. This very approach was the one which made an important contribution to contemporary psychology. In 1879 Wundt opened his laboratory devoted to psychology, it is considered that he also separated psychology from philosophy.
Nowadays there are several main perspectives in psychology which search ...

Benjamin Samuel Bloom.

Born on 21st February 1918 in Lansford Pennsylvania, Benjamin Bloom’s work on the taxonomy of educational objective and cognitive domain made a massive impact towards learning and development (Guskey 2012, pp. 56). His work set-forth the hierarchy of learning, beginning of factual knowledge, and leading through understanding. Bloom’s cognitive domain touched on six levels of physical development; knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
Bloom identified the simplest recall and recognition of facts, referred as knowledge, as the lowest level in the cognitive domain through an increasingly, abstract, and complex mental level to the highest level classified ...

Introduction to Learning Theories

The learning theories as proposed by psychologists fall into one of various perspectives or paradigms, namely behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism. These are briefly explained below:

Behaviorism

The leading founders and advocates of this theory were John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov
The basic theme is stimulus-response. All human behaviors are as a result of external stimuli. Such behaviors can be elucidated without considering internal mental conditions or syndromes

The learners are considered as passive, however they respond to environmental stimulus

The behavior of the person may be due to reinforcement and there are increased chances that behavior would ...

Introduction

Employers have a duty of ensuring that they are able to adequately determine the various ways that they may use in order to be able to teach them new skills about improving their production in the company. Various theories have been formulated in order to explain the various ways that individuals may learn. This essay will stipulate the various theories that have theories that have been developed to explain the various methods of learning and further how these principles may be used by the managers to help their employees to learn.

Learning Theories and their Principles

Behaviorism
Behaviorism may be defined as the process ...

DISCUSSION

The crux behind the behavior perspective is that external forces or events drive the behavior of the individual. In the argument of nature versus nurture, behaviorism suggests that the environment shapes a person through a series of experiences (Feldman, 2013). Said experiences mold the perspective of the individual later in life, and thus making them react in certain ways to certain future events.
A poor childhood, for example, could result in a prolonged, or yearning for a childhood, or childlike things later in life. Also, a tragically spent youth could potentially result in empathy toward young people, or a ...

Introduction

Born in the year 1904 in a Pennsylvanian town, B. F. Skinner is a world known psychologist (Kuhlmann 8). He embarked on the development of his human behavior ideas after earning a doctorate from the University of Harvard. Skinner showed a peculiar interest in making different contraptions and gadgets at a very early age. While he was studying at the Hamilton College, he developed a writing passion. He attempted to work his way into becoming a prolific writer after his graduation, but this turned out as a huge failure (Kuhlmann 8). After this is when Skinner decided to pursue a totally different course with his life and study ...

Psychology refers to the scientific study of human and animal behavior. The word “psychology” derived from two Greek words psyche and logia. Psyche means breath, spirit and soul while logia means study of something. Medilexicon medical dictionary defines psychology as science and scholarly discipline concerned with the behavior of humans and animals, and related to physiological and mental processes. The complexity of the mind puts into question how psychologists study the mind and brain. Psychology, like other scientific disciplines experiments, to confirm or negate theories and expectations. The raw data for a psychologist is human or animal behavior. Psychologists ...

When it comes to understanding the human brain, as well as its capacity to learn, various complex theories are brought forward by different psychologists. The ability of the human brain to learn language has been explained by various linguists and psychologists using different theories (Berwick, 2009). The most prominent theories advanced so far are: the nature theory, which emphasizes the fact that the human brain is specially structure for language, and the nurture theory which argues that human capacity to understand and use language is solely attributable to the environment. The two theories are extremist theories since the nature ...

Workplace Safety

This paper discusses the behavior-based approach in promoting workplace safety. It discusses how this approach largely involves the employees and how an organization’s management team must provide a supportive environment in order to facilitate the implementation of the various components that the approach entails. The behaviorism theory is also discussed as the basis for this approach where it is proposed that people behave in response to antecedents and that their behaviors are either repeated or avoided based on the consequences. Moreover, this paper discusses some of the advantages to using this approach as supported by empirical evidence that is ...

The character I chose for a reflective journal is John B. Watson. He is a representative of behaviorism and one of the most important persons in American psychology. It is essential to note that his views prevailed in American psychology for 50 years, and nowadays his ideas in altered form are still important. However, I am impressed by his points of view, behavioral, and radical experiments with a child.
John B. Watson launched the behaviorist movement, rejected the philosophy of the past, the method of introspection, and mentioned that mental events were beyond the pale of scientific psychology. Unfortunately, ...

There are many theories as to how a person may become who he or she is. Some people believe that they are directly shaped by the events that happen in a person’s past, while other thinkers state that people go through different dialectical stages that led up to one’s current state. In this sense, there are many elements that one must be aware of in order to adequately analyze one’s life development.
Three of the most important development theorists are B. F. Skinner, John Watson and Erik Erikson; these three men founded Operant Conditioning, Behaviorism and ...

Bill Gates, as any outstanding personality is unique. However, today we will not argue with those who criticize him. We will apply the golden rule of business, which reads: "Learning should be from the successful people." We will talk about what events from the biography of Gates and the quality of his character helped him to become what he is.
He is the legendary founder of Microsoft, who is also the richest man in the world for over ten years. He is a charismatic business leader, innovator, has a knight title in the UK and is the father of ...

All humans lie. I do believe that. Can you tell when someone is lying? What do you do when you are lied to? Do liars have different brain structure? Why do we choose to deceive ourselves? The Radiolab broadcast entitled “Deception” addresses each of these questions. The broadcast consists of three sections: Catching Liars, People Who Lie, and Lying to Others. Each section explores deception through interviews with various professionals. In each section, many psychological perspectives can be detected. Although I found each section intriguing, it is the last section that really brought up thought-provoking questions in the area ...

Section A: Learning Theories in the Big World

During the course of this semester, the process of gaining insightful information regarding the different learning theories allowed me to appreciate the different techniques used to facilitate learning. During the first part of the course, I was able to learning five learning theories which enable me to see how learners process insights and gain knowledge from them through the techniques proposed ...

Cognitive psychology refers to the study of mind and related mental processes including memory, learning, thought, and perception. It is based on the idea that brain can be considered as the complex computing system. Cognitive psychology is not only based on working of the mind but also on the constitution of the mind that results in the formation of cognitive theory and related hypotheses. In this study, psychologists try to find the processing of mind in producing a behavior. This field of psychology is comparatively new as compared to other branches of psychology. However, its foundations can be extended back ...

There are many theories that attempt to explain human behavior, each with a different and unique approach. From developmental and humanist theories, to behavioral and cognitive, psychological theories have allowed society to better understand human thought and behavior, as well as allowed mental health professionals a variety of approaches in which they can provide effective therapeutic interventions to assist clients in improving areas of their lives. Many psychological theories are comprised of a variety of related, but different theories, which lead to an expanded view of human behavior. The theorists that have contributed to the field of psychology have assisted in a allowing ...

Behavioral therapy refers to a therapy which is deeply rooted in behaviorism principles. Behaviorism focuses on the idea that people learn from their environment and the ultimate in behavioral therapy is to eliminate maladaptive behaviors and at the same time reinforce desirable behaviors. The techniques used in behavioral therapy have a strong basis on operant conditioning and classical conditioning theories. Unlike other kinds of therapy which have strong roots in insight, behavioral therapies are action based. It focuses on using similar learning strategies which results in the formation of unwanted or maladaptive behaviors and other new behaviors. As a result of this, behavioral therapy ...

Human behaviour is one of the most studied subjects in the world today. The complexity of human behaviour has elicited a colossal amount of research by psychologists seeking to understand some of the behavioral trends exhibited by human beings. Consequently, these psychologists have advanced several theories that explain some of the fundamental aspects of human behaviour. Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable human behaviour. Theories of behaviorism emphasize behavioral changes that result from a stimulus-response association that is made by a learner. The proponents of this theory regard all human behaviour as a sort of response to natural stimuli (Becker, 1963). The immediate ...

There are many aspects to the field of psychology, and this has led to separate perspectives of psychology that have developed as approaches to understanding the mind and behavior. The major perspectives of psychology are Psychodynamic, Behaviorist, Cognitive, and Evolutionary; and they are based on very different underlying assumptions (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). The brain is also an integral factor in psychology as well as the biological processes occurring throughout the nervous system, and behavioral neuroscience is a field which studies these processes in relation to behavior (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). This paper will examine the main assumptions of the perspectives of ...

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Adult learning principles vary dramatically from pedagogic principles. The motivation for an adult to learn differs dramatically from that of a child. These differences were first highlighted by Malcolm Knowles who is also known as the father of adult learning. Adults’ learning motivation comes from an immediacy need directly linked to their everyday roles. An adult learner primarily looks at relevance in learning to improve on-job performance and behavior. The classic paradigm of pedagogic learning – learning by rote is not applicable in the case of adults. The predominant difference between and adult and a ...

Introduction

In the United States alone, statistics show that one in every four women experience domestic violence (NCADV, n.d.). The National Coalition against Domestic Violence (NCADV) reported that around 1.3 million women in the US have been victimized and subjected to physical assault by their partners. Although domestic violence affects both men and women, NCADV reiterated that 85 percent – the majority – of all victims are women. Other alarming facts about domestic violence is that in most cases, women do not report these violent incidents to the police due to fear. Moreover, in families, children witness violence between their parents, which ...

For a long time crime was blamed on social issues such as unemployment and to personality disorders as the root of criminal behavior. Impulsiveness and lack of empathy are the key indicators of criminal behavior. Psychology in criminal psychology tries to explain criminal behavior as a result of individual factors that lead to criminal thoughts and underdeveloped cognition. Psychoanalysis of crime causation is constructed using the following assumptions:
- Human psychology cannot be generalized to population aggregates; however it should focus on the individual for analysis.
- The driving element to psychology is personality as it reveals the trait ...

Western civilization has often tried to segregate variations from the established social norm. Prisons, universities and mental institutions were devised as a way to ghettoize those who think and act differently from others, giving them a place in society that is, at the same time, out of it. In the case of the latter of these organizations, in the 1960s there was much questioning of the nature of the people that truly deserved to be in it, and even if this was a proper separation or not. Many believed that this was a form of social oppression, with the psychiatrists holding excessive control ...

Learning is one of the most significant events in which persons participate. A theory is an amalgamation of diverse intertwined together in an effort to clarify whatever the scheme (Schunk, 2000). Humanist learning approach views learning as a purpose of the whole individual and cannot take place except both mental and emotional areas are elaborate. It is used to assist Alzheimer’s patients recover in managing their health.
Cognitive learning theories are founded on how individuals reason. Information is gotten from the senses of an individual and is transferred to working short term memory. On the practice, the information ...

There are many reasons for hearing loss during adulthood, a situation reflected in governmental data that approximately 2 - 3% of the population between 16 and 64 has hearing difficulty (United States Census Bureau, 2010; Skinner, 1993). Aging is just one factor within the hearing equation, so it is important that medical professionals acknowledge and address the effect of hearing loss in younger people. In particular, the disability addressed by this paper is hearing loss that occurs during the working years, thus excluding childhood and old age related hearing loss. Although hearing loss during any time of life has major ...

The role played by nature and nurture in human development and behavior is a subject that arouses interest among many behavioral psychologists. Proponents of Nature argue that inborn qualities (such as genetic material and inheritance) play a major role in shaping an individual’s development and behavior, while proponents of Nurture, on the other hand, argue that experience and learning determines an individual’s development and behavior to a great extent. When it comes to first language acquisition, ‘nativists’ believe that human beings are born with the capacity for language development, while, on the contrary, behaviorist theorists believe that first language acquisition ...

Learning - Methodology and Patterns

- INTRODUCTION
The process of acquiring a second/foreign language has evolved and it is permanently changing, developing in order to facilitate as much as possible learners in their aim of learning a new language, but also teachers, in their task to teach a second/foreign language in an efficient manner.
It is becoming increasingly significant for teachers to be up to date with any developments in the process of efficiently preparing the methodology of a second/foreign language course and they need to permanently maintain an open mind and a pro – active approach to the new teaching methods, testing them in the classroom setting.
...

Learning Plan for Adult Patients with Stroke

Adults suffering from stroke or those surviving after a stroke are left with serious brain damages that leave them with weaknesses on certain body parts, which impair movement, talking, or thinking. As such, there is a reduced blood flow to the brain normally caused by blocked blood vessels or the blood vessels become too narrow to allow blood vessels to flow or at times the blood vessels burst making blood to cause damage to the brain through leakage. In turn, the brain cells in the affected areas die because of limited oxygen supply. Strokes are common in older people especially those ...

Forensic Psychology: the effectiveness of Offending Behavior Programmes

Introduction

Rehabilitation among offenders is achievable through deployment of various programs considered suitable in the context of the offender. One of such rehabilitative approaches is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which is more of a psychotherapeutic strategy with a principal objective of solving problems associated with dysfunctional emotions and behaviors in an orderly methodology that is goal oriented (Dattilio & Freeman, 2007). In the context of rehabilitation, CBT focuses on behavior therapy. Research studies have reported that CBT is one of the most effective rehabilitation strategies among offenders with minimal cases of recidivism. A key objective behind rehabilitation is to ensure that the offenders ...

It is not a surprise to hear people talk of early child hood in the current world and society. The amount of people conversing on childhood development is enormous and greatly increasing since the historical times. Various people have come up with various thoughts and definitions of the same word and several others theorized on what really it involves when someone talks of early child hood. The age at which early childhood starts has sparked a lot of debate and controversies such that up to now it is not clearly visualized when early child hood starts.

The agreement put forward though ...

Over time, a tremendous change has characterized cognitive science across its theoretical and applicative platforms. Research has been conducted to establish the cognitive perspective outlining the relationship between cognitive models and a teacher’s instructional approach (Xiong, Li, & Qu, 2015). Beliefs, goals, and knowledge influence the teachers’ cognitive modeling roles in the classroom by determining essential learning activities and decision-making processes.
Cognitive modeling learning activities give room for students to express their internal thoughts on their instructional activities and cognitive ideas in a well-structured market (Xiong et al., 2015). Cognitive models are founded on basic principles of cognition. A ...

While most people are familiar with a number of leading theorists in psychoanalysis, particularly Sigmund Freud, and possibly Adler and Jung, most people would not be familiar with Karen Horney, considered to be the “fist psychoanalytic feminist” (Hergenhahn & Henley 525). Horney disagreed with several concepts introduced by Freud, especially his focus on unconscious sexual motivation and the division of the self into 3 parts: id, ego, and superego. She believed that social experiences had a greater influence on the creation of self. During the Depression, she found that her clients’ problems were caused by unemployment and the inability to ...

Learning a second language can be a challenging experience for a person of any age. The general population typically believes that second language acquisition or SLA is easier for children than adults. Some regard this as a myth while others insist it is true. Studies show that the way people learn languages at different ages can vary and that can affect the ease or difficulty in ability to learn. People learn a second language for many different reasons: a) individuals may be raised with two languages spoken in their home, b) students at school are often required to learn ...

Introduction

The field of psychology as an area of study consists of distinctive branches, each of which looks into human experiences, behavior, and mental process from a different point of view. For instance, cognitive psychology focuses on the study of human’s internal processes, such as what goes on in their minds, what motivates them as well as how they perceive people around them. Accordingly, as people’s curiosity in the relationship of the human brain and the behavioral responses in a cognitive task increased, many empirical and theoretical studies were conducted. The study of cognitive psychology has had a ...

Introduction

The exploration of the cognitive processes is crucial for the existence of the humanity. Evidently, cognition is a specific process of the mind’s interaction with reality. This process implies the examination of the external environment with the help of the senses, the usage of memory and experience in the formation of the behavioral strategy, and processing of the incoming information. Needless to say, that cognition is central to the existence of each individual. The entire civilization is based with the help of the accumulation of information and experience and its further usage to create qualitatively new technical devices ...

Learning is an experience, and as a teacher, I am entitled to create this experience for the learner. While a teacher can only provide the experience, it is up to the learner to utilize this experience for enhancing his performance or knowledge. For example, I will try to teach the students English spellings. Behaviorism theories can be used to explain a learning process that will lead to an observable and measurable changes in the student’s behavior, which in this case is his ability to spell English words, correctly.
Pavlov Classical conditioning and Skinners Operant conditioning are examples of ...

Abstract and Introduction

The Investigations is one of the most highly influential works published in the 20th century in the field of philosophy. The work was written by Wittgenstein. There are numerous works in the field of philosophy and each of those works often has their own appeal or impact. In the case of The Investigations, the author focused on the philosophy of language use, specifically the different issues that he found the current language system have been using, that at the same time, he though were causing the different problems in the field of philosophy. In a nutshell, his work focused ...

Introduction

The study of mental processes and behavior, Psychology, is a rapidly growing field. Until recently Psychology was not accorded the importance it holds in our lives and in some parts of the world the importance of psychology is still largely under-rated. However psychology has time and again proved its effectiveness in cases where it has been used to correct mental problems and also improve lives. In a world where people are subjected to the pressure of achieving and where there are a lot of stress factors psychology is of great importance.

Body

Classical conditioning, a type of conditioning whose originator is Ivan Pavlov, involves ...