Court Literature Reviews Samples For Students

Literature review

Introduction to arbitration
International commercial arbitration is a method of solving disputes between international commercial institutions, as a result of disagreements arising between them during business interactions. It is a method that has been very much used in the recent past as a way to solve disputes easily since it does not follow formal agreements stipulated in legislative systems of the involved parties. These legal formalities are usually long, and the parties involved are mostly from different countries, with different legal backgrounds as well as cultural backgrounds, therefore, coming up with solutions normally becomes a very expensive and time consuming. This system of ...

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The Lawyer-Client Relationship
The lawyer-client relationship should be based on trust and confidentiality. Under no circumstances should a client lie to his or her lawyer as well as under no circumstances should a lawyer incriminate his or her client for telling them the truth. A problem in trust and confidentiality will result to poor lawyer-client relationship, which could significantly impact the outcome of a case. Trust and confidentiality problems arise when the client withholds some information from his lawyer for fear that his lawyer will back out. There are clients, for instance, who are guilty of doing ...

ACCORDING TO THE 2001 INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION'S ARTICLES ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES FOR INTERNATIONALLY WRONGFUL ACTS, WHAT ARE THE LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF BREACHES OF PEREMPTORY NORMS OF GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW AND WHO CAN INVOKE THEM?

Literature Review

The study of Marjan Ajevski “Serious Breaches, The Draft Articles on State Responsibility And Universal Jurisdiction” contemplates the issue of the responsibility of the states over the violation of the international norms. According to the author, the first attempts to define the framework of the state responsibility were made in 1976, when the distinction between the crimes and delicts was provided. Moreover, the ...

Political Science

Introduction
The concept or term “gerrymander” is about 200 years old and was coined in 1812 in reference to Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry and the salamander-like district that he helped to create. However, such practice can be traced back even before the term “gerrymander” was created. For the past generations, the federal courts refused to police either gerrymandering or malapportionment based on political question grounds. Grofman defines the concept of gerrymandering to the drawing of electoral district lines so as to assign unequal voting weights to cognizable political groups and has been considered as a noxious political practice. One ...

EFFECTIVENESS OF NO- HIGH SPEED CHASE policies by law enforcers

The main purpose of this research will be focused on the studying the effectiveness of no-high speed case of law enforcement agencies. The recent Supreme Court decision of Timothy Scott vs. Victor Harris which involved high-speed pursuits by law enforcement officers is one of the cases to be considered to test the effectiveness of no-high speed case policies by law enforcement agencies (Hoffman, 2007). In this particular case, it was the first time that a case was decided by the high court by taking into consideration a video of the incident which was also posted on its website to ...

What Hamlet Has Changed and What We Learn From Hamlet and Hamlet the Play by William Shakespeare

Information Hamlet Learns Concerning Events in Denmark
Hamlet learns about various events in Denmark and finds out more information concerning his family, friends, reality, and appearances, balancing thoughts, loyalty, polities, and love. The new information that Hamlet learns becomes essential in his life and influences his perception and conception about various aspects in life. Hamlet realizes that Denmark is filled with corruption and is on the verge of destruction. He finds out that ruthless scheming by many people starting with the palace, and royal treason troubles Denmark.

Family

Hamlet learns significant information concerning his family. First, he finds out ...

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

Juvenile delinquency is said to be an antisocial behavior exhibited by minors. (Quay, 1987) In the USA, most states would consider a juvenile to be between the ages of ten and eighteen, while a few others consider up to sixteen years of age as the limit. When crimes are committed by persons under these age range, they are commonly tried as a juvenile and not as an adult, which poses much difference from normal court proceedings.
Juvenile tried cases are mediated by judges instead of the usual trial by a jury of the peers. Moreover, unlike an adult case, juveniles ...

Introduction

America has the potential of reducing further the detrimental Juvenile crimes that are rampant in the US today if the Juvenile Justice will consider the Missouri model. United States have been one of the countries that have high cases of juvenile court cases. Statistics show that in every four Americans arraigned in court one of them has the capability of being a juvenile delinquent. California records high number of such incidences according to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). The rising number of crimes includes the Juvenile of Ex-offenders. This is somehow unnecessary since the US Juvenile System provides for ...

Introduction

This review intends to discuss the literature on Disclaimers in the context of HR Communications. Disclaimers are statements which appear in a document, action or in a communication in order to specify in advance the limits of legal possibilities, ownership, effects or reactions of these documents and actions and communications. Often the disclaimers are used as a tool to avoid predicted damages caused by possible legal actions. However, the legal validity of disclaimers in general is loose and is often dependent on the interpretation by the jurisdiction varying from case to case.
Disclaimers in the context of Human Resource Management include ...

There are two types of offenses that an individual (i.e. a defendant) may be charged with. The first one is a civil case and the other one is a criminal case. Civil cases are charges that are based on allegations that an individual or an organization (i.e. corporation or a government-related entity) has failed to fulfill his legal duty leading to damages or lost opportunities. Criminal cases, on the other hand, are where an individual is charged with an indictment for serious forms ...

Literature Review

Literature Review

Introduction

A large percentage of relationships are prone to violence. The evidence of strife in relationships denotes one party desire to maintain control over the other. The other party suffers intimidation and threats that is not subject to control. Due to the prevalence of the case in America, most of the cases are referred to family court mediation programs as an alternative to the litigation process.

Robinson (2009) asserts that the Independent Sexual Violence Advisor (ISVA) provides support to the victim of sexual violence. The ISVA create multi-agency awareness and dedicates to improve services for the sexual violence ...

Proposition 36 - Literature Review

Before 2000
The three strikes law commonly referred to as Proposition 36 has had a long history. It started in the year 1994 when the state passed Proposition 184, which allowed courts to convict a person from 25 years to lifetime if that person had two or more serious convictions for a violent felony in the past. It also qualified the courts to double a person’s penalty of a convict if had been convicted of a felony before (Farabee et al., 2004). The initial attitude was that it was mandatory in all qualifying cases. This attitude came to ...

Proposition 36 - Literature Review

Before 2000
The three strikes law commonly referred to as Proposition 36 has had a long history. It started in the year 1994 when the state passed Proposition 184, which allowed courts to convict a person from 25 years to lifetime if that person had two or more serious convictions for a violent felony in the past. It also qualified the courts to double a person’s penalty of a convict if had been convicted of a felony before. The initial attitude was that it was mandatory in all qualifying cases. This attitude came to change only in 1996 ...

Introduction

The several miscarriages of justice have been determined through the last years within the United Kingdom. However, current judicial system in the country is facing the radical question whether the justice system required the profound reformation. At first it should be said that miscarriage of justice represents the mishap and failure in achievement of certain goal. This failure exists in form of failure to attain the desired result which should be delivered by the state body having the judicial authority. The issue of efficiency in work of the Crown Prosecution Service in the prevention of the miscarriages in justice ...

The Chicago Tribune article titled High ranking US military officer goes on trial for sex charges had been published on March 4th 2014. The article is on the trail of Army Brigadier General Jeffrey Sinclair, who was earlier the deputy commander of the 82nd Airborne Division. Sinclair’s court martial is one of the few occurrences in the US armed forces that involved high ranking officers. He is only the third army general in over half a century to face court martial proceedings. The general, aged 51, is accused of forcing a junior woman officer to have sex and threatening her ...

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One of the most prolific plays of the 1950’s was The Crucible. Arthur Miller’s play about the Salem Witch Trials is a book that not only transcends time but also speaks to a wide audience. In the play the protagonist John Proctor is portrayed as a tragic hero, he makes mistakes in his comfortable life but by the end of it realizes his mistakes and dies on his path to self worth. He is his own worst enemy and is torn apart by his own guilt from the acts of lechery and adultery that ...

Domestic violence is one of the leading causes of death amongst women. Women are much more likely than men to be the victim of violence at the hands of their significant others or families, but handling the situation can be very delicate. If law enforcement officials and the legal system as a whole is not careful with the way it handles domestic violence cases, the violence can often escalate, ending in severe injury or death.
In the present paper, the different models for approaching domestic violence cases for individuals in positions of authority are investigated, as well as the ...

PART A

Question 1
Atticus Finch, although belonging to the white community, defends Tom Robinson, a subjugated black who stands of raping a white woman. Through his actions, Finch promotes equality and liberty, having a simple purpose of having justice served, regardless of race. However, he is opposed by the accusers; Mayella and her father Bob Ewell, while other members of the white community term him a "nigger-lover".
In the novel, Bob Ewell is portrayed as a villain. His disregard for other human beings and his uncaring attitude towards his own family reveal that he is a man of limited values. It is his hatred ...

In addition to the fact that Tiebout's assumptions are unrealistic, as mentioned before, even with these assumptions he did not provide a mathematical proof of the equilibrium in his article. Some scholars tried to formalize the model and suggest that the model does not work as we would expect from a pareto optimal general equilibrium model. Bewley (1981) showed that Tiebout equilibrium does not have a Pareto optimal solution unless we add some other restrictive assumptions to the model. He provided a series of examples which highlights the inefficiency of Tiebout model. Moreover, as the reviewed literature shows, relaxing Tiebout’s assumption does ...

The struggle for political power now - it is not a struggle of the party organizations or competition programs of their actions. It is a struggle of images, political images that create the rating, and image-makers, the press secretaries and the "stars" of show business, recruited at a time of political campaigns. The real personality and activity policies are needed only as an "information events", that is, serve as a kind of alibi for those who form the image. Replacing the actual political positions and actions, they ensure the success of the candidates, whose image, not a program or action, visualize and embody the ...

Written by Stephen Adly Guirgis, The last days of Judas Iscariot is a play about the trial of Judas Iscariot betrayal to Jesus Christ. The play starts with Henrietta Iscariot (the mother of Judas) who says, “The world tells me that God is in heaven, and my son is in hell. If my son is in hell then, there is no heaven. ” With the statement, Henrietta was defending Judas by insinuating that if Jesus died for human sin then her son might as well as be forgiven. The scene then changes to the courtroom where Judas is motionlessly sitting in a ...

Impact of Divorce on children

A divorce can be a very traumatic experience for a family, more so for young children. Not only do they have to face the insecurities arising from a broken family, there can more far reaching impacts on their well being. This paper seeks to review literature to evaluate whether children belonging to divorces families are more likely to suffer through domestic violence. Four research questions were formed to analyze this impact and have been discussed in the following sections.

Question 1: Who are most likely to go through abuse?

According to several researches, there are specific situations of some families such as financial stress, domestic violence, social isolation, marital conflict and single ...

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the many general similarities between Alice Walker’s "The Welcome Table" and Nadine Gordimer’s "Country Lovers", and the ways in which racism is presented by both writers. Both stories condemn the hypocrisy and attack the injustices of racist societies. Both stories have a symbolic element which is examined and discussed and the fact that both stories are set in very different societies and, therefore, have very different contexts and settings is always at the heart of the paper’s argument. Each story is also discussed and explored separately in order to focus on its individual qualities. ...

Introduction

It seems difficult to analyze democratic transition from the standpoint of international dimension both theoretically and practically because not so much literatures that discuss about what the external environment actually is and how it might contribute to domestic change (Cavatorta 2005). However, it does not mean that international context will be ignored in the analysis process because international factors might have impacts on the transition process through their connections with domestic actors particularly in terms of distribution of power and resources, which in turn have effect on how they will act (Cavatorta 2005). One thing to remember is a ...

Abstract

Rising rates of recidivism in the United States have developed concerns pertaining to the effectiveness of prisons as correctional facilities. In this study, the focus is to assess the suitability of faith-based correctional methods in promoting inmates reentry into the society. Some discussed methods include Inner change programs, prison chaplaincy, and meditational strategies. Several studies have indicated significant declines in recidivism rates among inmates who participated in these initiates. For example, Duwe & Johnson (2013) found that inmates who engaged in Inner change programs in Minnesota were less likely to be arrested by at least 8% compared to their counterparts ...

Abstract

Maintaining a highly effective waste management system is an important part of being a clean and green city. While this may not be the top priority for some countries, especially the developing ones—because keeping a clean and green city can be costly; there are countries that are making long term investments for a more effective waste management system in the future. This can be evidenced by the fact that even countries like Qatar and the city of Dubai are finding it hard to find the political and economic will to develop and enforce environmental law and regulations. If ...

Backgrounnd

In today's political climate, much discussion centers around the facts of marijuana policy in national discussions and debates. On the one hand are the scientific and medical policy discussion which consider continuously whether marijuana is in fact detrimental to your health or whether there are some if any benefits. On the other side of the fence are the social policy wonks who argue continuously over marijuana policy and its legal status in contemporary American jurisprudence. Marijuana legalization discussions are not simply a question of whether the law should permit the use and possession of marijuana (however, this is one ...

Question 1:

The civil rights era was an era that goes down in America’s history as the stepping stone for equality. It was characterized by events that were and are still celebrated as US’ most important stepping stones to full democracy. One of Martin Luther King’s most famous speeches, I Have a Dream, he gives some of the hopes that he desires to see. He describes his desire to see black people, referred to as “sons of former slaves”, living in harmony with the whites referred to as “the sons former slave owners” (James, 2004).
The Civil Rights Movement ...

The article that will be reviewed is “Factors Related to Recidivism for Youthful Offenders”. The purpose of the research is to determine what factors affect the possibility of recidivism among youth offenders who were previously in a detention facility. The study was conducted among juvenile offender populations in an urban and a rural county. The variables being tested which may affect recidivism are demographic, educational, mental health, substance dependence, and court-related
variables. The results of the study reveal that the youth offenders “with a previous diagnosis of conduct disorder, a self-reported previous suicide attempt, those who were older, and those who had ...

Divorce has become a common occurrence in the society today, and many individuals who take the extreme step of divorcing appear to have lost sight of the values and the vows that are associated with the institution of marriage. Many parents with growing children at home opt for divorce without realizing the damaging effects their one-time decision may have on the lives of their children. Even though divorce may be a relief to both the partners in marriage who find no further meaning in living together, it definitely is a life-transforming experience to their innocent children. For instance, after ...

Overcrowding or overpopulation in prisons is defined as a situation when prison(s) hosts more prisoners contrary to the certified normal accommodation (CNA) as stipulated in the establishment’s requirements (Garcia & Marco, 2012, p. 37). This can be validated when there is the scarcity of rooms for inmates to sleep. Besides, the inability of facilities to offer adequate meals or food, poor health care services for inmates, insufficient staff who can care for inmates and ensure their safety as well as the lack of designated accommodation facilities necessary for detaining separately various types of prisoners, more so those that ...

#1 The Trial of Martha Carrier, at the Court of Oyer and Terminer, Held by Adjournment at Salem, August 2, 1692 by Cotton Mather
The quote was said by Benjamin Abbot. Abbot was one of the people who gave testimony against Martha Carrier at the Salem Witch Trials. Currier stood trial accused of being a. witch. He alleged that she had caused a boil to form on his foot. Abbot then claimed that after his foot was lanced “several gallons of corruption ran out of it”. He then claimed that two more sores appeared, each requiring the doctor to ...

Literature Review

Forensic accounting is currently being applied to tackle issues of fraud in the entire world. Various empirical studies have been performed on the use of forensic accounting methods in fraud investigation. For instance, Dube, Njanke and Mashayanye (2009) in their study regarding the effectiveness of forensic auditing in preventing, detecting and investigating bank frauds, wanted to establish the extent to which the forensic auditors can fulfill their mandate using the forensic accounting techniques. Their study used personal interviews, questionnaires and document review as the data collection instruments. Applying a sample of twenty forensic auditors from ten commercial banks, three ...

The European renaissance was a time for people to rediscover philosophies from the Greek and Roman culture. These influences changed aspects to the English literature for the better. During the medieval times, dramas consisted of focusing on religious themes but with the rebirth the renaissance brought tragedies and comedies became the norm for stories and plays. Authors, such as William Shakespeare and Chaucer, began creating works that the held their beliefs on what the world and life were like. This paved the way for many other authors to base their literary works off of what they believed instead of ...

Introduction

The short story Country’s Lovers by Nadine Gordimer and the poem What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl by Patricia Smith are masterpieces in terms of their content and the themes that both pieces present to the readers. The overarching theme within both stories is the plight of the black woman in her social life. Country’s Lovers for example explains the vulnerability of the black woman in her romantic life. On the other hand, Smith’s poem explains the social hardships experienced by the black woman right from her tender age. This shows that there are ...

Introduction

Contemporary studies view parties as alliances of politicians whose ultimate objective is to win electoral office. Parties make promises on behalf of their candidates about what they will do if elected, and help improve chances of reelection for incumbents through their records of implementing their programs (Bawn et al. 571). It is plain to see how these parties might serve democracy. Citizens can give more effective direction to government by voting for a party instead of an individual. They create an incentive for responsible governance by holding an entire party rather than a single politician accountable for government actions (Bawn et ...

Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is a highly influential American novel for many reasons, not the least of which is the compelling, well-drawn and uniquely American character of Atticus Finch. A strong, paternal presence to his family and his community, Atticus is highly principled, hard-working and dedicated to a sincere sense of justice. Both in his parenting of Scout and his defense of Tom Robinson, Atticus’ virtue is shown throughout. While America may not always live up to the standards Atticus Finch himself sets, he represents a set of ideals that America hopes to strive towards, including equality, fairness and standing up ...

Tinham, B. (January 01, 2005). Visibility gives thought for food: Lean and agile multi-site supply chain operations are being delivered at Grampian Country Food, following implementation of new systems. Manufacturing Computer Solutions.
The article involves a study on implementation of Lean and agile multi-site supply chain operations at Grampian County Food, a leading European chicken industry. The business has multiple businesses, and in different geographical locations with dependencies on each other. Each of the businesses was acquired over different times, with its unique systems market routes and business processes. The article provides a program on the appropriate time to integrate the ...

ID Number
The Communist Party of China overthrew imperialism, capitalism, and feudalism, and ultimately won the new-democratic revolution and established the People’s Republic of China. Through this, the socialist transformation of the private ownership through production was accomplished, exploitation was abolished, and the socialist system was eventually established. The Chinese constitution states that all power belongs to the people and that the state provides protection to the interests and lawful rights of the minorities and develops and upholds the relationship of unity, equality, and shared assistance among all people in China. Discrimination and oppression are prohibited including ...

Env.S . (Day) , (Time) .

Topical Summary Assignment.

Industrial Ecology.
INFORMATIONAL ABSTRACT.
For various commodities to be produced, raw materials have to undergo various processes in their specific industries until the final output is produced. This process takes place in industries. Industries need to regulate their manufacturing processes so that they take part in maintenance of the environment since lately it has been noted that the key factor destroying our environment is the industries through the manufacturing process. The emissions from the production of these commodities by the chimneys of factories pollute the air by releasing dangerous gases into the atmosphere. These ...

Introduction

Religion is an organized collection of cultural systems, belief systems and world views that relate humanity to spirituality and at times moral values. Religions are characterised by symbols, traditions, narratives, sacred places, people, beings that are intended to explain the origin of life, meaning of life and the universe. Religions have over the years helped define human nature and the known and the unknown world. They have also defined and set standards on ethics, morality and general human lifestyle.
It is estimated that there are about 4,200 religions in the world. The most dominant religions in the ...

Changes in Belief System in Europe.

The earliest inhabitants arrived from Africa about 700,000 years ago. This group of people mainly depended on hunting and food gathering. They used hand tools such as axe made of stones. They also made fire to protect themselves from cold weather. History has it that the Neathernals who lived in caves were the first to bury their dead and displayed good social -organizational skills. They also performed rituals and organized themselves into strong social groups.
It was not until 35,000 years later that some technological changes started to sweep through Europe. First was the pressure-flaking technique. This ...

Introduction

Sexual harassment is the coercion or the bullying of a sexual nature. It refers to the inappropriate or the unwelcome promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. Sexual harassment has been outlawed in many societies and legal action is usually taken against offenders. Sexual harassment usually increases when there is some unrest of any sort. Women demonstrators are targets of rape and other forms of sexual harassment during demonstrations as happened during the Arab uprising. Women demonstrators who opt to join counteraction groups sometimes face harassments not only from their oppressors but also from fellow male members of their ...

Introduction

This paper provides an overview of descriptive theories that have advanced in over the last decade concerning the working of the human memory and how it affects the adult behavior and experiences. Purposefully, this paper attempts by using different scholars to examine the influence of abuse on children. We explore the relationship between child abuse and repressed memory. The purpose of this literature review is anchoring an understanding of different attempts to come up with one comprehensive understanding of psychology and the developing of the human brain. While exploring the different facets of the concept of human behavior, the ...

Overview

Consents taking and documentation is a vital part of legal and medical ethics that guides medical practice. It serves as a tool for effective patient management. It is meant to be taking before any form of treatment simply because all patients capable of understanding of such form of information has the right to receive accurate information regarding his or her illness/condition, the physician treatment plan, associated complications and effect, and other available treatment options. It is the responsibility of the physician to ensure this is achieved and properly documented before any start of treatment.

Improper taking and documentation

The issue of improper taking of consent ...

The primary characters of Shakespeare’s plays typically have an element of tragedy to them: some unfortunate outcome for them that occurs either despite their circumstances or because of them. In the case of Othello, the titular character is a tragic figure whose race leads many, including Iago, to scheme against him and lead to his downfall. In this essay, the character of Othello will be examined in terms of his race and behavior, through the lens of G.K. Hunter's "Othello and Color Prejudice." Here, Othello is presented as a black man who is a heroic figure, constantly fighting against the perceptions ...