Expenditure Research Papers Samples For Students

Income and Expenditure

Introduction
Income and expenditure contributes largely to economic measures of an individual, country or continent. They determine the credit worthiness of a person or economic stability of a given country. Hence, my report will cover how income of an employee relates with his expenditure in the U.S. What actually am determined to prove is that, when a person gets higher income will his or her expenditure increase or decrease? For instance, I managed to find discrete data concerning income and expenditure from the ‘Economic data for the U.S.: http://www.bea.gov/’. The data had three variables namely, months starting from the ...

Impact of Low Expenditure on Welfare Programs

Abstract
The level of expenditure in a particular economy directly affects the provision of welfare programs in that particular country. This paper particularly investigates the impact of a low expenditure on welfare programs in the United States of America. The paper explains in detail both the negative and positive implications of low expenditure in the United States. Specifically, the paper looks into how low expenditure reduces the morale to work and the negative implication of this on income levels. Moreover, the paper shows how low expenditure makes the redistribution role of the government to collapse thereby leading to income ...

Introduction

Health has been defined as the best wealth for mankind. The age old proverb that, ‘Health is Wealth’ stands true all the more today, in this contemporary world where suddenly the number of illnesses are on the rise and each day mankind is confronted with a new type of disease caused by some virus or the arise of some new mutant bacteria. The result is an outbreak of an epidemic, causing a huge loss to humanity and a situation of panic for the entire world. Such consequences require immense support in terms of disaster mitigation and sound health care ...

Prison Funding vs. Education Funding

Introduction
There is an increase in budget allocation in the prisons compared education spending. Both correction and education are vital for any state or country. It would be very hard for a country to survive without expenditure in prisons. As well, education is an essential need and speeds up the development of any country and therefore it is inevitable to survive without spending in schools. However, the budgets should be balanced. The will be achieved through mitigating the cases to reduce the criminals of the community. It will be a good step because the funds, which would otherwise be ...

American Public University

1. Compute the elasticities for each independent variable. Note: Write down all of your calculations.
The demand estimation as follows: QD = -3,500 - 150P + 30A + 75PX + 10Y. When P=300, A=750, PX=200, and Y=10,000. Placing these numbers into equation: QD=-3,500-150(300)+30(750)+75(200)+10(10,000)=QD=-3,500-45,000+22,500+15,000+100,000=89,000. Under given these numbers, we have 89,000 products demanded.
Price elasticity of demand is [d(QD)/d(P)]/[QD/P]. Therefore, we take a derivative of the function subject to price, and we assume other variables do not ...

Introductory Remarks

The USA has always prided itself on being a byword for the land of opportunities any person can enjoy. Such optimism may end where the issue of the minimum wage starts, as employees find themselves constrained by a salary ceiling. Forced into low-income groups of earners, there is nothing they can do except resort to aid or social programs to meet their individual or family needs. The situation round the use of aid has come to reach an alarming point judging by the scope of the issue. Employees representing fast food, home care, childcare, and part-time college faculty sectors ...

Introduction and background information

The underground market is a precise example of free economic activity at work. The markets are entirely unregulated except by the participants themselves. No taxation takes place, and it is possible to pursue activities in the underground market which are illegal. The market can be very popular. Indeed, the smugglers (the earlier form of underground markets) were sometimes, known as ‘free traders ‘in medieval Europe.
The major factor influencing the growth of the underground market is high taxation by governments. The increased tax is because of the ever increasing public expenditure with dwindling resources at the disposal. Reversal is ...

Abstract

Subsidies mean that the government pays for what would have been paid by consumers thus reducing the overall expenditure. Thus, subsidies have a far-reaching economic implication to the economy since it reduces the overall cost of production, besides stabilizing the prices of commodities within a reasonable limit. Indeed, high subsidy level means a lower cost of production. Moreover, allowing subsidies spurs economic growth since it lowers the operational expenses of production. Other consequential impacts associated with subsidies include improved living standard of the general public due to the overall affordability of commodities. On the other hand, a subsidy to ...

Information and Communication Teachnology

ABSTRACT
As telemedicine is used throughout the rural parts of Africa, there are many professionals and patients who find the entire process very beneficial because there is an allowance for a decrease in transmission of highly contagious diseases such as MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). If there are clinics that are found in locations surrounding rural Africa, there are strong concerns that patients will be able to transmit their diseases to other people who are otherwise healthy. With the use of telemedicine, the patients and the health care providers can see each other through a confined space and there is ...

Introduction

The vision 2030 for Saudi was designed to improve the local and the international position of the country along economic, social, political, and the peoples` dimensions. The plan was designed along three critical aspects that encompass the social, economic, people, and the political position. The three pillars that founded the plan were the vibrant society, ambitious nation, and the thriving economy. Along the vibrant society, the model focused on tapping the nation`s strong roots through the blending and optimizing on the natural resources and the community`s cultural heritages. The plan focused on developing and promoting fulfilling lives ...

Abstract

Performing the analysis for this milestone within the purview of profitability and cash management efficiency using the traditional financial ratios and horizontal analysis, we have gathered a useful insight into the financial position of the company that confirms bullish run in the company.
We initiated the analysis with the calculation of profitability ratios and found that owing to increased revenue figures and most importantly,controlled cost structure for cost of goods sold and operating expenses, the company was able to generate higher operating and net profitability compared to the previous year. Moreover, during 2015, the company was also able ...

Q1.
In this highly competitive world, teamwork plays an important role as the output of the individuals can be expanded through teamwork. Teamwork has become the most important way in which work is organized in organizations. The idea that work can be delegated to workgroups is supported by different theories such as strategic Human Resources Management (HRM) theory, sociotechnical theory, work design theory, self-leadership theory, and theories of participative management. The strategic HRM theory states that a well-designed HR system that includes teamwork, can affect employee’s job satisfaction, commitment and motivation positively and result in an improved organizational ...

Introduction

National saving is the total amount of saving done by households, individuals, businesses and even the government agencies. National saving is important to a country in that it lays the strong pillars of the national economy as well as the financial security of the people. This is because national saving guarantees the ability of the nation and the households to invest in more economic improving activities. This is an important step in cushioning the individuals and even the nation from the prevalence of inflation or future drops in economic prowess.
It is also considered as the part of a ...

Introduction. Short mentions of the history of Samuelson Multiplier-Accelerator Model or the Hansel-Samuelson Model and the idea of the paper.
Thesis statement. Models based on the interaction between the accelerator and multiplier are models of Keynesian sense and describe the process of economic transition from one equilibrium state to another when exogenous parameters change. Samuelson Multiplier-Accelerator Model is a model of the business cycle, in which the mechanisms of market fluctuations are explained on the basis of the principle of acceleration and the multiplier concept.

Main body.

Basis of the Samuelson Multiplier-Accelerator Model:
Samuelson Multiplier-Accelerator Model includes only the market of ...

Two of the most remarkable stories of growth in the past 3 decades has been the growht of China and India's economies, two countries. Their populations, when added together, make up one-third of the total population of the world. While India and China's development paths have been different, there are many similarities to their approaches. Both countries developed their private sector, deregulated laws, liberalized prices and opened their countries to foreign direct investment (Reddy 3). However, China and India have relied on different economic drivers for growth. China has focused its efforts on manufacturing and exporting goods, while much ...

There is no doubt that company success depends on firm-specific factors such as company size, which help distinguish them from competitors. However, their survival hinges on their ability to anticipate and respond to foreseen and unforeseen changes in the larger, external environment. These changes have industry-wide and nation-wide implications that necessitate their consideration by firms. The ties between company performance and macroeconomic conditions rest on which macroeconomic factors strongly correlate to the industry in which it operates (Zeitun, Tian, & Keen, 2007). Macroeconomics, therefore, examines the aggregate economic relationships in an economy (Evans, 2004). The basic concepts of aggregate supply ...

Introduction

Currently, childhood obesity has become a very serious global health problem that gradually affects developing countries especially in urban areas. The rate at which this problem increases is terrifying. Over 42 million children globally, below the age of five, were estimated to be overweight in 2010. About 35million of the overweight children were found to be living in developing countries. In the United States, children and teenagers with obesity accounts to about 5-25% (Dietz, 1983). However, in adults, it varies with ethnic group. Estimation from research findings is that 6% of black and white children are obese while 19% of ...

Publicly traded companies such as Verizon Communications are required to prepare and file fully audited financial reports according that adhere to U.S. generally accepted principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) guidelines. The importance of preparing financial reports is to assist users with information regarding a company’s financial performance to make decisions. Financial reporting analysis helps to determine whether financial reports have any material misstatement or omissions that would influence a potential investor’s decision. An analysis of Verizon Communications’ 2015 annual report will highlight whether the company is complying with accounting policies to ensure information provided ...

Introduction

Nutritional needs changes throughout a person’s life that if not properly assessed may lead to malnutrition. Malnutrition is the state of the body lacking important nutrients or having excess or imbalance of energy. According to studies, 16% of people over 65 years and 2% of people over 85 years are malnourished. Studies also show that approximately two-thirds of people occupying hospital beds are above the age of 65 years (Ahmed & Haboubi, 2010). Malnutrition is associated with a number of health outcomes such as poor wound healing, slow recovery from surgery, higher hospital readmissions, and deaths. Malnutrition is high ...

Even with cyber security systems and measures in place, company cannot think themselves safe, for there are always some loopholes or vulnerabilities left in the defense system. Their exploitation may affect companies in many ways, with impact making itself felt through reputational damage, the loss of delicate information, and expenditure associated with the deployment of additional cyber protection mechanisms. Companies incur heavy financial losses estimated at hundreds of thousands of dollars. The US-based AWS Inc. is the company that should not deem itself as being invincible, as big companies are the first in line for a big-scale attack. To ...

Finance

About the report
The report is commissioned to propose a sales pitch for Nike Inc. to a group of investors who are looking for a company that is poised for growth on a fundamental basis and suits the long-term investment horizon. The recommendation will be based solely on the company’s financial and recommendation of the market analyst about the company.

About the company

Founded in the year 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports Inc., Nike Inc. design,develop and market sports apparel and athletic footwear. The company leads the industry with sales volume above $30 billion and market share at 21.6%, followed ...

Negotiation is regarded as an activity that is inherent in every human being. At a given point, one must negotiate for a given resource. In contracts, negotiations are a common and essential activity. This ensures that the government, as well as the contractor, reaches an agreement for the provision of services or goods. It is essential that all parties at the negotiation table be given equal opportunities in the process. This paper is set to analyze negotiation process between a company that deals with GPS guidance device and the government. Additionally, the paper discusses ways of ensuring the company’ ...

Introduction

In past few years, one of the most significant developments in the world economy is the emergence of India and China as major forces in the global economy. The constant growth of these countries is expected to dominate the economy of the whole world for several decades. Both countries contribute as more than one-third of the world’s population. Since 1980, both economies have been successful in achieving remarkable poverty reduction and economic growth rate. In respect of economic growth, it seems that China and India both are similar as both of these countries have large geographies and populations. ...

Position Paper

Introduction
The United States’ health care system has for a long time been operated and owned by the private sector. In fact, about fifty-eight percent of the community hospitals are accredited to the non-governmental organizations. An average of about 60-65 percent is accounted for from programs such as the Veterans Health Administration, Medicare, Children’s Health Insurance Program and Medicare. This has ensured a smooth functioning of the healthcare system especially when it is compared to the systems of different countries.
According to the Migration Health Annual Report (2004), from the Institute of Medicine, it is evident that despite ...

Abstract

Regression analysis is the statistical technique commonly used in econometric modeling and carrying out economic forecasts. This study sought to assess the precision multiple linear regression in evaluating the evolution in real GDP per capita in the USA between 1998 and 2011 using expenditure approach. Three macroeconomic variables were used; Gross domestic product, net investment and final consumption. Net investment and final consumption are model regressors predicting GDP. The researcher used MS Excel to carry out all the statistical analysis on the data. The analysis result shows weak linear development GDP increment. Small fluctuations were observed around the fitted ...

Introduction

The state of California has been making major budgetary cuts across all sectors of government. However, these reductions have not been applied equally to the different sectors. Regarding discretionary spending, a couple of areas have had different treatment especially during times of recession. When the monetary aid for higher education was condensed by the state of California, it decided to increase state prisons’ funding to a great extent. Even though the mentioned governmental areas are not directly linked, the ever enormously increasing financing of prisons contrasted to the constantly decreasing education funding has raised concern among citizens. This paper ...

Human development patterns allow us in making generalizations concerning various stages as the infancy phase, childhood phase, adolescence, and finally the adulthood stage. For the first year following the birth, a baby is referred to as an infant. The childhood stage begins in the second year after birth and stretches until adolescence. Childhood stage is often divided into early childhood and middle childhood. Early childhood includes the pre-school years whereas middle childhood stage includes elementary school years, through the fifth or sixth grade. The adolescence stage is the second last stage of human development before adulthood. This stage is ...

The responsibility of fighting against same-sex marriage rests with all and sundry. Gay marriages not only have lasting consequences to the parties advocating for it but also to their communities, nations of their residence and the entire world. For instance, gay men are at a high risk of contracting sexually transmitted ailments since they have a firm belief that such diseases are no longer life-threatening. Additionally, homosexuality can lead to a decrease in the birth rates in a given society while any typical country requires a stable human population base to function properly. In other words, by legalizing same-sex ...

General Context

The outbreak of the civil war in Syria in March 2011 resulted in the migration of an estimated 9 million Syrians who fled from their homes and sought refuge within their country and in neighboring countries. The United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) reported that more than 3 million Syrians have fled to the immediate neighbors including Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. This means that about one-quarter of the population has been displaced from the country. An additional 6.5 million are internally displaced within the country. Over the last two years, the migration of these refugees has worsened ...

National debts are caused by budget deficits that are as a result of spending more than what is received from taxes. This results in harsh economic times for countries as they strive to adjust to the national debts that occur during the period. Several theories have been put in place to argue and relate to the issue concerning national debt. Keynesian economists bring forth arguments that strive to balance the budgets and appropriate times to increase the deficit. Economist John Keynes was against the idea that the state was in need of a balanced budget (Tobin 1975). His argument ...

How the Economic Effect the Population

Population growth and economy are factors that must be considered for planning reasons. The last century saw growth of human population that was majorly because of improved health and various scientific innovations. Currently, the world population stands at 7 billion people. This is a great number that sustainable and effective economic activity must be pursued to help meet the demand for food. Generally, it is agreed that with increased in good economic outlooks of different countries, the general population will rise. There are different countries that have proved this trend right especially countries within Asia such as China and ...

In the recent past, NASA has been doing excellent and outstanding things in the outer space. The media has hyped the show and depicted NASA as a genius (Frederick). Most people says the operations of NASA are exhilarating, but on my side, I am left flabbergasted! Could the skills used to put a man on the moon duplicated to improve the state of the life of humans? Can’t they decide to invent robots that will play an essential role to curb the rising insecurities? NASA commitments and objectives just boil my blood. Personally, I am not moved by ...

The French revolution is an exercise which saw the French people redesign their political landscape and the ultimate overthrow of the monarchy which began in the year 1789 and came to an end in the late 1790s. The French revolution just like the American Revolution which had occurred before took place majorly as a result of the Enlightenment ideals such as the sovereignty and also the rights that can be said as inalienable. It can be said that the revolution was not much successful in terms of achieving its intended goals but on the other hand it showed to ...

Inflation in Saudi Arabia

Inflation in Saudi Arabia

Introduction

The country of Saudi Arabia is counted as one of the world’s strongest economies, ranking 20th after the world’s most powerful nations as per the GDP ranking 2016. As per Saudi Arabia’s GDP, it ranks third in the world after China and India. The country has seen a stark growth in its economy as public debt declined in the past decade and the overall economic growth showed a positive step toward Saudi Arabia establishing itself as a prominent economic strength of the world. However like every other country in the world, Saudi ...

Savings defines the part of income which is not spent. Savings which is economic variable defines quantifies a person’s physical quality of life and standards of living. Proper banking is effective to improve one’s standards of living. It is the obligations of banks to become creative and create an efficient banking environment in the financial market. Implementing saving habits during the earlier days assist a person and family to attain a more stable life than a person who has no savings (Cummings 2). Embracing norms of saving money is a mode of safeguarding one from protecting someone ...

Health care spending in USA has been reported to be high than most nations in the world. A greater percentage of the nation’s total income is spent on health care even though some people are not insured. It is the third largest public health care expenditure per capita due to the current high cost of medical care and utilization

The level of current health care expenditures

Health care costs have been increasing for many years. In 2008, health care expenditures surpassed $ 2.3 trillion which was more than the expenditure in 1990 that stood at $714 billion. In 1980 the nation spent $253 billion. The increase ...

Introduction

Various economic principles are applicable in purchasing of assets. When purchasing a house economic principle influence the choice made regarding the deal. This includes principles such as the principle of trade offs, opportunity cost, thinking at margin rationally and the principle of response to incentive. One ought to carry out a cost benefit consideration to gauge whether the net benefit of making the decision to purchase a new house is positive.
The strength of the economy will influence the marginal costs and marginal benefits associated with an investment decision. A strong economy offers stable conditions for making a decision. Several factors in the ...

Introduction

An economic indicator refers is statistics which in most cases is issued by the government and indicates the growth and stability of the economy. Some of economic indicators include the gross domestic product (GDP), inflation rates, employment rates, consumer price index and changes in money supply among others. They apply in analyzing business conditions in a country.

Gross domestic product is the sum of all good and services produced within a country in a given fiscal year valued at the prevailing market prices. It can be measured using either income or expenditure approaches. Many governments use the GDP in estimating the economic ...

I. Current Economic Picture

In 2008 and early 2009, the U.S economy fell into a huge recession that was merged with an acute financial crisis. The Consequence was a decline in employment in the period, and a rapid increase in jobless rates. The recession ended in June 2009 and from then on there was an economic growth through 2010—six quarters. During the fourth quarter of 2010, the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) had redeemed the economic advancement lost during the recession.

However, the recovery has not been uniform. In compairong the fourth quarter 2010 GDP with that of 2007 fourth quarter GDP, the recovery appears to ...