Essays on Experimenters

What is the relationship between the predicted outcome and the claim being tested in scientific experiment? An experimented outcome can be compromised in two ways. What are they and how do they differ? The predicted outcome is a common aspect of science with a particular interest in scientific research studies. In science, questions about truth and the claims of certain phenomena are answered through empirical evidence. Nevertheless, there are instances where scientists make educated guesses on a particular test subject. A predicted outcome can be proved right based on measurable evidence in a hypothesis experiment. On the other hand, ...

Traditionally, animals have been assumed to respond to changes in the environment the same way as humans do. This assumption has been continuously used for product testing, research, and educating of living animals. Animal experimentation is done in a broad range of environments, including agricultural facilities, universities, hospitals and independent laboratories. This technique is used to assess the safety of the products such as cosmetics, chemicals medical services, and household products. However, animal-based testing methods have failed the human needs due to varied reactions of various animal species to these commodities. Moreover, the methodology has received severe criticism from ...

My Name

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Lab Report Objectives Introduction A heat exchanger refers to a gadget that aids the transfer of heat from one fluid to another. The fluids involved can either be in direct contact or separated to avoid mixing (Ramesh & Sekulic, 2003). They are in common use in sewage treatment, natural gas processing, petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, chemical plants, power stations, air conditioning, refrigeration, and space heating. A perfect example of a heat exchanger is in the internal combustion engine (ICE) (Hiereth & Prenninger, 2010). In such a situation, a circulating fluid called engine cooler flows over the ...

History

Researchers today have gone through a long process to be able to take their research study to human subjects. Minors, elderly and prisoners’ studies are governed by numerous regulations and protocols. Other human subjects who do not fall under these categories are also protected by the regular standards that researchers must adhere to; for instance, informed consent and confidentiality. This was not always the case though; the journey to developing the modern medical ethics people enjoy today took years of conducting painful and brutal experiments on human subjects. The history of medical ethics seems to harbor many unthinkable and ...

Altruism is the quality of a person. This quality is diametrically opposite to selfishness. Altruist is not indifferent and ready to help even when he/she does not have any reward in return, and when he/she does not expect any gratitude (Hewstone, Stroebe& Stephenson, 1996).. There are different theories which explain prosocial altruistic behavior, reasons and motives of this behavior, etc. For example, altruism can be explained by the fact that a person who helps other people has some external or internal reward. A businessman can improve the image of his company by doing money donation. In this case, ...

As independent variable of the current study, the experimenter used measures of self-esteem of students. A dependent variable was an academic success/failure of students. Students` success was measured by good grades while students` failure was measured by exclusion them out of the college. The experimenter suggested that low and high self-esteems influence the academic success and achievements of students in the college. However, she could be wrong with her final conclusions. Of course, it is possible that low self-esteem influences academic success negatively and high self-esteem influences academic success positively. However, it is also possible that low self-esteem is ...

Man co-exists with animals and nature on the earth. The animals that share the earth with us too have fears, and are able to feel pain in their bodies. Hence it is illegal and unethical to experiment upon the animals in the name of discovering remedies to various diseases of the mankind. Experimenters and medical researchers intentionally cause damage to different body parts of animals, in addition to artificially inducing conditions like cancer in their bodies. Every year millions of animals, including monkeys, guinea pigs, dogs, rabbits, mice and frogs are tested or killed by researchers and scientists of ...

Citation: Busso, C., & Narayanan, S. (2007). Interrelation between speech and facial gestures in emotional utterances: a single subject study. Audio, Speech, and Language , X(XX), 1–16. Retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4317558 Single subject research has always posed some significant challenges to researcher s and scientists working in the field of experimental psychology. The fact remains that unlike popular opinion, single subject research can have statistical validity and can provide the necessary tools to provide usable data during many experiments(Kratochwill, 1978). Horner et al., (2005) provided some useful insights on how to assess the quality of a single subject research paper. ...

Utility and sub game perfection

Ultimatum Game is an appropriate paradigm that investigates the discord between social motives like fairness and self-interest. UG bases on the assumption that bargainers maximize their outcome. The acceptance of the smallest offer can yield high outcomes and the alternative of refusing means no outcome at all. The social utility model implies that the utility of the outcome depends on both payoffs. The study aims to identify factors that can affect the relative importance in making UG. A strong reciprocity model in the evolution of human cooperation gains acceptance because of support and experimental findings. An observation that unfair ...

Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

Each section of a peer reviewed article as a specific purpose. For example, the abstract and introduction are typically used to state the purpose of the paper and to display evidence to support the paper’s claim. In regards to the peer reviewed article about divorce’s impact on aggression in young males, the abstract and introduction perform these acts inadequately. The abstract states the procedure and results of the rest, rather than the purpose of the test. Varying evidence was stated in the abstract, but not enough to detract from the revealing results. In comparison, the introduction stated the purpose ...

All around the world, millions of animals are put in cages and stuck with needles in order to see the effects of certain products and medications. Medical testing on animals is a controversial topic. However, most people cannot deny that testing on living animals is a moral issue that our society needs to address. In this paper, I will present reasons why medical testing on animals is immoral, show how medical testing benefits humans more than animals, and give alternative methods that can be used in the place of animals. Only by addressing the problem can we as human take the ...

In the study by Geddes, et al., (2010), the researchers investigated monotherapy with either Lithium Carbonate of Valproate Semisodium and combination therapy with both, for Bipolar I. Their goal was to discover if combination therapy was more effective for relapse prevention than either drug alone. This is because while each medication is effective with some people, there are high rates of relapse with each when used alone. The quantitative design used was cox regression analysis to determine if relapse rated differed based on whether individuals were taking either Lithium or Valproate alone or both together. Relapse was defined as a ...

Abstract

As the majority of the people are becoming more aware of the adverse effects of petroleum-based products consumption and of the continued diminishing of natural fuel oil reserves all over the world, the search for more environmentally friendly and renewable substitute is becoming the focus of many studies. Such substitute products include the soybean-based adhesives, and soybean-based adhesive bonded wood composites and particle boards. In this study, a “literature review” was conducted in order to identify the many issues associated with the search for a replacement for petroleum-based adhesives. Accordingly, the issues identified are (1) environmental friendliness, such as the biodegradability ...

Psychology lab report

In the past it has always been difficult to rate different cookies and from this it became necessary to do a research using two different researchers so as to develop different ways that can be used to rate these cookies. The research done was also supposed to determine the factors that can make different people to prefer a particular brand of cookies. The research was done using fifteen participants who were expected to give different rating for different kind of cookies. Two brands were used in this experiment and these are the Oreo and black and roll. The aim of ...

Literature:

Reader-response theory, also referred to as reader-response criticism, generally refers to a category of literature theories that the reader at centre of interpreting and giving meaning to a piece of literature work (in this case poetry). The theory, emphases on the audience /reader’s reaction to a literature work than on the work itself. In fact, the theory suggests that the text (poem) cannot exist without the reader and thus cannot be interpreted and/ or understood in the absence of the reader’s reaction. As such, reader-response criticism renders literature a performing art with the reader as an active agent that gives the ...

Abstract

Aging parents usually fall into the responsibility of their children, who become their caregivers. While in the process of carrying for their elderly parents, the adult children may deal with various changes, ranging from the feebleness of their parents to their changing behaviors, modes, forgetting estate and so on. Moreover, they might even be experiencing the fact that their parents are permanently unsatisfied and continuously requesting for more attention and more choruses to be done for them. While dealing with this, the children also have to handle and to organize their own lives and many of them are still ...

I. According to conducted experiment we can conclude that our question is – How information about price can effect on the utility? II. Our null Hypothesis (H0) consists in fact that information about price can’t effect on the level of utility. Null Hypothesis says that respondents can determine the best wine on the basis of flavor. But the results of this experiment correlate with information about price despite hypothesis expectations. Participants don’t know any information about wine that can characterize it expect price. Prices play a role of value measure. Usually, if we don’t know about product ...

Introduction

The double-blind randomized controlled trial is an experimental procedure where neither the experiments subject nor the person conducting it has any information about the unique aspects of the experiment. A double blind randomized controlled trial aims at measuring and comparing the outcomes that presents themselves from two or more clinical interventions. A single intervention will serve as a standard to compare or as the control in the experiment. The involved participants in the experiment will receive interventions in an organized random manner so that they all have the characteristics which are similar at every start of comparing them. Randomization ...

Mark Twain once wrote, “I am not interested to know whether Vivisection produces results that are profitable to the human race or doesn't. [] The pains which it inflicts upon unconsenting animals is the basis of my enmity towards it” (Twain 26). Most people find themselves in a dilemma when confronted with the subject of animal testing in research. Although many people support animal testing for the sake of basic research, and biomedical research, others believe that forcing animals to suffer distress, fear, and pain, regardless of the purpose or the outcome, is unethical. There is evidence that suggests that ...

Stanley Milgram

American scientist Stanley Milgram carried out the Milgram experiment in order to find out whether subordinates would carry out actions that are against their conscience with instructions from their superiors (Zhang et al., 2005). Milgram initiated the Milgram experiment in order to establish whether Adolf Eichmann who was in trial for war crimes in 1961, and his colleagues had common intentions when carrying out war crimes (Milgram, 1974).

The Experiment

Perry (2003) explains that the basic scenario of the experiment requires three people to participate. The volunteer assumes the role of the teacher. The remaining two assume the role of the ...