Essays on Necklace

In any written, it is undeniably important to have characters and develop them all through the story. Character development is defined as the transformation that a person goes through in the progression of a narrative as a consequence of the encounter that the person comes across. It offers the reader awareness to the most significant denotations or teachings of the story. This paper looks at Guy De Maupassant’s work “The Necklace". It highlights the clear development of the chief character Mathilde and the changes in her attitude concerning life throughout the piece. Characters evolve throughout a story. The ...

(Student’s Full Name)

What does the necklace in Guy de Maupassant’s story “The Necklace” symbolize? The necklace symbolizes the superficiality of wealth and class. The necklace that Mathilde borrowed from Madame Forestier represented a life of wealth and social recognition that she desired for most of her life. However, when it was discovered that the necklace was made from paste was not worth more than “five hundred francs” (de Maupassant 6). This suggests that the life of wealth and status is empty, superficial, and meaningless.

What is one of the major themes of the Guy de Maupassant’s story “The Necklace”? Discuss each of these.

One of the major themes of the story is pride and the ...

If I were Jackman’s manager, I do not think I would have reacted in the same way unless there were multiple complaints from customers and even then I believe I would have discussed it with Jackman first prior to sending him home. It does sound as though Jackman’s manager overreacted in this situation because, while the kufi is not mandatory, Jackman wants to wear it as a part of his religious observance while also providing for his family. While it is in violation of the organization’s dress code, because it is a part of religious observance, ...

(Alivan Watch & Accessories Company)

Strayer University

Dr NAME Marketing 500 Alivan Watch & Accessories Company Branding strategy A good branding strategy will be necessary for Alivan Watch & Accessories Company to assist in the development of a triumphant brand to achieve specific goals. The ground rules that were used by companies in the past have been evolving. Thought leadership, content marketing, demographic changes, and social media are some of the factors that are challenging company brands. Thus, forming together with sustaining clientele trust as well as loyalty and confidence have become harder than ever before. Firstly, the branding strategy to be used by ...

Foremost, to understand the relevance of the identified themes of politics and economics, there is a need to consider the traditions that the authors represent in their works and the how their characters realize the problem with assuming the norms are acceptable. In other words, the following segments of this paper present the turning points of the identified narratives as they highlight the socio-economic divisions through the experiences of the characters. In “The Lesson” racial groups play a significant role in determining the opportunities that the people access. While in “The Necklace,” the social class to which one is ...

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the traditional institution of trade and economics among the Trobriand Islanders. The primary focus is on the symbolic interpretation of the acts involved in the kula ring and in yam production, display and distribution. The first section of the paper explains the kula ring and how it operated in Trobriand society at the time of the first ethnographic description of the Trobrianders by Malinowski in 1914. The second section examines how social hierarchy is expressed in trade within the kula ring. The third section looks at the difference between symbolic gift ...

Introduction

Every artwork is done with regards to the subject matter and artistic styles which varies from one art to another. Most artists embraces different artistic styles in presenting the artwork where most of their work are influenced by the main goal of the paintings as well as the events that took place at that time. This paper is going to describe three paintings and compare them in regards to their artistic styles and subject matter. Also, the factors that influence the changes in their artistic styles and subject matter will be elucidated. The work in chapter 21 is “The ...

Personal Statement – Reflections in the Garden

The butterfly garden has an ethereal quality about it. I have found a warm and quiet spot to sit. As I observe the little garden around me, I study its features to determine what gives it this special mood. Spring is arriving and I am grateful for the warmth of the sun on my back, through my jacket to my skin. It reminds me that warm weather and longer days are coming. Anticipation of better weather ahead lifts my mood. Perhaps even the butterflies and insects that fly around here are also excited for warm days ahead – they seem ...

Cover page

Standing Bodhisattva Maitreya - (Buddha of the Future) Pakistan (ancient region of Gandhara), Ca. 3r century Introduction The significance of the term bodhisattva lies in the way it is used to designate Buddha-to-be. A bodhisattva is destined to become a Buddha as he progresses towards awakening because of his self- motivation and unique qualities. Buddha Gautama refers to his bodhisattva’ in his pre-awakening experiences and how he overcame fears during bodhisattva’s struggles. Bodhisattva gradually develops a clear division between unwholesome thoughts and wholesome thoughts. On considering these formulations, it is safe to assume that the idea of Bodhisattva ...

Introduction

The Navajo beadwork is well-known and recognized for its unique style and design. Most of the beads are made of silver, iron, copper and steel. The first form of recent beadwork was started by the blacksmith called Atsidi Sani. This fact occurred in the 19th century, and soon more people began to do the artwork (Karasik). However, there are many signs that the beadwork started long before the arrival of the Europeans. It is a fact that beads can be able to last for thousands of years. The Navajo community has a firm belief that a human being should ...

This article tries to discuss the topic of gender, and it’s manifestation in the society including sex and sex categorization in relation to gender. In the article, gender comes out as society’s construct that is “imposed” on someone depending on their sex. However, the article has also some views that sexual identities are male or female are beyond one’s genitalia (West and Zimmerman 125). The example given is that it is so obvious that the people we meet and call either male of female, we have not seen their genitalia to call them so. In essence, ...

“The Necklace”, written by a French writer Guy de Maupassant, is a short story depicting the life and hardships of a young lady, dreaming about wealthy and luxurious life. It is an astounding story that illustrates the dramatic and psychologically deep effect on the main character, as her dreams and hopes are broken by unhappy occurrence. The most striking literary elements that Guy de Maupassant uses to brighten and imbed his short story in the readers’ memory are the original and intriguing plot, intricate and emotionally colored characters and tender, all-understanding and mildly sympathetic tone of the author. A ...

Firstly, let us look at the first object which is an Ivory Taweret Amulet, ca. 1539-1291 B.C.E. Eighteenth Dynasty; Southern Upper Egypt. The object is approximately 1 in. (2.54 cm) in height and is part of the Dr. George Andrew Reisner Collection at the University of California at Berkeley: Phoebe A Hearst Museum of Anthropology. The full-body Taweret symbol was the protector of pregnant women in life, and was associated with rebirth in the Afterlife. It can be said the small individual Taweret object has been presumed to be a part of a larger objected establishment such as a ...

Introduction

Jewellery has been in existence since the early humans began to become civilized. The human desire is to be adorned with precious metals and gems. This has been evident since the Neolithic and Palaeolithic eras. The early humans made jewellery that was formed from claws, bones, teeth and shells. This has been documented by archaeologists. The Egyptians, the Romans and the Greeks applied distinct methods for the creation of jewellery (Cartlidge 1985; Dorner & Turner 1985; Druff and Dormer 1995; Druitt 1986; Falk 1989; Game and Goring 1998; Gilhooley and Costin 1998; Grant 2005; Grant 2007; Hinks 1983; Hughes 1972; ...

The first person is a sixteen year-old Caucasian girl. She is very tall and thin. She has bright orange medium length hair, wears black jeans and a lace see-through shirt. You can see her bra, which is black. She is also wearing converse all star black sneakers. She has a black hat on her head and her nail polish is also black. Her makeup is discrete. As for jewelry, there is a silver bracelet on her right wrist.

I believe that she wants to be treated like an individual and that her style is eccentric. I don't know what her personality is ...

Moore, Olin H. "The Romanticism of Guy de Maupassant." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America (1918): 96-134.

In Moore's article, Guy de Maupassant in particular is examined as an example of a prominent naturalistic author, whose reactions to Romanticism included a disdain for fantastic plots, making of their works "merely a series of scenes" (p. 96). Moore calls de Maupassant "the purest representative" of this naturalism. The author is shown to depict opposites and have thematic repetition in his stories; the falseness of the necklace in the story in question is contrasted with another story, les Bijoux, in which the jewels at the center of the story turn out to be genuine.

This source is an ...

A particular feature of the literature is that it can send the author’s message in various ways and reach a target reader out of the crowd of ignorant ones. This can be often achieved through the hidden meaning inside a literary work or through irony, satire and caricature of the reality described. The aim of the present work is to compare and contrast Anton Chekhov’s play “The Proposal” and Guy de Maupassant’s short story “The Necklace”. In this context, the comparison will be conducted in the framework of the depicting of the same theme of gender ...

The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin

The Story Of An Hour is a short story that narrates the time that pass by between the moment protagonist, Louise Mallard, leans of the news that her husband died and later discovers that indeed her husband is still alive. Once she hears of her husband’s death, Mallard perceives herself as a liberated woman but her perceived joy is short-lived.

Symbolism

The troubled heart The heart trouble that Mallard suffers from depicts a woman’s perceived physical weaknesses. It further represents Mallard’s hesitancy regarding her troubled marriage and her need for freedom. Mallard’s heart illness is the first thing ...

A Customer benefit package is combining of services and goods to the primary product that is ordered. The aim of combining goods is to add value to the final product that a customer gains. The main product that attracts attention to the customer is referred to as the primary product, and the additional goods or services are referred to peripheral goods. A good example is like in a restaurant; a meal may be offered along with a newspaper along it (Glanz, 102). The newspapers are the peripheral goods. Or simply, ensuring that there is free internet in a restaurant makes customers enjoy internet along ...

Summary Of the Kula Exchange and Comparision to The Moka Exchange

In Bronislaw Malinowski description of the “Kula exchange” in The Essentials of the Kula, he is quick to qualify his descriptions of this exchange by making it abundantly clear that the Kula is to be considered in separate light than then trade that happens within communities involved in the Kula exchange. Of the Kula exchange, he says that it has an “Extensive, inter-tribal character” and that while there are other activities associated and connected to it, the Kula is always the most important (Malinowski, 1979, p. 81). The author writes that “The natives sharply distinguish it [Kula] from barter, ...

Film Studies

Introduction Titanic is one of the most expensive films ever produced in American history, which had been reported to cost about $200 million. It brings to life the tragic sea accident that in April 15, 1912. It became one of the highlights in the life and career of director James Cameron. The irony of Cameron’s film “'Titanic” is that it has in its own right created an overreaching greatness that broke all blockbuster phenomena throughout the entire movie history. The film itself took the risk to gamble its stake on the visual splendor and technological achievement that ...

Nowadays, people tend to care too much what other people may think about them, sometimes making sacrifices beyond their possibilities, for the sake of appearances. The story “The Necklace” by Guy de Maupassant teaches us a very good life lesson regarding this issue and in another order of ideas, we can call it the deceptiveness of appearances. The main character of the story, Mathilde, never felt that the normal life she had fits her, and she always dreamed on being wealthy and making part of the social class. She had her change to bright for a couple of hours at a social ...

Introduction

In this era of social media, many firms have joined a social network with a view of expanding the clientele as well as communicating directly to them with a view of learning their needs. Many firms run social media accounts such as Facebook and Twitter accounts. The social media accounts allow clients to share views about the companies’ products including their satisfactions and resentments (Wimmer & Dominick 2013, p. 18). Some firms have gone a notch higher by using the social media to conduct research about their products. Since the social media allows the consumers to present their comments about the product or respond ...

Introduction

The movie opens with Jack Dawson who wins the class titanic tickets in the game of a porker. His friends want to accompany him in their hometown, in America by the ship. The ship leaves showing the first class passengers as Rose De Witt, the mother Ruth and her boyfriend Cal Hockley. Rose is planning to marry her boyfriend, and they have made the plans to protect their wealth. Consequently, this plan annoys Rose, who attempts suicide out of anger; she tries to jump out of the ship. Jack comes in to rescue her by convincing her to move out ...

- Analyze a writing sample from one student The writing sample is a compare/ contrast essay about characters in “The Gift of Magi” and “The Necklace.” The writer compares Della and Madame Loisel, who are major characters in the two stories. The writer asserts that both characters have some similarities in that they both leave in poor conditions; however, they have many differences. The writer does not seem to have the right structure for writing a compare and contrast piece, but the piece is detailed. According to the writer, Madame Loisel is conceited, in that she tries to meet the standards ...

Introduction

Toms Shoes Inc is a company that was founded in 2006 by Blake Mycoskie. It is based in Santa Monica, California and has a profit making subsidiary and another non-profit one called Friends of Tom (Binkley, 2010). The company majors in designing shoes and eyewear. The non-profit subsidiary is operated on the basis that for every shoe that the company sells another shoe is given to an impoverished child while a part of the proceeds from the sale of eyewear goes to eyesight treatments for people in third world countries (Lerman, 2011). This paper examines the presence of Toms on social media, ...

In the short story (!) The Necklace or The Diamond Necklace, French classic writer Guy De Maupassant tells an ironic story about Mathilde Loisel. She is the main character who was born in a family of laborers. She lives an uptight life with a little clerk who works in the Department of Education. One day, Mathilde’s husband receives an invitation to a palace ball, but she starts worrying she has no appropriate dress or accessories to wear to it. Therefore, her husband has to spend four hundred francs on a new dress. Mathilde also borrows a diamond necklace from her rich friend Madame Forestier. ...

Introduction

Guy de Maupassant is one of the most popular French writer and is always considered the father of the modern literature. He was born in the year 1850 in Dieppe , France and died in the year 1893 in Paris France because he was infected by syphilis. He studied at Lycee university in Paris. From his short story we can easily tell how the views of the society by this writer during his time.His stories also explain what this writer thinks about the human nature. From the analysis of his different stories we can be able to tell his views ...

Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and James Cameron’s Titanic are two of the most well known stories in our history. Romeo and Juliet is a very famous play that has been reproduced for hundreds of years and has been made into many movies and adaptations. Titanic the movie is an adaptation of real-life events and many different stories have been told about the sinking of the ship and the lives it affected. There are many similarities between the two stories, which will be discussed in this essay. The most obvious similarity between the two stories is that the ...

There are two men discussing a short story that they had previously read. These two people have different points of views; however both their opinions about the story are relevant. The story in which they are discussing is entitled “The Necklace”, by Guy de Maupassant, a French writer. The first man is named Trent, he believes in a functionalist society where everything does not just co-exist, they work well together. Along with this belief, he thinks that things happen for a reason; good or bad it is the will of fate. He is friends with another man named Trevor who is a realist, he ...

Introduction

The short novel ‘The Necklace’ by Guy De Maupassant revolves around a couple Mme.Louisel. The narration begins with a reflection of Mme. Loisel and her perceptions about her own life. She seems desperate and hopeless as she thinks that she was born in underprivileged circumstances and that she has no chance to succeed in life. She looks at her backgrounds as the hindering block to success in life. She thinks that because of her poor background she cannot make to get a rich man to marry her, she reflects that she has no expectations, no dowry and no people to love he ...

Literature

In The Necklace written by Guy De Maupassant, the character of Mathilde Loisel decided not to tell Madame Forestier that she lost the necklace of pearls that she borrowed from her for the ball at the Ministry. The result of her choice of hiding the truth caused her and her husband to work for 10 years to replace the necklace she borrowed from Madame Forestier, which she unfortunately lost. After 10 years of hard work and paying all her debt, the day came when she chanced upon Madame Forestier and finally revealed to her that she replaced the necklace ...

Introduction

In literary works, writers normally utilize characterization technique in revealing the personalities of their characters. This technique is categorized into direct and indirect characterization. In direct characterization technique, the writer usually makes statements that are direct about the traits of the characters. On the other hand, in indirect characterization, readers draw conclusions about the characters based on how such characters act, think, and look, in addition to what the other characters think about them. Both Walker and Maupassant utilize these techniques in “Everyday Use” and “The Necklace,” to bring out the characters of Dee and Mathilde respectively. This essay ...

Introduction

Occupational fraud is a fraud that is committed by the employee to an employer is also called employee fraud, there are much common in most companies which it leads to financial losses .as much as the people working stay in the company they will hide the fraud forever.

The article: 2013.

During the cannas film festival a necklace which was worth about $2m after a star studded though the event was every guarded the necklace was not found, the event is normally held to promote jewel. The jewel was stored in a safe and there door to the safe was not broken the police did investigations ...

Executive Summary

Executive Summary

NGO Profile

Started in 2012 Business Summary The purpose of the non - profit organization “Beauty for Cancer” is to help cancer patients in their fight with this disease, offering them support and constant hope through making them feel beautiful, despite the pain that they are dealing with. “Beauty for Cancer” accomplishes this goal by three mechanisms: photo – sessions, fundraising balls, or merchandising activities. We seek fundraising for any of these activities, significant for the objective of the “Beauty for Cancer” campaign.

Customer Problem

Cancer is a traumatic disease, causing unbearable pain and challenging the faith and hope for surviving ...

(FILM STUDIES)

Introduction The film industry is one of the areas in art and theater that are necessary to look at and focus on, since they are established and based on different theories and schools of thought, based on the film director’s opinion and perfection towards various aspects in the entire arts and theatre industry. This is the reason why different authors and film analysis have come up with different ways and strategies through which directors approach their movies, particularly, from script writing to the actual movie directing. The movie directors determine how the final outcome of ...

Guy de Maupassant

Having live a short life (1850-1893), Guy de Maupassant’s has been unsurprisingly remembered for its economy of his writing. It is clear that he is praised for the structure and form in his stories as opposed to his shortened career. Moore in his articles examines him as an example of naturalistic author, whose reactions to Romanticism included a disdain for fantastic plots, making of their works “merely a series of scenes” (Moore 96). In Shire's work, she also discusses de Maupassant's relationship to naturalism, particularly in the characters' relationships to animals (p 48). The most remarkable thing in his writing is their ...

Grace Kelly’s Fashion Style and Influence on Contemporary Fashion

Introduction Grace Kelly was an actress known for her extensive work in film and stage during the 1950s. Kelly starred in many films and portrayed iconic characters including Lisa Carol Fremont in “Rear Window”, Frances Stevens in “To Catch a Thief”, and Princess Alexandra in “The Swan”. She was born on November 12, 1929 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although Kelly was born to a family of athletes, she showed interest in acting at a young age and joined several plays and presentation in school and the community, and signed up for small modeling projects. Later on, Kelly attended the American Academy of ...

A Poem Based on Guy de Maupassant’s “The Necklace”

Ten long years For just one night Ten long years All was for nothing, Or so it may well seem I worked ten long years to make up

For that one incredible night.

If only I had told her It could have been made right Years before I saw her On this fateful night. For never would I’ve thought, The jewels I’d worn were phony As I was on that night. What can I do now that I know What’s wrong from what is right? When I ...

“The Secret Life of Walter Mitty”

Versus “The Necklace” James Thurber’s “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty” and Guy de Maupassant’s “The Necklace” are two significant stories that portray alternate gender roles and the means to cope with those roles. James Thurber’s piece describe a man in the not so common feminine role, while Guy de Maupassant’s piece describes a woman in the usual feminine role. The stories were created in different historical periods, in various states of the relationships and in completely different settings. While the characters of these pieces experience different fates and the stories’ plots have dissimilar endings, some ...

Veranda post of enthroned king and senior wife

The African culture has always been an enticing topic for the art lovers. It was believed that the African art provided much of the ancient geometric profiles which could rejuvenate the modern art. The remains of artwork and jewelry found in southern Africa are signs that there were organized societies there up to 100,000 years ago (Bowden, Wilson, 2009). The Art Institute of Chicago is one such encyclopedic museum that houses some of the finest collections of worlds various art and culture. Amongst these collections, the regal sculpture, “Veranda post of enthroned king and senior wife (Opo Ogoga)” ...

“I don’t want to go.”

“You’re going.” Dad placed my pink suitcase on my bed, while I crossed my arms and rolled my eyes. The suitcase was an embarrassing thing I still used when I traveled, something for a much younger girl. Bad enough, but this vacation was the worst idea I’d ever heard of.

“I can stay home by myself for a week. I’m fourteen years old. I can look after myself.”

Mom came in the room and glanced at Dad. “I don’t understand why you don’t want to go, Emily. You were always fascinated with Egypt, the pyramids, and the tombs when you were in elementary school.”

“Just watch the news!” I was getting really frustrated. They ...

The Necklace and The Story of an Hour have numerous common elements. For example, both are nineteenth century stories and both have unhappily married women as their protagonists. However, the overriding similarity is the central theme of gender roles that emanates from both. Mathilde and Mrs Mallard are both middle-class women of their time and, as a result of this, have very little control over their lives. Rather than providing stability and affection, their husbands are repressing them and hindering their sense of identity.

In both stories, the protagonist is a young married woman. Similar again are the feelings of the ...

The main character of Guy De Maupassant’s “The Necklace,” Loisel Mathilde, changes in various ways throughout the story. “The Necklace” is a narrative featuring a hopeless, conceited, middle-class housewife who desires the noble lifestyle that she feels she deserves. In highlighting Mathilde’s unsympathetic self-centeredness while preparing for the party to which she was invited, and the reaction after she had lost the necklace she believed to be expensive, exposes her pride and nature. Consequently, this becomes the central theme of the story. The author portrays Mathilde as continuously changing throughout the novel. Through both the theme of wealth and ...

Introduction

The necklace is one of the literature works by Guy de Maupassant that focus on the life of a girl who had an illusion of the kind of life that she desired to live. True to her illusions, a chance came for her and she found herself with the high-ranking people in the society. Despite what it coasted her poor husband, her dream came to pass however short lived it was. The consequences that followed the moment transformed her completely (Korba & Maupassant, 9). She was not only made to pay the price for her fantasy but also changed her view towards ...

"The Necklace" narrates the story of Mrs. Madame Loisel, a charming and pretty lady and her husband Charles. Loisel had always imagined herself with wonderful jewels and in a high social position. However she was married to a poor clerk with a low salary. She had nothing to show off to her friends but her husband tried his level best to make her happy. As a quest of making her happy her husband begged at the work place to be given invitations to the party that was held by the ministry of public instruction. However, Loisel refused to attend the party by claiming she ...

Thesis: The character, Mathilde Loisel, changes noticeably in numerous ways.

Introduction The short story is about a young woman who is not contented with the kind of life she is living. She wanted a lavish lifestyle which her husband cannot afford because he works as a clerk in the Ministry of Education.

Development of the Body

Mathilde’s life changes from one from poor ground to overnight treasures when she attends a party which she was invited to by her husband. Mathilde as the main character was able to convince his husband to buy her a dress, which she will wear in the party and her husband gave her the money to purchase it. She requests a beautiful, ...

Guy de Maupassant’s story ‘the necklace’ is an interesting story. The narrative starts with a description of Madame Mathilde Loisel. De Maupassant depicts Mathilde as a ‘pretty and charming’ person. However, she desired a life of leisure, a lifestyle where she would have many servants and a large house yet her life was modest. The twists and the astounding end enable the reader to better understand the earlier hypothesis of the story. The proposition tries to depict how ‘strange and changeful’ life could be. The writer has incorporated a rounded quality, an excellent plot, unrivaled social observations and comprehensive information makes the story more ...

Joe Navarro and Marvin Karlins

Navarro, Joe, and Karlins, Marvin. What Every BODY is Saying: An Ex-FBI Agent’s Guide to Speed Reading People. New York: HarperCollins, 2008, 250 pages.

Joe Navarro was a counterintelligence special agent with the FBI for 25 years. Now, he consults with the FBI, the U.S. State Department and other intelligence institutions. He also appears regularly as an expert on such programs as the CBS Early Show. He also wrote Phil Hellmuth Presents Read ‘Em and Reap, and he is a popular lecturer for Fortune 500 companies as well. His co-writer, Marvin Karlins, has a Ph.D. in psychology from Princeton, and ...

In both these stories human greed is placed firmly at the center of the story. Both Maupassant and Walker make use of irony, but the effects on the reader of each story is different, because the setting s are very different, but also because the narrative viewpoint in each story creates a very different effect on the reader. This essay will explore greed and irony, but it will also examine the narrative viewpoint because that alters the reader’s attitude to the representation of greed: Maupassant uses a third person omniscient narrator, but Walker chooses to tell the story through the ...

Literary Comparison of The Story of an Hour and The Necklace

The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin and The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant are both short stories associated with the trials and tribulations of marriage, as well as love. Both stories also deal with the emotional and physical changes that are attributed to personal life changing events. In The Story of an Hour, the plot revolves around a woman, Louise Mallard, and her reaction to her husband’s death. In The Necklace, the plot is based upon a married couple M. Loisel and his wife Mathilde, and the turmoil a necklace has caused them. Although there are similarities in the ...

A well-known saying “There is no such thing as a free lunch” belongs to Milton Friedman, Nobel Peace Prize winner in Economic Sciences (Tucker, 2008, p. 27). This phrase poses a key question whether or not something can be free. “Free lunch” appeared during a period in history when bars and saloons in America started attracting their customers by offering them free lunch (Riley, 2006). Obviously, they sacrificed money for lunch knowing about the trade-off on drinks their customers would order.

It refers to such economic concepts like opportunity cost and scarcity of resources. In addition, it is important to understand that ...