Philosophy Critical Thinkings Samples For Students

Both the theologian James Cone and the existential philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre looked at the world and were unsatisfied with the status quo they experienced around them. This dissatisfaction led them to know ideas and perspectives with which to see the world. These ideas resonated with others, which gained them the notoriety they have today as important philosophical/theological figures. The Public Broadcasting service (PBS) did a profile of James Cone in its series “This far by faith” which explains how the social and political tides at the time shaped his view of the world and his ideas for how he thought ...

The movie talks about an evolutionary machine that pioneers the next generation of machines. The main issue discussed on this thriller is whether machines with such ability that so closely resembles human beings should be allowed to choose their destiny. The metaphysical problem involves the state of being of Data, which is a next generation machine.
Data is essentially a machine; however, its ability to capture human emotions and to create relationships with people makes it a unique machine. While Data remains a machine and not human, it is very important to realize that he can communicate and express his feelings. This ...

Discuss this statement in relation to two areas of knowledge.

Two areas of knowledge discussed in this essay relate to religion and ethics. However, a sound definition of concepts must be advanced before profound discussions on the subjects religion and ethics are embraced. Religion was considered the opium of the people by the Philosopher Karl Marx (1818 – 1883). Marx perceived the facts embodied in religion as well as rituals and beliefs to be nothing more than systems used to subjugate people. Precisely, it was exploitation of man by man, the powerful exploiting the powerless; rich by poor; owners of the means of production by those who work for them (Bulbulia. ...

How are Cartesian foundationalism and dualism found in Descartes’ Mediations?

Central to Descartes’ philosophy is the establishment of the philosophical view of foundationalism and dualism. Foundationalism is based on the philosophy that in investigating any ideas or thoughts, one has to go back to the fundamental principles. Descartes believe that in order to test the validity of ideas, one has to start from scratch and work his way up. As stated in Descartes in his ‘Meditations’, “And thus I realized that once in my life I had to raze everything to the ground and begin again from the original foundations, if I wanted to establish anything firm and lasting ...

PHILOSOPHY, HEALTHCARE ETHICS, AND RELIGION: DECISION MAKING

- Introductory Summary
There are a wide array of choices that individuals must make in their lives, and it is important to have guiding principles when it comes to making hard choices. The Bible and relevant philosophical texts give good guidance; even so, difficult decisions must be made frequently, especially in the medical profession. This discussion will focus on individual absolutes and the Biblical basis for those absolutes, especially in the context of difficult decisions that will be made daily. In addition, decision-making strategy will be introduced, including the question of what to do when one’s absolutes are ...

Management is a crucial part of any organization—it should be guided by a good philosophy that is fair to everyone for the growth of the organization. It was hard to define a philosophy that I could use to manage my employees initially; because I had seen other managers misuse the available privileges. It means that I had to learn from both bad and good managers. Some managers pretended to be above everyone and assume that they have the final word; however, ideal manages are humble themselves and friendly to everyone. After carefully analyzing the management approach assumed by these two groups ...

According to Habermas (1983), the notion of “project of modernity” came into focus during the period of the eighteenth century. It is worth mentioning that the spirit of aesthetic modernity discussed by the philosopher was extremely striking in the works of Baudelaire, avant-garde movements, Dadaism and surrealism. At this very time, Bergson presents his philosophy of the new time, showing the elusiveness, ephemerality and discontinuity of life. That’s is why the way of modernist representation of art is rather abstract and ambiguous. The representatives of modernism were rebelling against the whole normative system claiming that they have no ...

Plato looks at pleasure as a source of delight and sensual enjoyment. In his work ‘Gorgias’, Plato talks of Socrates, and makes him relay his views. His concept is that things are termed beautiful based on the pleasure derived from them or their use. In the same way, the lack of pleasure from an item determines its lack of beauty. Plato classifies pleasure into two categories. There are those pleasures that lead to good ends, and there are those pleasures that are purposed only for fulfilling desires. Therefore, there are good pleasures and bad pleasures. Plato holds that the methods, ...

Categorical imperative is the key concept to Kant’s deontological moral philosophy. By definition, in critical philosophy, the categorical imperative establishes an unconditional and an absolute necessity that that has no exceptions, and it is universally justified. In addition to the above, categorical imperative is vindicated as an end to itself, and not a means to some supplementary end. Apparently, Kant attaches lots of significances to the idiom “categorical imperative the two words that were formulated to make up the concept have implications.
Based on Kant’s notions, human beings are a special part of the creation, derived from the ...

Introduction

Philosophy has and remains to be one of the most pivotal pillar that aids the understanding of various phenomenon. While this is true, it is sad the scope and origin of philosophy is never appreciated in the educational realm. A close analysis of schooling across various contexts shows that education dogma has often been perceived to be western dogma. This is not true based on the primary fact that philosophy, which forms the basis of education can be traced to the ancient Greek times. It is on this basis that Greek philosophy should be considered a tradition, which should be ...

Introduction

Despite the fact that a popular government elected by the people for the people should be allowed to exercise its authority over the people such as creating and changing laws, a professional and qualified group of experts should be allowed to exercise authority in regulating the politicians. The Supreme Court may not be elected but with the interest of the nation at heart and with a mission to protect the law, they are qualified to dismiss inappropriate laws (that violate the constitution) made by the Congress. Since the law governs humans and humans are bound to change and advance, the philosophy was ...

According to Socrates and Plato, the debate on whether we are prisoners of fate or we can control our own destiny would be very interesting because it impinges on human rights and freewill. Socrates was Plato’s mentor and as such, he would have the upper hand in seeking the absolute truth and justice in the issue (Guthrie, 1975, Gill, 2006). Plato having attended the trial of his mentor, Socrates in 399BC got troubled on the destiny of humanity and, as such, he wanted to come up with an ideal society (Gill, 2002, Jowett, 1871). The following is a transcription ...

English: Critical Thinking

The first reproach is an invitation to the people to dwell in quietism of despair as if all solutions to a problems are barred, all actions in this world would be declared ineffective. This is a lead to the contemplative philosophy and as the contemplative philosophy is a luxury, this is another bourgeois philosophy and the reproach made by the communist. Another reproach that is ignominious in the human situation for neglecting things that possess charm and beauty and belongs to the brighter side of human nature. A man is considered in isolation in both the reproaches and the reason as per ...

Education is one of the crucial components in society. Belief and knowledge are concepts that always confuse people, especially when one decide to focus on them. Plato is one of the greatest philosophers who understood education in a different perspective. Plato defined education as the initial acquisition of virtue during childhood. Especially when affection and pleasure are channeled in the right course before rationality. Plato understands education as the basis of every society. Through his understand childhood still could be identified and given proper education to make them useful in society. A child requires education in order to fulfil their ...

Analysis of Selections from Nagel, What Does It All Mean?

Thomas Nagel’s 1987 book, What’s It All Mean?, offers an introduction to philosophical thought. He directs this book toward a person who has never studied philosophy before. He bases his introduction not in the writings of the great philosophers or great thinkers, but instead he offers nine categories of questions for his reader to think about. As he puts it, “The main concern of philosophy is to question and understand very common ideas that all of us use every day without thinking about them” (Nagel 5). By laying out these problems and his ideas about them, Nagel encourages ...

Introduction

The proper execution of Advanced Nursing Practice is very much reliant on theory analysis and evaluation. Analysis refers to the objective and nonjudgmental description of a nursing theory while evaluation involves the judgments about the extent to which a nursing theory satisfies certain criteria (Fawcett, 2000). Theory analysis and evaluation entails the systematic and detailed review of all available primary sources such as publications and presentations by theorists (Fawcett, 2000). Theory Analysis and Evaluation are done in order to determine the exact assertions and practicality of a theory instead of relying on inferences from other authors on that theory.
The relevance ...

Midterm Essay – Augustine and Plato

When discussing the concepts of knowledge and belief, philosophers Augustine and Plato frame these ideas in varying ways. Augustine’s perspective on knowledge and belief, as depicted in De Magistro (The Teacher), is that “knowledge of words is completed by knowledge of things, and by the hearing of words not even words are learned” (Augustine 94). Because of the difficulty inherent in true knowledge, belief is also a major component of Augustine’s teachings; while knowledge is more objective (and thus harder to grasp), belief is much more subjective, as we choose who to believe. “What I know I also ...

When I first heard of the term “humanities”, I initially thought it is simply about humans and how they live with other people and nothing more. I thought it was the study of culture and how people interact with one another in a way that would foster respect and appreciation of another’s culture. However, after discussions about the true meaning of humanities, I realized that it is about people, culture, and more. Humanities is the study of people from various time periods and in all parts of the world, including academic disciplines such as literature, religion, philosophy, arts, and ...

Knowledge is a philosophical concept which has been quite challenging to understand. Over the years, philosophers came up with diverging ideas about it. Precisely, it took a very long time for them to agree on the sources of knowledge. This sparked a very hot debate amongst the philosophers. Zeno emphasized on the role of "moral and intellectual perfection” in the acquisition of knowledge. According to his school of thought, reason can also be considered as a source of knowledge. To the stoicism, the acquisition of the right knowledge can be instrumental in identifying the truth and distinguishing it from a fallacy. However, this is ...

The aim of this essay is to present you with a definition on a concept which has been flirting with the human nature ever since the dawn of prehistoric times. If each word is to depict a notion widely accepted and shared within the borders of a speaking community, then the word ‘success’ has spread its meaning throughout centuries, changing meaning according to the ideals of each era and civilization. Success has been an ideal that has always been flirting with its being considered equal to happiness. People have always believed that a successful person is usually a happy person. But philosophy, psychology and social ...

Question 1

The Renaissance is the period of the emergence of the individual artist and of art becoming more and more realistic. This was the result of intellectual achievement in other cultural fields which led to the creation of a new philosophy surrounding the arts (Getlein, 378).
Renaissance blossomed in both Italy and the North of Europe. There are however significant differences between the art produced in those two areas. Robert Campin’s Merode Altarpiece (figure 16.17 in Getlein) from 1426 is typical of the extensive attention to detail the Northern artists paid. The picture is full of details, some of ...

Discuss this statement in relation to two areas of knowledge.

Philosophy
Philosophical assumptions relating the theory of knowledge aspire towards an understanding of and differentiating among belief, truth and justification. Over the ages since Immanuel Khant’s propositions regarding enlightenment philosophers are still struggling to define and conceptualize the term in relation to knowledge acquisition, revision and validation. As such, in perceiving that ‘knowledge is nothing more than the systematic organization of facts’ it would become necessary to define knowledge and facts. Subsequently, a detailed differentiation between the two will be embraced and thereafter conclusions derived from the exposition in relation to two are of knowledge namely religion and ...

Effect on Reducing Deficits and Stabilizing Prices

In a recent opinion editorial, American literary theorist, legal scholar, and public intellectual Stanley Fish decided to use a definition for neoliberalism provided by political thinker and writer Paul Treanor (2009). Fish stated that Treanor holds that neoliberalism is a philosophy where the existence and operation the market are valued separate from the production of goods and services, to the point of deliberately not justifying the market by its goods and services production. This creates an ethic based on the operation the market alone, and this resulting ethic is asserted as being capable of acting as a guide for all human action, substituting ...

Socrates was an orator and philosopher whose primary interests were logic, ethics and epistemology. In Plato’s Apology of Socrates, Plato recounts the speech that Socrates gave shortly before his death, during the trial in 399 BC in which he was charged with "corrupting the young, and by not believing in the gods in whom the city believes, but in other daimonia that are novel" (24b). The name of the work itself is a bit of a misnomer; here, Socrates is not apologizing, but merely speaking in defense of his beliefs and actions – the word apology is used in the context ...

When it comes to measuring the intellectual capability and the level of human relationships, the young people are the best instruments. This can never be achieved better by looking at any other place rather than the American society. The American youth and what they display is a fundamental measure of how environment affects behaviour. The ever changing behaviour of the society is so alarming which has prompted literature writers and other scholars to condemn the act. Technology not only promises people an easy life but also providing measures through which people can leave a life free of stress despite it being ...

Film Studies

He again goes back to discuss certain academic writings by film scholars like Murray Smith, Richard Allen, Noel Carroll and David Bordwell. He maintains that these scholars do not find theory to be scientific (Turvey, 110). ‘Analytic philosophy wants to redeem “theory” for film by placing it in the context of a philosophy of science. At the same time, this implies that the epistemologies that were characteristic of the humanities for a number of decades are neither philosophically nor scientifically legitimate. And so the contestation of theory becomes a de facto epistemological dismissal of the humanities’.
The philosopher, Wittgenstein, wanted to ...

Introduction

Literary critical theory is a complicated process - there are many different ways from which one can look at a story. The question remains, however, whether or not these readings are valid. Is the process of literary criticism a means of mental gymnastics, where theorists can force a reading into a text like a child pushing a square peg in a round hole? Looking at the various theorists who make up the most prominently observed members of the literary critical canon, it becomes clear that the act of reading itself is an interactive one, with the reader bringing just as much into the experience of reading as ...

‘Institutional Affiliation’

Candide / Voltaire
Candide, penned by Voltaire, is one of the most significant literary works of the past few decades, not so much for its witty and humorous plot, as much for the way in which the author narrates the social and political issues of the eighteenth century, in a philosophical perspective. It is an excellent satiric novel that questioned many of the popular beliefs of its time and created much debate and criticism wherever it was published. The novel was so scandalous, that it was banned both by the church and secular authorities. In fact it was classified ...

Introduction

With the onset of technological changes, globalization and a radical development within the world of academia, political systems have suffered radical changes in the wake of advancement. In the long run, scholars of political science and philosophy have been left pondering with the concerns and questions resonating around new governance ideals and models. This paper critically puts into perspective one of the views from the academics.

Summary

Critique
The approach assumed by the author is revealing and inquisitor in nature. He puts into perspective the jurisprudence that has been established by political systems in governance. One gets along with his ...

INTRODUCTION

Philosophy is an ancient Greek word that simply means the love of wisdom. Philosophy is therefore described to be the study of the general problems that people have that is connected with reasoning, reality, knowledge, values, beliefs and language. Philosophy is divided into different sections such as philosophy of religion. Philosophy of religion is defined as the inclusion of philosophical examination and a religion that focuses on aspects of religion for example the existence of God, ethics, history, law and the relationship between religion and science. The inclusion of humans' relationship with God according to the bible is that god ...

Reviewing "The Yellow Wallpaper" through Plato and Christine de Pisan

Charlotte Gilman’s short story “The Yellow Wallpaper” tells the tale of a young married woman who suffers from what is presumed to be post-partum depression. Her physician husband decides to sequester her for a ‘rest cure’ in their summer home, which turns out to backfire when she starts to slowly go insane. The story takes the form of journal entries denoting her gradual slide into madness, as she hallucinates and forms paranoid thoughts about her husband and the outside world. The audience sees all of this through a first-person perspective that allows us to see inside the mind of the protagonist, ...

In the film version of Troy, as in the original Iliad, several characters are motivated mainly by their passions and lusts far more than reason and ethics, and as a result bring considerable death, destruction and suffering to all concerned. Both Plato and Aristotle would have been highly critical of this lack of ethics, and actions that they would have regarded as coming from the basest motives of lust, anger, revenge and other passions. Paris, the young prince of Troy, becomes infatuated with Helen, the wife of King Menelaus of Sparta, and runs off with her. This destroys the peace ...

Charlotte Gilman’s short story “The Yellow Wallpaper” tells the tale of a young married woman who suffers from what is presumed to be post-partum depression. Her physician husband decides to sequester her for a ‘rest cure’ in their summer home, which turns out to backfire when she starts to slowly go insane. The story takes the form of journal entries denoting her gradual slide into madness, as she hallucinates and forms paranoid thoughts about her husband and the outside world. The audience sees all of this through a first-person perspective that allows us to see inside the mind of the protagonist, ...

Arguably, issues surrounding human freedom have been debated for many decades. Most philosophies have tried to interpret the concept of freedom and the self, each one giving a complex explanation. One of philosophical statement made by Sartre has led to many arguments, critics, and many explanations. Sartre stated that a man is condemned to be free, which became one of his key philosophical work. Many explanations on what Sartre meant has been developed, but it is crucial to understand that the only correct meaning of the statement is known to Sartre.
In my views, condemned to be free could mean ...

Wittgenstein believed that flaws in philosophical reasoning would be exposed by understanding the hidden flaws in language. To that end he wrote extensively on the topic of understanding linguistics in order to clarify the language flaws. He asserted that while good for day to day conversation, but unsuitable for defining complex philosophical arguments. This is in part because when people are talking the subject is taken in context and defined by the parameters of the conversation. However, philosophical matters are taken beyond everyday experience and need more specific terms in order to be discussed and understood. The words knowing ...

“Man is no longer an artist; he has become a work of art: all nature’s artistic power reveals itself here, amidst shivers of intoxication, to the highest, most blissful satisfaction of the primordial unity.” Nietzche'
In reflection to Nietzsche’s existential phrase man feels himself supernatural before the animals and moves with great sublimity and ecstasy they way God appears to him in his dreams. Man can no longer be termed as an artist as he has changed to a work of art. Here Nietzsche indicates that all man’s artistic power are revealed here

When chances come to ...

The importance of honesty runs deeply throughout human nature. One of the most common manifestations of honesty has to do with money. Mark Twain, one of the famed American cynics, wrote that “honesty is the best policy – when there is money in it.” When there is a financial (or other material) incentive, people tend to be more likely to be honest. However, building a track record of dishonesty can be corrosive to the soul; in Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, the entire course of the story centers around being honest about one’s inner pain instead of concealing it. The ...

Constructivism

The term constructivism refers to an architectural and artistic philosophy believed to have been originated in Russia in the tear 1919. It was started as a movement by Kazimir Malevich as a rejection of the inefficiencies of autonomous art. As a philosophy, it favored the idea of art as a social tool. The rise of constructivism greatly influenced dance, film, music, fashion, design, theatre, graphic, architecture and industrial design.
Some of the major contributions of this ideology include the street designs for the Bolshevik government revolution at Vitebsk; public festivals and OBMOKhU exhibitions, just to mention but a few. Later, after the Russian ...

This theory was Immanuel Kant’s first contribution in philosophy. Kant made a great significance in his debut since he disagreed with theories generated by renowned philosophers like Aristotle. This theory was a unique theory that explained a new method of analyzing morals and responsibilities. Kant’s theory works from down the common sense then up to the laws that govern our deeds (Alison, 67). The theory tends to claim that acting right does not require rewards as it is everyone’s duty to do what’s right or what or what is required by law.

Kant’s theory is different from ...

Herein I answer the following three questions:
"I discoveredabout the poets that no wisdom enabled them to compose as they did" What do poets (and, presumably, artists of all sorts) lack, according to Socrates?

Some people appear to defend this argument: if you offend my religion, I have a right to break the law, doing violence to you or your fellow citizen and their property in your own country and abroad. Given Socrates' central argument in Crito, what might he say to that?

Plato writes of "Beauty itself" and "Good itself." What does he mean by "itself"? Draw ...

1. In Plato’s Republic, Thrasymachus presents several arguments in favor of the position that Might makes right. Explain three of his arguments. Do they explain how things are in the real world, how they ought to be or both? Explain. Regardless of which option you choose, which of the three options would represent the strongest ethical position?
Thrasymachus believes that justice does not really exist at all, except in the minds of naïve idealists like Socrates, and that only power matters. In other words, he is a classical realist and cynical supporter of power politics, which may ...

1. Introduction
This thesis shall be limited to a critical analysis of Alain de Botton’s book, The Consolations of Philosophy; of the year 2000 which introduced a new perspective not only to the study of philosophy but also its application in our day to day lives. It is significant to point out that this book was a follow-up of the original Consolation of Philosophy that was written by Boethius in 524 A.D. basically, Boethius personified philosophy as a woman whereby he asserted paradoxical relationship between fortune and misfortune especially in relation to the phenomenon of human happiness. Therefore whilst the latter ...

Epistemological view on knowledge

Introduction
The definition of knowledge cuts across many spectrums. Philosophical constructions by both Plato and Socrates have been launched by various scholars in the explanation of what knowledge is. However the constructions, one evident outcome is a dilemmatic hold on the different propositions that are held by the different scholars. The argumentative assertions have often been countered by questionings in relation to what is exactly known when one says that they have knowledge. This paper attempts to explain what knowledge is following a philosophical inclination and also investigate the reactions that epistemological theorists would have on the same. The paper ...

The argument on whether God does exist is one that has been debated by many people for a long time; philosophers on their part have based their assertions on theistic proof on rationality and logic. Some religious groups argue that this debate cannot be decided by logic alone but rather some faith is needed to understand God’s existence. However, that is not always the case; philosophers like Descartes, who is considered the father of modern day philosophy, were able to give theistic proof using valid philosophical arguments. It is hence interesting to try and answer the question of whether ...

Gender roles and gender-related stereotypes are often depicted in literary works. For example, Shakespeare’s play “Macbeth” could be considered misogynistic because it promotes the stereotype that women are the root of all evil, manipulate men for their selfish needs, and create chaos because all female characters in the play show that form of behavior. On the other hand, it is also possible to notice the lack of stability and logic in the main character Macbeth who is depicted as a naïve, indecisive, and dependent character. In “Candide,” it is possible to notice that Voltaire depicts the vulnerability and ...

Analysis of the Article by Michael Devitt

The article by Michael Devitt is dedicated to the idea that all the Linnaean taxa have essences, which are guided intrinsic properties, which are mostly genetic. According to the biology philosophers, such theory is wrong and contradicts Darwinism, but in the article the author argues that biological generalizations drawn about the certain properties of species need structural explanation, adverting to the essential properties. In the most widespread approach, thus, the way an organism feels lie in a particular kind is ignored. As a result, Devitt shows how essentialism can integrate the Darwinism features that are associated with change and variation.
...

In “Euthyphro,” one of Plato’s early dialogues, Plato describes the meeting between Euthyphro and Socrates near the king-archon’s court and proceeds to record their conversation about piety. Piety is a virtue that is often interpreted as religious devotion or spirituality. While piety in contemporary society usually means devoting God to gain good graces or seek forgiveness, piety was considered in a wider context by Greek philosophers, so it was a virtue that allowed a person to respect social order, religious order, and display devotion to others. Piety is directly influenced by the development of practical wisdom because practical wisdom was considered ...

Famous Thinkers

Aristotle
Aristotle was one of the greatest thinkers in the field of philosophy and he was the first philosopher to write on systems, which he well comprehended and he could critic anything from pure judgment to literature, societal politics, and even science. He proposed that there are four basic “causes” of reality of existence: the effective cause, which is the initiator of the object; the final cause, which is the role for which an object exists; the structure of the object; and material cause, which is the composition of the object. His work was influenced by the urge ...

Emmanuel cant. The categorical imperative

1. Good will according t is the only thing that is perceived as good without qualification and thus it is good because of what is good to itself and not what it performs and suitability for the accomplishment of some anticipated end.
2. Imperatives expresses what one is suppose to do. Categorical imperatives are the moral conducts that relate to performance of once duty in the context of good will whereas hypothetical imperatives gives the test that is used to determine whether one is willing to take an action.
3. A universal law dictates that one should ...

It is true that people who join a group usually get involved in a number of activities which makes them to have different experiences as was noted by Moreland and Levine (1992) in the model of group membership. Personally I have been lucky to participate in group activities and be able to share with others my experiences. In deed I must admit that during my outstanding experience in a group I got the chance of journeying through the five stages of typical group model, and I was able to experience investigation, socialization and maintenance phases. In fact towards the end of the ...

In the history of humanity, there were numerous questions the most brilliant scholars of all times were trying to answer. Among the most complicated and substantial questions was an issue of human nature, its origin and developmental implications. With each epoch, answers were becoming more and more diverse. Subsequently, in each epoch there were people who tried to summarize collected knowledge. In this context, the main aim of the current essay is to compare two theories of human nature. In this context, approaches of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud are explored in respect to philosophers’ intelligence and far-reaching interpretation ...

Introduction:

Viktor Frankl’s seminal book was written in 1946 and draws on his experiences in four different concentration camps but particularly during his time in Auschwitz, that great factory of mass murder where over 1.5 million Jews and other political prisoners were exterminated. Frankl had to suffer several of his family’s deaths including his pregnant wife while he had to continue labouring and blocking out the suffering from his mind.
The philosophical content of the book is rather deep and centres mainly on the reflection of certain situations. I found it very disturbing in some places but ...

Question 1

Existentialism has helped to solve the despair that comes with postwar in many ways. One way is that existentialism has taught people to be more concerned with their welfare unlike the past where people were required to depend on the supernatural principles. With existentialism, people have many choices to make and this philosophy has made people to make the right choices every day. Before the war, many people believed their lives were controlled by science and they therefore had no concern for the way they lived. They did not find any reason to fight for life. With the theory ...

The movement of existentialism and the revival of religion were carried out following the collapse of civil values in the twentieth century in several ways. Different philosophers came up with different views towards extentialism. The aspect of extentialism became associated with the cultural movement. Formerly, people used to perceive extentialism as a term used to describe existence. However, following the postwar era, there was extensive dissemination of the philosophical and literary postwar output. This lead to exchange of ideas among the philosophers and the academic elites. As a result, there was development of new theories that could justify the aspect of ...

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844 and died on August 25, 1900, was great 19th century German classical philologist, philosopher, and poet. He is known for his writings on critical texts on life and mortality, religion, philosophy, contemporary culture, and science, which displayed fondness for aphorism, metaphor, and irony. His writings remain substantial influential beyond and within philosophy, majorly in postmodernism, existentialism, and nihilism. One of his writing that “God is dead,” sparked a lot of debate in both circular and religious sectors.

The statement "God is dead" appears in a number of his works; for example, in “ ...

In Bourdieu’s “The Myth of Globalization and the European Welfare State,” Bourdieu creates a strong ethical argument for the tearing down of the globalization myth, which can bring about a welfare state in Europe due to foreign competition. Bourdieu argues for a fight against this outlook in order to account for the “social costs” of economic theory, most certainly a move toward ethics over sheer economic success (p. 39). It is ethically sound to follow Bourdieu’s suggestions, as the long-term effects of economic decisions on a society are often not as fully explored as they should be.

Bourdieu argues that ‘To fight against ...

Justice is something which underlies our own society – without it, indeed, some people posit that there can be no such thing as society. While many people state that justice is the same thing as the law, with Plato being the most visible proponent of this theory, others, such as Socrates, hold the two to be very different things. As we shall see below, while Socrates and Plato disagree on whether or not justice and law are the same, they both agree when it comes to addressing the role that justice takes in internal adherence to the values of the ...

Explain Aristotle’s theory that virtue is a mean between two extremes give an example

Virtue according to Aristotle virtue is a disposition to behave in a certain manner that is responsive to comparable situations i.e. behaving in specified manner. Virtue therefore is as a cause of constantly repeated actions that is an aggregate of the behavior. Example include courage which may be a mean of the result of cowardice and impulsiveness.

Explain Anselm’s Ontological Argument

Anselm’s ontological Argument supports the theory of God’s existence by providing proof on the same. Anselm is specific in that he nullifies the theory of experience on justification of God’s existence through logic. His logical standpoints to refute the ‘ ...

The first thing to mention is the question of virtue. The main thesis of Socrates is that the knowledge and virtue are identical. The good, according to Socrates, consists of both the beauty and truth. Apart from it, Socrates defended the objective character of knowledge and paid great attention to the study of a man as a moral being. Moreover, the philosopher pointed out the interdependence between the soul and divinity as well as the probability of the soul immortality. Man`s virtue, according to Socrates, may be measured by his union with the divine wisdom as long as ...

Descartes argues that there are two equal world beginnings, i.e. "mind or mental substance, and body or physical substance" (Philosophy of Mind, 2016, p. 5). The main property of the first beginning is the thought, while the second one operates with the length. Both phenomena coexist in the world, moreover, these two principles are everlasting, and none of them dominates the other. However, Descartes says that God created these substances, which means that his dualism is approaching idealism, as dualism "could be based upon religion, belief in life after death, or belief that people are more valuable than mere ...