Twins Research Papers Samples For Students

Psychologists use different kinds of methods to study genetics. These methods include the pedigree analysis, Karyotping, planned experimental breeding, and the twin study methods. The pedigree analysis refers to the pictorial representation of the members of a family with symbols representing the members of the family and lines representing genetic relationships. The Karyotyping method however, detects the number of chromosomes as well as their different abnormality using pictorial representation of the chromosomes. The planned experimental breeding on the other hand uses plant experiment and analysis to pass through generations. The twin study studies the disconcordance and the concordance of the ...

- Introduction
It was Sigmund Freud who first suggested that human psychosexual development is heavily influenced by one’s relationship with one’s father or mother (Katz-Wise 2). However, in reality, the development of sexuality is quite different and significantly more complex. Gender identity has become different from sexual identity, and one’s sexual orientation is different still (Katz-Wise 2). Before detailing the prevailing arguments regarding sexual identity and all the issues that go along with it, it is first important to understand the nature of the discussion.
Sexual identity, for the purposes of discussion here, will ...

Variation and Inheritance

Charles Darwin tried to link his theory of acquired traits and use and disuse in describing how characters get inherited. He said that acquired traits get transmitted from the parents to the offspring. Although they lacked scientific proofs, Darwin’s theories led to the belief that character traits in an individual were mainly acquired from the environment in which an organism lives (Roberts, 61). The theories also led to the belief that the characters that come from the environment can be inherited by the offspring. Recent studies and research have shown that what Darwin called gemmules are cells that ...

Introduction

Mental health is perhaps one the most important forms of health that humans consider to be vital. Several mental conditions such as Alzheimer’s and depression have been recorded with high prevalence in the society and this has alarmed medical practitioners and government bodies as well . While these condition may abound, little knowledge exist as to the manner in which they occur and treatment methods. Scholars and medical practitioners have taken time and effort in the endeavor to comprehend the causes and treatment methods of mental disorders. However, since the biological processes that lead to mental illnesses are quite ...

The contribution of genetic and environment factors in shaping behaviors

This assignment is being submitted on July 13, 2015
Introduction
The difference in behavior of two individuals can be attributed to various factors, in spite of the fact that they have similar physical traits and testing environments. The modern day scientists accredit both, the genetic factors and the environmental impact over the behavior, mostly channelizing their research on the mutual interaction among these factors (Breed & Sanchez, 2010). It has already been testified that genes cast their effect over the morphology and physical traits of an individual (Bazzet, 2008). Further, they create a base framework inside which the environmental ...

The effect of heredity and genetics on character has been a puzzle among scientist disciplines for an appreciable amount of time. There has ensued a heated ‘Nature versus Nurture’ argument concerning character. Everyone in the society has always shown an interest to understand what impacts personal behavior and individual character. Researchers have developed several theories and explanations to the relationship between character and genetics. However, other factors like studies, environment, and theoretical models have been accorded some percentage of impact to character.
It is a widely agreed concept that the idea of character development and human behavior is abjectly fluid and ...

Abstract

Researchers showed that genetics has a strong influence on individual’s behavior when it comes to addiction. Substance abuse and dependence are disorders that are usually manifested together with some other psychological disorders such as antisocial personality disorder, depression, anxiety and others. Patients who suffer from depression or schizophrenia more often manifest addictive behavior. Explanation for this co-morbidity is found in genetic polymorphism. There are alterations in recorded activity of the brain in individuals who abuse substances. Their brainwaves are abnormal so was the brainwaves of their children, who never tried psychoactive substances. Biology is the basis of the brainwaves and ...

Biological factors that might account for Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is ranked as one of the most severe mental ailments in different parts of the world. A person in 100 individuals develops the illness over a life span. It can develop any time but commonly shows up in the late teens to mid-20s. In addition, it is common in both males and females. Physicians are now embracing that, its results are dimensional across interlinked areas of signs; severity, functional or social disability, medication, employment and management factors. To describe and diagnose the philosophy of this disorder, numerous modern strategies have been suggested, since the prototype explanation by Kraepelin. ...

Nationalism, Religion and Gender are prevalent in the texts “The Good Lord Bird” and “The Farming of Bones.” The two texts stem out as informative and engaging pieces of writing. Both books are written from a comical stance, and embrace beauty in their calling. They are captivating in the way they elicit suspense and evoke varied emotions among their audience. Unflinchingly deemed as irreverent, they refuse to draw clean lines between the good personnel and the bad, between the abolitionists and the pro-slavery folks. The authors have touched on several themes, whereby religion, nationalism, religion, and gender emerging as the ...

and Alcohol Knowledge

The Effectiveness of Prevention Programs on Underage Drinking

and Alcohol Knowledge
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2007) considers underage drinking a major public health problem. In 2008, emergency rooms treated around 190,000 juveniles for injuries related to alcohol abuse (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2011). Alcohol is the most widely used drug by minors in the United States, accounting for 11% of all alcohol consumption. Binge drinking accounts for more than 90% of juvenile alcohol abuse. According to Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), even though the level of alcohol use among juveniles has dropped significantly ...

and Alcohol Knowledge

The Effectiveness of Prevention Programs on Underage Drinking

and Alcohol Knowledge
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2007) considers underage drinking a major public health problem. In 2008, emergency rooms treated around 190,000 juveniles for injuries related to alcohol abuse (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2011). Alcohol is the most widely used drug by minors in the United States, accounting for 11% of all alcohol consumption. Binge drinking accounts for more than 90% of juvenile alcohol abuse. According to Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), even though the level of alcohol use among juveniles has dropped significantly ...

Infant care and production in tamarins

Infant care and production in Tamarins: An Introduction
Parenting patterns vary extensively both amongst human and primates. Cooperative care is rather unusual in the primates, however; it is found mainly in tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), the small monkeys. This report delves into infant care and production in tamarins, in a social system, explaining the methods they maintain their relationships in a cooperative care.

When offered an option for caretaking of mother or the father, infants generally prefer the father, who offer more care. Hence, in biparental and cooperative breeding groups, the infants do not create a major fondness to the mother or ...

Introduction

Depression is a disease affecting a large part of the population today. Though many people experience sadness from time to time, depression is a much more complex disease. It affects a person’s daily life and often results in physical pain. Unlike the occasional feelings of sadness that fade away, depression lasts longer (NIMH, 2014).
Biopsychology involves the scientific study of the relationship between behavior and biology (Green, 2013). In the study of their relationship, biology and behavior mostly interact in the brain and nervous system. It will also apply to the analysis of depression in relation to the biology; this study ...

“Before you assume, learn the facts. Before you judge, understand why. Before you hurt someone, feel. Before you speak, think.”
-J. Johnson
Autism comes from the Greek word ‘autos’ which means ‘self’ in English. Eugen Bleuler, a Swiss psychiatrist first coined this ‘autism’ a term for describing patient who are suffering from schizophrenia and exhibits a different way of thinking. It is said that this kind of thinking is viewed as autistic thinking whereas an individual bearing this kind of thought believes that the universe turns only around oneself, and the remaining effects of the external world will not have ...

The bond between a mother and her child is one which cannot be replicated in any way. The development of human beings is fundamentally built upon this bond and it is from our parents that our initial development grows. Through these primary relationships, we learn about love, affection and being sociable. The obvious question is whether we would successfully grow up into happy, functioning adults if we were not privy to these early experiences. Even further, the comments our parents make as we are developing through childhood and into early adolescence, can also have a marked effect on our confidence, ...

The nature versus nurture argument is one of the oldest discussions in psychology. The debate revolves around the contributions of environmental factors and genetic inheritance to the growth and development of human beings (Zaky, 2015). Different branches of science rely on one part of the discussion. Nature is the influence of biological factors and genetic inheritance while nurture is the influence of external factors such as experience, exposure, and learning. This discussion is used in explaining medical conditions such as medical disorders and diseases such as diabetes. The position of medical professionals on this discussion can influence the kind ...

Parkinson’s disease is a common neurological disorder. It affects approximately 1% of individuals over the age of 60 years. It cases a form of disability which is progressive. However, the disability can be slowed down but not halted by treatment (Hauser, 2013). Neuropathology findings in the disease include the loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons in the region of the substantia nigra pas compacts. There is also the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites (Lee et al, 2009). In most cases of Parkinson’s disease, a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors has been implicated in the evolution of the ...

Lesbianism and Identity Politics during the Feminist Movement

Lesbianism refers to sexual attraction between females whereas identity politics refers to the action of members of a certain specific sub- group uniting in order to affect social change or political changes. Lesbianism in the recent past has been on the rise and its increase was particularly tremendous during the feminist movement which is accused of in sighting women to hate men and thus encouraging sexual closeness. There has been a heated argument as to whether lesbianism is a choice or not. This argument has triggered a lot of interest in scholars of gender studies and lately it is a debate in most countries ...

The process of becoming fluent in writing and speaking a second language is a complex process that relies on a number of influences; individual personality characteristics such as maturity, past experiences, exposure to the new language, learning environment, motivation, and natural inclinations to adapting to new skills are some factors that promote or hinder progress. Research involving experimentation, investigation, and empirical studies has been conducted to describe individual factors that influence the quality and speed of children’s learning a second language and will be examined. Some children are born into multilingual families with different cultural backgrounds and it ...

Biological Bases: Age at dieting onset, body mass index, and dieting practices. A twin study By Enriquez et al. (2013)

Background

The objective of this research was to determine whether early age dieting onset can be taken as a risk factor for the increased adult body mass index or the use of some dieting practices considered risky. The research was conducted on female twins between the age of 18 to 60 years from the University of Washington Twin Registry in the year 2006. The research was conducted on a sample study group of 950 twins would completed two sets of ...

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder, which affects the central nervous system. It was first described as a separate disease in 1868 by Jean-Martin Charcot (Compston and Coles, 2008). The average prevalence of the disease globally is 30 people from 100000 (Milo and Kahana, 2010). However, the incidence of multiple sclerosis varies greatly depending geography. While in the African countries it happens comparatively rarely, its frequency is increasing consistently in Asia and America. In Europe, multiple sclerosis happens with the highest rate in the world. There are four clinical forms of multiple sclerosis (Compston and Coles, 2008). Relapsing-remitting MS ...

Introduction

Leadership today is viewed as a social process wherein leaders and followers interact effectively and participate actively in the leadership actuations (Goertzen, 2013). With the growing proliferation of leadership and leadership development theories, which focused on the educational, experiential, and cultural factors involved in effective leadership, the conceptual environment of leadership is naturally set at showing off the self-made nature of leadership today. However, close observation on the natural behaviors of children will inspire questions on the validity of the claim that leaders are made, not born. A child in the play, for instance, who takes initiative in organizing ...

A Secondary Data Analysis of Empirical Findings on the Influence of Familial and Genetic Factors on the Onset of Drug Abuse

Abstract

Drug abuse has long been a private and public issue. Numerous strategies, interventions, and policies have been formulated and carried out over the years to resolve this indomitable issue. There is no single explanation to the development of drug dependence. Its onset and maintenance are influenced by a number of interlocking factors. One of the leading determinants of the development of this disorder is familial and genetic factors. Numerous studies have shown that the family environment, such as quality of ...

Post-traumatic stress disorder is one among the many psychological disorders that people experience. It is a disorder associated with traumatizing events that one get exposed to in the course of daily life, work, threat of death, sexual assault, war, etc. It falls under the anxiety disorders in the DSM IV. The characteristics of the disorder are completely absent before the exposure to a traumatic event.
The PTSD results from a variety of experience. At times, if the trauma is in the extreme limits, it can occur without any predisposing conditions (U.S department of Health and Human Services). However, there are categories ...

Introduction

Articles, research reports and blogs have been written on the basis of analyzing the things in an effective manner, and they will used to furnish the things in front of the people particularly. Articles and research reports usually have certain aspects that are essential to give the education to the readers in a perfect and organized manner. The level of biasness has been increasing in different fields, and it is very much in the Human Resources Management (HRM) as well. Apart from the hiring and firing, some of the major works associated with the Human Resources Department is to manage ...

Comparison and contrast of Umbilical and Nuchal cord

Introduction
Prolapse in umbilical cord occurs in very rare circumstances. This condition is manifested by removal of umbilical cord from cervix before the delivery of the foetus. This cord serves as a food pipe to the baby for the transfer of nutrients from mother to foetus and also collects the digestive waste products from baby. During prolapse, the cord twins around the baby which complicates the delivery. This disease condition occurs only 1% of pregnancies. Due to the higher risk of foetal fatality, umbilical cord prolapse is considered as a medical emergency during labor pain (Critchlow et al., 1994). There ...

Abortion

Life is often considered sacred and a right for all people no matter what ethnic group, religion, ideology, age group or health condition a person belongs. In every live created, it is to be treasured and filled with love. However, there are some couples or individuals who would forcefully remove this new life from the mother’s womb due to the responsibilities this new life would entail. This issue of aborting the fetus has been the subject of many debates throughout history as religion – most especially the Catholic Church – reiterates that it is an act that violates the sanctity of life. ...

Over the two centuries, the church has been under a lot of pressure from different worldly challenges. With every new day, the church is faced with the challenge of conforming to the ways of the world. What makes these challenges a hard nut to crack is the manner in which they are presented to the church. The different challenges may have worldly roots but the manner in which they are presented to the church setting makes them so attractive that they have presented a major adaptation challenges to the church leadership. These challenges come in different forms and they range from simple ...

schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is sometimes confused with psychosis. However, it only presents with psychosis as one of its cardinal symptoms. Also, both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in its development. Some genetic markers have been identified that determine if individuals will come down with schizophrenia or not. Certain antipsychotic agents have also been employed in the treatment of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia..
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder that takes a chronic course. It can either be persistent of episodic (Frankenburg, 2013). The hallmarks of the disease include symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disturbance in the ...

Everyone suffers from guilt sometime in their life while some people suffer these bitter feelings for a lifetime. Guilt is a bothered conscience that occurs when a person commits an offense, crime or violates a moral standard or code. It is associated with the beliefs of what is right and wrong, moral and immoral. A person’s guilt not only affects his/her own life but also the lives of everyone involved. This particular emotion is the subject of my analysis in which I have chosen to evaluate the novel, “Chronicle of a Death Foretold” written by a Colombian writer, novelist and journalist, Gabriel Garcia Marquez. ...

Introduction

Policy makers and the general public have been at pains to answer the questions they are confronted with about the intricacies of lesbians and gay men. Questions are abound ranging from whether they are mentally ill to whether the much publicized conversion therapies result to a change in orientation. Questions have also been asked about their stereotyped propensity to molest children. Such scathing thoughts and remarks are fed by stereotypic cultural undertones that many a times depict gay men and lesbians as criminals, immoral, sick and every description that falls short of what our society considers ‘normal’. The implicated individuals have ...

Schizophrenia is a mental illness that is characterized by a severe disabling brain disorder that becomes chronic in some cases. A person with this disorder often changes his behavior, perception and thinking such that they become disoriented from their sense of reality. Much stigma is associated with schizophrenia due to the changes in behavior that occur once the disease strikes. A person with schizophrenia may get delusional whereby they acquire false beliefs of guilt, special powers, persecution and, they may keep on feeling like other people are plotting evil against them (Larry, 2003). These people may also get hallucinations such that ...

When asked to draw the water level in a glass tipped at a 45-degree angle, young children typically draw the water level as parallel to the top and bottom of the glass, rather than parallel to the true horizontal. What are the possible implications?

Children often transfer the experiences they have to their production when drawing or representing items. For the most part, when a child looks at a glass, the level of the liquid is parallel to the top and bottom of the glass, and so that memory is what children will use when drawing that glass, even if asked to draw ...

Abstract

Biology has occupied a place of honor in the forensic laboratories, and such an easy task as a personal identification is now impossible without the usage of methods of this science. This research is focused on the most promising direction of forensics – the evidence of identification on DNA analysis results. This method is a revolutionary one, preceded by fingerprinting, but much more accurate and correct. Unless it needs a small amount of any tissue with a cell, the DNA analysis is a complicated process because even a small laboratory error may put an unguilty person into prison as it was many years ago before the discovery ...

INTRODUCTION

The issue of humour has been studied by many individuals in the past; Martin et al. (2003) define humour as having four distinct dimensions: affiliative humour (engaging in humourous banter and jokes in order to create relationships with others), self-enhancing humour (maintaining a sense of humour about life regardless of negative events), aggressive humour (snark and sarcasm in order to ridicule others for one’s own narcissism), and self-defeating humour (self-disparagement in order to soften the blow of real potential ridicule). These theories are thought to provide a more comprehensive summary of the four most commonly found subtypes of humour, that ...

Inherited influences refer to aspects of characteristics and personality that an individual gets from his or her parents (Mensah, 2010). These influences include: general physique, overall looks, genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and Down syndrome, tendency of mental illness, and intelligence. The inheritance of these traits is explained by “Gregor Mendels model of inheritance” which explains that inheritance is controlled by discrete factors called genes.
Environmental influences refer to aspects of characteristics and behaviors that come as a result of one experiences and interaction with the surrounding environment (Mensah, 2010). These are the things one sees or ...