Essays on Cost Of Capital

Company Profile

Revered as the biggest e-commerce website around the globe, Amazon Inc. is an American multinational entity engaged in e-commerce selling and cloud computing. Founded in the year 1994 by Jeff Bezos, the company is headquartered in Seattle, Washington DC. Amazon is the biggest e-retailer in terms of revenue and market capitalization. Beginning with the modest background of selling books and Blu-Ray DVD’s, Amazon today offers more than billion products and is now operating globally with presence in 19 countries. The company is listed on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol of AMZN and is also the constituent of NASDAQ ...

Improving the Operating Strategy of Marriott

Improving the Operating Strategy of Marriott The purpose of the report is to develop a recommendation for improving a company’s current strategy in order to remain sustainable in a highly competitive economic environment. The recommendation will be based on an analysis of both the external and internal factors that affects the company. This includes both qualitative and quantitative factors since the report is segregated into (1) environmental scan and risk analysis, (2) ratio analysis, (3) financial statement analysis, (4) weighted average cost of capital, and a (5) strategy development. The company chosen to be analyzed is Marriott International, ...

Introduction

Capital budgeting assists sports organisation in assessing the viability of their proposed long-term investments (Chandra, 2014). Sports organisations also need to invest in capital projects for expansion as well as to improve the efficiency of their operations. Extreme Sports Company operates a sports training complex with a fitness centre, motorsport cars for hire, among other services. The company has some money to invest in the expansion of either the fitness centre or the motorsport unit. This paper highlights how the company can use capital budgeting techniques to evaluate the two investment options.

Details of the two projects

The motorsport car will cost $200,000 ...

Value Chain

The objective of analyzing Monster’s value chain is to make a product that will become popular to its customers, which includes not only the production segment but also marketing and distribution (Horngren and Data, 2015). This is because products will eventually need to be discontinued due to changing customer preferences and product innovation from competitors. This means that the company’s core operations and its products must continuously evolve and this could be done using the value chain analysis tool. For an energy drink company like Monster, one of its main goals is to continuously adapt to the ...

Chapter 1: Introduction 3

Chapter 2: Financial Performance and Position of TESCO 6 Chapter 3 Financial Management Policy 14 Chapter 4 Investment Strategy 18 Chapter 5 Valuation of TESCO 22 Chapter 6 Conclusion 26 Abstract The present report provides critical analysis of financial positioning of Tesco Plc. For this, the financial data has been gathered for past five years as well as its competitors to critically assess financial positioning of Tesco in the retail industry. The reports highlight the recent issues of Bretix which has significantly impacted economic conditions of the United Kingdom leading to declining the consumer confidence because of triggering inflation. ...

Introduction

Capital budget analysis refers to the process through which the way a firm invests capital in projects that result in cash flows over a period of more than one year. The analysis is built on the assumption that the firm depends on the specific project or projects under analysis in order to operate and consequently, it becomes important to test whether or not the projects being considered would be viable. Notably, capital budget analysis comes with several assumptions including the estimations of cash flows from the specific project as well as the assumption on the state of the economy ...

The evaluation of the company’s project or product can be carried out using Net Present Value (NPV) analysis. The NPV analysis involves forecasting of future cash flows that the business expects to generate from the new project or its product. The cash flows are discounted using an appropriate discount rate that is the cost of capital of the company. The cost of capital is the cost of funds acquired by the company from different sources including equity and debt. The sum of present value (discounted value) is deducted from the initial investment cost to determine the net present ...

A) Cost of Equity Calculation:

= Risk free rate+ Beta(market risk premium) = 2.24+0.57(6.2) = 5.78%

Calculative Notes:

a) Risk Free Rate:

30-year US treasury rate: 2.24%

b) Equity Risk Premium:

Duff and phelps equity risk premium: 6.2%

c) Beta: 0.57

B) Cost of Debt: 2.72%

For the purpose of calculation of cost of debt, we have assumed average of yield to maturity of existing bonds of the company. c) Equity and Debt Weights: D) Cost of Capital-On Book Value basis

E) Cost of Capital-On Market Value basis

Important to note, cost of capital based on market value is the most appropriate as it represents the appropriate risk involved within the company’s capital structure.

G) Equity and Asset Beta

Beta (asset) = Beta (equity) / [1+ [(1-t)*D/E]] The above table indicates that amongst all ...

Introduction

A leveraged buyout (LBO) is the process through which a company is acquired by another one that gets a significant amount of capital from borrowed money. This act is a process that involves the buyer putting up the assets or expected profits of the newly acquired company as collateral to the financial institution that is giving out the loan (Haddad, Loualiche, Plosser, & National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016). This type of purchase carries significant risk for the buyer since the ratio of borrowed money to the invested money is usually 9: 1. The borrowed money accounts for eighty to ...

Chapter 9 questions

Question 1

The discounted cash flow valuation approach determines the value of a firm by discounting the expected cash flows from the firm (Voss & Larrabee, 2012). The value of any firm or asset should be equal to the present value of the cash flows expected from the firm or asset. Since the firm’s value is determined today, the least an investor would be willing to pay is the present value of the sum cash flows expected from the enterprise (Voss & Larrabee, 2012). Discounting is based on the time value if money. A firm will generate a stream of ...

Business Risk

This risk or uncertainty concerns that an organization may witness decline in profitability or might suffer from losses in any financial accounting period. Business risks originate from different uncertainties such as changes in consumer tastes, change in preferences and buying behavior, modifications to government policy as well as increase in intensity of competition etc. business risks also stem from those unforeseen or unexpected events that may cause a business to fail in future . Business risks are not just related to an organization as a whole. Different departments of an entity face numerous business risks that are unique to their ...

1.0 Background Capital structure decisions are critical for the profitability and or growth objectives of for-profit organizations. Financial managers are given the liberty of choosing the components of their capital structure as long their maximize the value of the stock and at the same time achieve some of the core objectives of firms. Some of these include maximization of the company’s value. Managers all over the world strive to find a combination of investment with the best gearing ratio. According to Huber (2011) excessive use of debt financing could lead to too much of the firm's profits being ...

The Finance Department of firms provides correct and appropriate sources of equity capital for any new venture or start-up business to begin their operations. Any entrepreneur interested in new venture stocks up the equity capital provided by the finance department of strong firms or individuals and begins the operations. Equity capital is defined as capital cash that is free of debt provided by the business or investor to start the operation of any company. Equity capital investment done by the firms is in the form of issuing shares of the company to the firm who invested in it. Firms ...

Abstract

A patient survey at a community hospital in which I serve as the chief financial officer indicated the need for a commercial 24-hour pharmacy within the hospital. The pharmacy would ensure that patients and families fill prescriptions and begin taking prescribed medicines as and when ordered instead of waiting for the following day. In response to the findings of the survey, this paper seeks to look into the viability of the business. Herein provided is the proposal for the first three months of operations. The paper also looks into the financial implications of the proposed project by looking into ...

LIMITED LEVERAGE

One thing that is clear from the vignette is Frank does not want to close his business and work for someone else. However, he must replace his primary asset, his truck, or he will be forced to close the business. Since he does not have the equity to purchase the truck, he must find the funds somewhere else. The only options are to find an investor or borrow the money. The vignette mentions nothing about an option to find an investor. He is adamantly against using debt. His daughter Stephanie suspects he does not know the proper use of ...

Introduction

Tingyi Holding Corporation is the Chinese company that deals in the production and distribution of instant noodles, baked products, and beverages. The company also produces soft drink under its brand name of Master Kong. The company is the largest manufacturer of instant noodles in China. Tingyi Holding Corporation was established in 191 by the Wei Brothers of Taiwan. The company got listed in 1996. The soft drink brand of the company, Master Kong, was declared to be the second most recognized brand in China. The company started producing instant noodles in 1992 under the brand name of Master Kong ...

About the case:

Rodney Chu, the managing director of Sierra Capital Partners is interested in purchasing 60% equity interest in Arcadian Microarray Technologies, a biotechnology firm founded in the year 2003. At present, Sierra Capital Partners have offered $40 million to Arcadian for selling their equity interest. This amount will be used for expansion of the firm. While Arcadian management have forecasted an optimistic projection for their firm’s performance over the period of 11 years, however, Sierra’s projections reveal a conservative outlook. Therefore, Mr. Chu is interested in ascertaining the terminal value and discounting the cash flows and the terminal ...

About the report

The report is commissioned to ascertain the financial viability of the capital project being considered by North Sea Oil. As part of this project, we will calculate the Net Present Value(NPV) and Internal Rate of Return(IRR) of the projects under two different set of cost of capital, and will comment as how the change in capital structure will affect the shareholders accordingly. The eventual purpose here is to come up with a prudent recommendation for the company as which project will be more profitable for the company and what proportion of capital structure will be more viable ...

Financial Management Theory and Practice

In this document, the rating for the three concepts that I have learned in the course is discussed. I would like to rate 1 to the financial statement analysis, 2 to risk and returns and 3 is the cost of capital. My rationale to explain the rating 1 to the financial statement analysis is because it is the main source of the financial and nonfinancial information of the business. It briefs about the related factors, policies and other external factors that affect the financials. The financial figures on its own cannot explain much about the changes. Therefore, the readiness ...

Rights of the shareholders

While the shareholders are the most important stakeholders of the company, however, very few control the day to day running of the company’s business activities. Therefore, in order to safeguard their interest, the company range multiple rights of the shareholders and provide them the eventual power to influence the company’s decisions. Below we have discussed the rights of the shareholders: a) Right to attend the general meeting and cast their vote All the shareholders of the company have the right to receive notice of the general meeting, including, Annual General Meeting(AGM) and Extraordinary General Meetings(EGM). ...

The purpose of the report is to examine how the acquiring company, Boeing, will acquire its most significant competitor Lockheed Martin Corporation. This is despite the fact that both companies are competing in the aerospace/defense products and services industry (Yahoo, 2016). Boeing is considered as the largest commercial, defense, space and security manufacturer in the world (Boeing, 2016, p.ii) while Lockheed manufactures products for government agencies under the civil, intelligence, and defense departments (Yahoo, 2016a). The difficulty in this task is that Boeing’s market capitalization is at $84.79 billion, which was only slightly higher than the market capitalization ...

Abstract

Going international has stood to be the primary means by which corporations have gained access to the global markets. Beyond their home markets, companies have been able to increase their sales and growth rate following the large customer base created and greater access to capital in existence in the larger market. The emerging markets such as China have been the primary focus for the companies seeking to globalize their operations. Companies have used different financial strategies, such as bonds and stocks that finance expansion and growth in the international markets. However, an ultimate understanding of the internationalization plays a ...

About the report

The report is based on our assistance given to Wheel Industries where we have analyzed the long term investment opportunities available with the company using the techniques of capital budgeting. To facilitate better understanding for our readers, we have included all the calculations within this report while every calculation is explained comprehensively.

Project Details

Wheel Industries is considering a three-year expansion project, Project A. The project requires an initial investment of $1.5 million. The project will use the straight-line depreciation method. The project has no salvage value. It is estimated that the project will generate additional revenues of $1.2 million per ...

Investment Analysis

Pfizer is an American international pharmaceutical company that is headquartered in New York. It is among the largest pharmaceutical companies on the globe. The operational activity of Pfizer is to produce drugs and vaccines to overcome disease including cardiology, immunology, neurology, and oncology. The core products of the company are Lyrica, Lipitor, Diflucan, and Zithromax. There are more than 78,300 employees working in different cities associated with the organization. It believes in merger and acquisition to spread the business all over the globe through fulfilling legal requirements and social responsibilities of business. Pfizer was found in 1849, but ...

The primary goal of every investor is to maximize his returns. To determine the right company to invest in an investor require analyze the performance of a company using various tools which include the financial ratios analysis, cash flow analysis, risk analysis, stock valuation and time value of money. This paper provides a detailed analysis of an investor who has 100,000 and is in differenced between saving the money in a saving account or investing it in stocks of 3M company which is a manufacturing and mining company producing over 55, 000 products.

Use of Financial Ratios

The liquidity ratios shows the ...

Walmart is a multinational store that was founded on the idea of selling inventory at a low price (selling more for less). This selling concept has propelled the retailer to be among the largest across the globe. The firm enjoys a presence in over twenty-eight countries. Its network is made up of eleven thousand five hundred stores and eleven e-commerce sites (Walmart, 1). The adoption of e-commerce has enabled it to tap the growing demand for internet shopping. In the recent financial year, the firm revenue was $482.1 billion. The continuous growth and increasing economic value of the retail ...

Net present value

NPV is gotten by subtracting cash outflows from the sum cash inflows from the project investment. To get current values, a discounted rate used which is the rate of return or the opportunity cost of capital. The opportunity cost of capital is the rate of return that an investor could earn if the money would have invested in financial assets of equal risk (Gollier, 2009). It’s therefore, the return that an investor would expect to receive. It’s vital in capital budgeting because of the determination of the expected profits from the projects to be invested if approved ...

Recommendations to the Restaurant Manager

In the current state, the restaurant is profitable. The break-even point is 89,474 covers with a margin of safety of 10,526 covers, and the net profit is £60,000. This implies that the restaurant sales have to fall, by at least 10,526 covers for it to start making losses. The manager has several considerations to make on measures to improve the profitability of the restaurant. The available options and offers are discussed below.

Reducing the price to £10.00

If the price is reduced to £10.00, there will be a rise in sales to 12,000 covers. The contribution margin will fall ...

Question 1: Essential features of project financing

In project financing, parties agree to complete a project and to provide the financial resources required to complete the project. It also embodies an agreement between the parties that when the project is completed and starts operations, it will generate sufficient cash to cover its operating and debt service requirements. Besides, it involves assurance that if the project is disrupted, additional funds to restore it will be provided through insurance among other ways. In conventional financing, lenders consider the whole asset portfolio of the borrower to generate cash flows to repay their loans. On the contrary, lenders in project ...

Abstract 2

Introduction . 3 Lessons from Capital Market History . 3 Return, Risk and the SML .. 5

Cost of Capital 7

Financial Leverage and Capital Structure Policy 9 Conclusion 11 Abstract This paper entails a critical analysis and discussion of the components of the corporate finance and its subsequent application in the contemporary business environment. The discussion and analyses contained in this paper are centered on the book by Ross, Westerfield and Jordan (2012) which is titled: “Fundamentals of Corporate Finance.” In this book, different aspects and components of this subject of corporate finance have been discussed in great depth and this paper essentially entails ...

1. Rationale for Selection Investors require financial analysis of a company to make decisions. A financial report is significant for the purpose of providing information regarding the financial position of a company along with the risk factors associated with it. A report is prepared to provide clear and complete information about Apple Inc. that includes all relevant sections that are crucial for an investor. Apple Inc. is an American multinational company that follows GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) to prepare financial statements and annual report for its stakeholders. Its financial analysis includes financial ratio analysis, stock price analysis, associated ...

1. The capital budgeting system for Target has three different entities. These entities include the real estate managers, the research and planning group, and the capital expenditure committee. The approval process of the capital budget allocation will start with the proposals that are passed on to the real estate managers, which they manage the specific geographical regions. The real estate managers will develop the proposal by gathering and satisfying the different details and all of the requirements in order to prepare it for the pitch to the CEC. The proposal is processed would then be sent to research and ...

INVESTMENT APPRAISSAL

The project would generate total profits of $4,431 The project would generate a positive NPV of $2,569. A key difference between the profits and cash flows is that depreciation is deducted in arriving at profits while it is ignored in calculating cash flows. The incremental working capital is the relevant cash flows associated with working capital. Increases in working capital represent a cash outflows and decreases in the working capital represents a cash inflow. The working capital cash flows are calculated as follows: The internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate that would equate the ...

Organizational change procedures are influenced by the institutionalization of power as well as the behavior of interest groups in and around organizations. The power that is embedded in formal organizations structure, as well as the process and the existing organizational arrangements, have been dramatically changing. The pressure of global competition and deregulation has driven numerous organizations and foundations to look for new types of association and diverse models for overseeing individuals. In the theory and practice of organizational change, attention has always been paid to the importance of structure in achieving organizational goal. Initially, the concept of differentiation and ...

Evaluation of franchise investment

The franchise investment project is evaluated based on the net present value and the internal rate of returns. The available information is used to determine the NPV and IRR of Schneller Zug and Kyuko Densha. The two measures are used to assess whether each project is viable. NPV and IRR also help in choosing the better project between the two. NPV and IRR are determined using the cost of capital for Javelin Railway Co.

Determination of the cost of capital

The cost of capital is the return investors require from investment to secure funding. It is the minimum return projects must generate to be funded ...

Question No. 1 - Statement of the Incremental Cash Flows over 8-Year Period

Based on the given information and data, the following statement is extracted to reflect incremental cash flows for each year accompanied by a table showing calculation of depreciation expense using straight line method:

Question No. 2 - Payback Period (PBP) and Net Present Value (NPV)

Payback Period (PBP) The period within which the initial investment in project could be recovered represents the Payback Period (PBP). The criteria of making investment decision in case of this capital budgeting technique is that any project that has a Payback Period (PBP) beyond the one “required” by the business is ignored. In the same manner, only those projects are accepted that help an organization recover ...

Introduction

Report’s aim Comprehensive analysis of a company is crucial for decision making regarding its inclusion in a portfolio. That requires forecasting a company’s performance to estimate the expected value of the stock and comparing it with the current market price so as to decide whether it is overvalued or undervalued. In that view, this analysis seeks to analyze the IMB Company with application of the Discounted Cash Flows method as well as WACC. With the values calculated, the value per share is compared with the current market price to make recommendations whether the stock is a buy, ...

About the paper

Capital structure of the company represents the mix of debt and equity components used by an entity to finance its capital requirements. However, right from the beginning of the corporate era, the goal of the financial managers has always been the minimization of weighted average cost of capital and thereby maximizing the value of their entity. Ironically, the world of academicians is divided and postulates different opinion as under what conditions the WACC rate is minimized and how the additional funding affects the WACC rate of the company. While static trade-off theory stands as the most pragmatic theory relating ...

Introduction

Since the mid XX century, the oil industry occupies a leading position in the global energy sector. A prerequisite for the implementation of large-scale long-term investments in the oil industry under the condition of a favorable outlook for oil demand in the world market is the availability of relevant geological reserves of oil in a particular region and the world at large. OPEC-countries account for over 40% of world oil production. Especially, the Middle East, particularly the Gulf basin, where there are the largest oil fields in the world, is rich for oil reserves (OPEC, 2015). Oil is extracted ...

Net Present Value

The Net Present Value is used in estimating the potential value of every project by applying the discounted cash flow valuation that requires an estimation of the size and time of all cash flows that increases from the project (Ehrhardt & Brigham, 2016). However, NPV is affected greatly by the discounting rate. Therefore, making a selection on the proper rate that is sometimes known as the hurdle rate is essential during decision making. Moreover, this should make a reflection on the riskiness of the investment because it is typically measured by the unpredictability of cash flows. Therefore, it must take ...

The capital punishment is a form of punishment that is applied in the criminal justice system. It is worth noting that death penalty is one of the debatable issues in the world. Canada is one of the countries that debate on the death penalty as a form of punishment. For many centuries, countries have utilized capital punishment as a strategy for dealing with serious criminals. The form of punishment in Canada dates back to the era of the British colony. This was a form of punishment that was administered to those conceited of murder, assault, rape, buggery of animals, ...

Question 1: Olter’s Beta coefficient

Olter’s Beta can be determined using the Capital Asset Pricing Model. The required return on the average stock is the market return while the average return on Olter’s stock is Olter’s required rate of return. Beta = (Expected return – Risk-free rate)/ (Market return – Risk free rate) = (13-6)(13-6) = 1.0

Question 2: Effect of Beta coefficient on stock price

Beta is a measure of risk and gives the variability of a stock’s return (price changes) in relation to the variability of the overall market. Since it represents the stock’s risk, Beta influences the prices of stocks. Under the Capital Asset Pricing Model, Beta is ...

Introduction

Pakistan is a developing country and is the 26th largest nation in terms of purchasing power parity. A member of BRICS community, the nation has shown signs of becoming one of the world’s largest economies by 2025. In the past, the country had suffered from the ills of political disputes, energy constraints, poverty, growing population and non-conducive business environment that had halted the growth of the country. However, during the past few years, Pakistan has shown some optimistic signs of economic improvement with consistent growth in GDP and other macro-economic factors. Still, many factors such as social and ...

This report analyses the most recent financial reports of two companies; Sino Gas and Energy of Australia (2014), and Solar World of Germany (2015). Sino Gas and Energy reported total provisions of $97,166 that constituted 0.09% of the total assets. Solar World reported total provisions of k€ 49,466 that constituted 5.69% of the total assets. The provisions for the two companies are listed below in descending order based on their book values:

Sino Gas and Energy $

Other provisions 60,837 Employee entitlements 36,329 Total 97,166 Solar world k€ Warranties 24,653 Pensions 10,704 Litigation risks 9,190 Other ...

Risk is defined as uncertainty in broad terms. This uncertainty can be due to a large number of factors, which depend on the type of risk. Some of the common factors which result in this uncertainty can be changes in input parameters, miscalculation of parameters etc. (Kuritzkes, Schuermann, & Weiner, 2002). Risk can result in large and unexpected losses and can really hurt the profitability of companies. However, risk is not always bad and little bit of risk can lead to better financial results. However, the relationship between risk and better results is a lot more complex and depends on ...

A merger is the combination of two separate companies into a single company with shareholders of the pre-merged two companies becoming shareholders of the merged company (Coyle, 2000). On the other hand an acquisition or take-over refers to the acquisition of the target company assets by a predator company. The key difference between a takeover and a merger is that in a takeover, the shareholders of the target company lose ownership and control, while in a merger shareholders of both companies become shareholders of the new merged company (Coyle, 2000). There are several reasons for Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) ...

Part A:

Importance of Capital Investment Decision The university has now reached a stage where it cannot procrastinate the decision to build a new building and replace the existing one, which has now turned expensive to run and is also imposing a poor environmental performance. Therefore, it has now turned crucial for the university to replace the old building with the new one not only because the existing facility impedes the profitability position of the organization, but is also harming the environment and is thus sending a negative signal amongst the community. Henceforth, the university should proceed with the appraisal of ...