Essays on Devastation

Battle of Columbus 16 April 1865

Battle of Columbus 16 April 1865

Introduction

The Battle of Columbus happens to be the final battle of the Civil War. On the Easter of 1865, a day after the assassination of President Lincoln by a Marylander, the Battle of Columbus took place in Columbus, Georgia. The Civil War revolved around the idea of white supremacy and privilege and the need to justify the rights of the slaves in the nation. The Union triumph in the Battle of Nashville allowed for the General George H. Thomas to order General James H. Wilson to rally forward into the Deep South and ...

INTRODUCTION

There are some events in the course of the world’s growth and development that seem likely to occur; people will experience conflict, social unrest, possible warfare and any number of natural disasters that can devastate communities all across the globe. In the modern era one of the most terrifying of occurrences are terrorist attacks. Terrorist threats can exist unnoticed; no one knows when they may occur and what public place, government buildings or function that may be targeted. This makes terrorist attacks a huge source of stress, fear and shock for the people and for the governments involved. ...

The main theme of the video is the loss of lives of more than 7000 people who died in the earthquake in Nepal. The members of their families were left devastated and the whole country was suffering for over a year. The other major points are related to grief and survival. The earthquake caused devastation and all of this had a negative and lasting impact on the lives of many people. The buildings collapsed and even if the did not, they were left unsafe for living. The danger came unexpectedly because it was from below the ground. Apart from ...

Abstract

This project serves to focus on the country of Saudi Arabia and how the nation, handles school preparedness when it comes to disasters. Saudi Arabia is a developing country. The researcher argues that more need to be done in making sure children are protected in a developing society when a disaster happens. Some of the disasters explored in the discussion include fires, earthquakes, hurricanes and terrorist attacks. The researcher believes that while there is potential to rectify this issue, more future research needs to be done. In the exploration of the topic, the author found that there were vulnerabilities ...

Essay # 1

When companies have to deal with data breaches it is financially devastating. The financial devastation is a result of money being stolen from the company and potentially clients. Therefore, clients may want to sue due to trusting the company with the data. Some lawsuits may materialize and this can indeed put a financial dent in the company’s profits. Furthermore, the company will have to hire lawyers to investigate and figure out who actually breached and hacked the data. This can cost a lot of money as well. According to research “These costs include revenue lost due to the ...

The Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings represent the only incidences that nuclear bombs were ever used in the history of humanity. The devastation, death, and destruction that followed resulted to the surrendering of Japan and thus brought the Second World War to an end. Over the years that followed, the magnitude of the impacts of the nuclear bombs resulted in the debate regarding the justification, or lack thereof regarding the bombing of Japan by the United States. Essentially, the United States had no justification in dropping the bombs in Japan. To a great deal, the justification for the bombing of ...

Introduction to Manual

This manual comprehensively explores the impact of natural disasters on students. While the capstone provides a general account of the issue, it later focuses on the country of Saudi Arabia. The information takes a clear look at different natural disasters and categorize them by their regions. Yet, one of the arguments is that a natural disaster can occur anywhere and part of the goal of a government is to prepare citizens for a “just in case”. There are different scenarios that play out in this project. The focal point of the research is the goal in making sure children ...

Introduction

Global warming affects the lives of the people all around the world regardless of geographical location. Global Warming is a consequence of human activities and decisions that are mostly governed by self-interest and material gain. Therefore, as the population in different areas continues to increase, competition to obtain life’s necessities intensifies. In turn, the destructive activities of humans continue to contribute to of Global Warming. According to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Global Warming is defined as the rising average temperature of the surface of the Earth increases due to emissions resulting from different human activities, ...

Amongst the biggest problems that are being recognized is the phenomenon of global warming. This is an alarming issue for the environmentalists as they believe that the sustainability, worse yet, the livability of the planet is at stake because of it. Because of the economic and industrial conditions of the planet, the climate of the earth is changing rapidly. The average temperatures that are being measured are increasing very quickly, and it is feared that in a short period of time, the temperature of the planet will rise higher than what is comfortable (Root). The problem of rising temperatures ...

Discussion of the crisis issues associated with the Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster in 2004

Management in crisis is a tough enough situation. However, the horrific onslaught of a suddenly unexpected tsunami literally crashing dramatically upon one’s doorstep is simply unthinkable. The inconceivable occurred in Indonesia, when the Aceh-stimulated earthquake stirred the violent killer waves in 2004 costing the lives of 127,000 people, roughly half a million injured – leaving behind potential scores of disease-prone epidemics and mourning of loved ones (Pascapurnama, Murakami, Chagan-Yasutan, Hattori, Sasaki & Egawa 2016). One international journalist and helper in the aftermath of the Indonesian Indian Ocean Earthquake Tsunami disaster, Bill Nicol, in his book Tsunami Chronicles, described the ...

Introduction

The paper aims to tackle the constituents of Genocide. It also aims to tackle the differences and similarities of the Holocaust and the Rwanda genocide. Although at the core, both the Rwandan Genocide and the Holocaust are originated in racist ideologies, deep hatred and discrimination; at the surface they present the world in different views. The ways society accepted and aided both circumstances as well as the socio-cultural factors that provoked these atrocities were differentiable. In order to attain the paper’s objective, this paper will first give the definition of genocide, then facts about Rwanda Genocide and holocaust. ...

In the contemporary times, the spread of the Asian flu, the Aids virus and the SARS epidemic have been instrumental in disease outbreaks and pandemics into mainstream consciousness. The pandemics of the modern day may seem unique, but they all have a connotation in history. A staggering twenty-five million people lost their lives to the flu as it spread all over the world. The outbreak began in August of 1918, and it was finally contained in March 1919. To the American nation, over a half-million people lost their lives to the terrible flu. In the contemporary America, the pandemic ...

(Institution Name) It is emphasized by the global peacekeeping organizations that countries resolve their conflicts through table talk and that they should refrain from carrying out full on offense against each other. The reason behind this is that when conflicts go violent and turn into wars, then they bring devastation to the public of the related states. No matter how weak or feeble one of the competitors seems, there is always potential for it to hurt the stronger opponent hard. The illiterate and weaponless militants of the most devastated and unstable region like Afghanistan were able to bring down, ...

ABSTRACT

Hurricane Katrina proved to be one the largest natural disasters to occur in the United States. This storm devastated parts of the south, particularly Louisiana. High winds, rains and the breaking of levees left mass flooding and the drowning of entire neighborhoods. The emergency response from the government proved to be highly disorganized, inefficient and lacked the needed supplies to meet the needs of those requiring medical attention, food, water and shelter. In fact, some argue that the disaster lasted longer because of organizations like FEMA whose efforts many call a great failure. Since then many suggestions have been ...

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Jim Perrin’s Country Diary

Jim Perrin’s is an outdoor writer and journalist who keeps accounts of his travels depicting the characteristics of the places he had been, which represents a good example of how the environment is presented in the texts. Going through the articles, it appears that Perrin writes about his journey in Pembrokeshire and describes every details of the journey every step of the way. The author’s writing encompasses a characteristic that is almost poetic in nature. Primarily, the intention is to remind the readers of the natural wonders out in the wilderness by describing ...

Introduction

The development of Disaster Psychology into various spheres of knowledge aims at the analysis of the psychological reactions emanating from either anthropogenic or environmental disasters consequences. This concept provides new approaches to efficiently constructing short-term and possible long-term relief programs. Emerging through stressful instances such as disasters, individuals usually undergo and express certain psychological reactions like denial, anger, irritability, isolation, blame games (blaming others or self-blames), mood swings, feeling stunned and helpless, depression, fear of nightmares, and grief (Frey et al. 2010). The duration and magnitude of these psychological reactions differ and can at times be mild or acute, ...

“The Story of an Hour” by Kate Chopin

In Kate Chopin’s short story “The Story of an Hour” the author paints a rather effective picture of heartbreak. However, rather than showing the devastation of Louise Mallard’s devastation upon hearing news of her husband’s accidental death in the train wreck, Chopin takes an unexpected turn. As the reader experiences Louise’s shock at the news of her husband’s death one is led to believe that she is overwhelmed with shock and unable to comprehend the tragedy of becoming a widow. Instead, as the final scene in the story unfolds the reader is made aware ...

Hurricane Katrina was the worst disaster to hit the United States since the 9/11 attacks. In the aftermath of the 11 September 2001 attacks, the US Department of Homeland Security came up with a host of plans and restructured FEMA at the cost of billions of dollars. Despite all the spending and planning, the chinks in the armor were apparent before and after Hurricane Katrina. The forecast of the Hurricane along with its destructive capability and target path gave several cities ample time to evacuate hundreds of citizens before the storm struck. There were two days warning from 24 ...

Abstract

World War I was one of the worst modern warfare with regards to the amount of destruction it caused. Its impact was based on the use of advanced weapons able to cause massive damage, the involvement of a huge population in the war, huge investments, economic sabotage, and barbarity. Nevertheless, it helped to end the war, allow for negotiations, solve border conflicts, and establish the League of Nations to manage global peace. However, it failed to achieve permanent agreements and left different countries dissatisfied and ready to revenge on their adversaries. There was also antagonism between the negotiators due to ...

Introduction

After September 15 of the year 2008, the financial crisis which originated from the United States of America spread all over the globe which economically harmed many nations, particularly, the developing and under developed countries. Because many financial and non-financial institutions having origination in United States were operating at a global level, their fall negatively affected all those countries in which their subsidiaries were running the business operations.

In view of this, the research paper is written to demonstrate for policymakers and economists about how a financial crisis in one country could spread over and affect other countries as well. ...

Hiroshima. By John Hersey (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1989). 160 pages. Reviewed by Your Name, Date of Review.

John Hersey (1914 – 1993) decided to write a story about the atomic bombing of Japan that would explain the catastrophic consequences to the people on the ground there at the time. Hersey spent weeks in Japan interviewing eyewitnesses to the event and eventually produced a long article entitled “Hiroshima” which appeared in The New Yorker. Two months later Hiroshima was printed as a book. The general story is that of six people who were on the scene when the atomic bomb was dropped ...

Introduction

This dissertations main porpoise and focus will be to address if the British armed forces will have any role in future international conflict. It will address the beginning of the British Empire all the way to the empire that we know today. After this we will look at concerns and threats that the British might face as well as the rest of the world and how this could have an impact on the British role in any future conflict. After having discussed all of the concerns we will look at the ability through advances in technology for any involvement ...

Literature: Big Two-Hearted River part I and II

‘Big Two-Hearted River’, a short story by American writer Ernest Hemingway, consisting of two parts, was firstly published in 1925, in the ‘In our time’ edition, which appeared to be the first American collection of his short stories. Simple on the surface, the plot, however, hides a complicated story of the process of healing through the contact and blending with the nature, the main motive force in the narration.

The story describes a soldier, Nick Adams, who having returned to his native place, after suffering the post-traumatic stress syndrome from the World War I, finds courage and strength to ...

Introduction

The uncontrolled forces of Globalization have brutally invaded the Amazon by challenging the natural habitat and damaging its most precious eco system. In the previous 3 decades, more than numerous people have lost their lives in land wars while there are countless numbers who are living in a state of fear and uncertainty. The life of natives is under serious and constant threat by the timber theft and that of land grabbers. It has become a Wild West frontier loaded with bulldozers, chain saws, and guns (Arezki and Selod 1–27). The government agents are normally ineffective and corrupt or in ...

UN POSITION ON NUCLEAR WEAPONS

There are more than two dozen countries of the world that have nuclear power, however, only a few have nuclear weapons and few are suspected of making nuclear weapons. During the cold war era between US and USSR, nuclear arms race was the most alarming feature as both the super powers rapidly built up their stockpiles of nuclear weapons. Later when both realized, there would be devastation caused by nuclear weapons, they embarked upon a number of agreements for reduction in the number of nuclear weapons. Efforts were speeded up after disintegration of the USSR; however, the issues remained a major challenge ...

Paper Due Date

Introduction/Background Shell is a Global Energy Company which operates in 70 different countries. The company employs ninety two thousand (92,000) employees world-wide with its corporate headquarters is in The Hague, Netherlands. Shell operates thirty refineries and produces three point two (3.2) million barrels per day. Shell’s mission statement is: “Shell is a global group of energy and petrochemical companies. Our aim is to meet the energy needs of society, in ways that are economically, socially and environmentally viable, now and in the future” (Shell 2014).

Shell operates in sixteen (16) key segments:

- Credit Card Services - Motor Sports - Aviation - ...

Introduction

Over the years, human beings have continually created and established closer contacts. In the recent times, however, the rate of integration and global cohesiveness has been accelerated. Communication, transport and computer technologies have given the global integration process an impetus and the increased the degree of interdependence around the world. Innovations and inventions in the technological world have resulted in the reduction of distance in the world. Platforms like the internet have created a simple, quick and efficient medium of communication around the world. The rate of sharing information and ideas is ten times faster than what it used to ...

No doubt, creation, annihilation and conservation in Mary Shelley’s “Frankenstein” provide a background for the exploration of the ruination and undoing of particular human attributes. “The Modern Prometheus,” the subtitle of Shelley’s novel further reinforces this notion. In fact, this notion is further reinforced by the fact that Shelley’s novel can be regarded as a modern version of the classic German legend of Faust. Shelley puts together the idea of the ruination of human attributes as a result of self-discovery as evidenced by Frankenstein, who claims that he has been blasted in hopes, and the same can be said ...

It is important to comprehend the reason why Hiroshima was a likely target. According to Hersey (107), “the ruined city had flourished and had been an inviting target mainly because it had been one of the most important military- command and communications centres in Japan, and would have become the Imperial headquarters had the islands been invaded and Tokyo been captured.” In other words, how had the dropping of the bomb changed the lives of the survivors? Was the decision by the United States government to hit Hiroshima with the atomic bomb necessary? Should the Japanese have been forewarned about ...

‘Instructor’s Name’

Book: The count of Monte Cristo The Count of Monte Cristo is a novel written by Alexandre Dumas and was first published in the year 1844. The plot of the story was expanded by Dumas in collaboration with ghostwriter Auguste Maquet. Along with the ‘Three Musketeers’, this novel is one of the most anthologized works of Dumas, and as critics opine the novel has become a permanent fixture of Western literature. Dumas was a French novelist and dramatist, and during his lifetime he produced a number of literary outputs like dramas, novels, memoirs, travelogues and historical studies. Mostly self-educated, Dumas actively ...

Essay

Roger and Me is a documentary film, chronicles of the efforts of General Motors, one of the world’s largest corporation. Michael Moore makes the social catastrophe, happened in his native city Flint (Michigan) as the theme of his first documentary. This catastrophe happened after the General Motors’ direction decided to close all their enterprises, situated in that city. The entire film Michael Moor chases Roger Smith, the head of this corporation to tell him about the consequences of this decision that led to absolute unemployment. It is hard to imagine, but over 30 thousand of people (from the 150.000 ...

The firsthand experiences of Hechler (187), Masterson (172) and Brittin (190) on the Pearl Harbor attacks provide an idea on the extent of the devastation inflicted by the Japanese military on the United States (US) military facilities in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, with emphasis on the fate of the USS Arizona. Hechler (187) described how the US battleship USS Arizona sank due to the attacks by the Japanese military. Describing the USS Arizona as being “wracked by a tremendous explosion,” Hechler (187) spoke about how his own life was at risk of being diminished by the aerial bombs and bullets released ...

The time period surrounding the years of World War Two are widely recognized as one of the most violent periods in human history. 1939 to 1945 have been marred as a global conflict that involved most of the world. Though the fighting during the previous World War One was restricted to European soil, World War Two saw battles extending out of Europe and into Africa Asia, and America. The global effort of defeating the Axis nations left devastation in its aftermath. Some of the aftermath issues including financial, social and infrastructure damage for many of the countries that were involved ...

Natural disasters occur in the planet from time to time. One of the greatest natural hazards that places on Earth can experience is the typhoon. A typhoon is a dangerous natural disaster which could bring great amount of devastation. In 2013, the Philippines experienced a major disaster due to the typhoon named Haiyan, based on its international name, which is considered as one of the strongest typhoons ever recorded. The purpose of this research paper is to discuss the hazard and impact of the typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. This paper also opts to analyze the mitigation strategy and the recovery ...

Abstract

Natural disasters have always happened and will continue to happen. Unfortunately, there is a major difference in how developed countries prepare for and respond to natural disasters, compared to developing countries. When a disaster hits a developing country, the death rates are much higher than in a developed country, the recovery period takes longer and the long term economic impact is more severe. This paper looks at the causes for the differences and addresses steps a developing country can take to be better prepared for and respond against potential natural disasters. There is a distinct difference in the terminology disaster professionals use between the ...

1. Respond to the primary document from Bartolome de Casas’ ‘The Devastation of the Indies’ which sharply criticized Spanish colonization. Comment on the situation in light of the document entitled “Requirements of 1513.” The Bartolome de Casas writing, ‘The Devastation of the Indies,’ proved that there can never be a single interpretation of historical events. Some of the brutality describes an unthinkable brutality filled with human indignities, and disrespect for other people. The introduction of de Casas’ book suggests that labor exploitation does not account for the unnecessary cruelty perpetrated upon the native Indian peoples. One introduction passage explains “ ...

Mystery of the Maya civilization

Maya civilization is considered as a mysterious civilization that existed in ancient time. However, the mystery of the Maya is still not undiscovered as no one is sure about the Mayans, their method of living and the the exact reason of the rapid collapse of the Maya civilization. It is believed that the Maya civilization started on 12th August, 3113 B.C., but the archeologists believed that the Maya civilization came into being in 3000 B.C. The Maya civilization, however, disappeared mysteriously in 800 A.D. – 925 A.D. The Mayans lived majorly in the areas, which are now known as Northern Yucatan ...

People go through different journeys in life to serve varied purposes. The most sought after trips would usually be for rest and relaxation. I remember my family planning summer trips to the nearest beach or to take part in summer camps. Of course, trips to visit other countries are regarded as dreams come true for many. There is one trip which I remembered making and affected my outlook of the world. In August of 2005 I decided to go to New Orleans to view the devastation that Hurricane Katrina inflicted. What I saw and experienced on that day significantly ...

The Importance of an Emergency Management Plan: Mitigation, Preparedness, Response and Recovery

It may not come as a surprise to say that, as humans reach out in search of food and shelter, it is the environment around them that is being abused. As man’s needs grow, so too does the pressure on the environment grow, as a result of which, an ecological imbalance is created unconsciously. And once an ecological imbalance occurs, a series of events are triggered that culminates in large scale loss of life and property. There is no doubt the importance the environment has on life on this planet, but man himself, pressed for space, finds no other option but ...

In the wake of the second world war and with the entry into what would come to be known as the “nuclear age”, the world knew that nothing would be the same in the second half of the 20th century. Arguably, nobody felt the dawn of the nuclear age greater than Japan following the devastation and chaos caused by the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings. First-hand accounts of the bombings were frightening; people screaming, fleeing, desperate to find cover, while a blinding light and a sudden blazing heat suddenly filled the air, followed swiftly by an ominous roar, a steady rumble would follow, ...

Reasons for the Allies Bombing of Dresden in the Second World War and Were They Justified in Destroying the City

Introduction During wartime, countries often suffer great losses to areas of their country, their cities, their civilians, and their landmarks. In World War II, the city of Dresden, the capital city of the German state of Saxony was bombed over the span of three days in February of 1945 by the British Air Force. The death toll from this attack on the city is estimated to be between 22,700 and 25,000 people. Furthermore, approximately 1,600 acres of the city was destroyed. There is great debate over whether or not this bombing by the British Air Force ...

Venice and Maldives are two of the world's island regions covered almost completely by water. These regions have some similarities and differences which make then much important. A study on Venice and Maldives will reveal features present in them and the problems both regions are facing at the present point in time.

Venice

The city of Venice and seaport is located in Italy in Veneto region. It is located within 118 minor islands which are linked with the bridges and separated by canals. The beauty of this situation is its artworks and architecture characterization that distinguish it. Venice has a population ...

In James Morrow’s novella Shambling Towards Hiroshima, a man is hired by the US government to put on a rubber monster suit and put on a demonstration in which he destroys a small city, in order to completely end World War II. As his main character says of his intentions for the beast, “I hope to make this magnificent lizard as famous a symbol for the abolition of nuclear weapons as Smokey the Bear has become for the prevention of forest fires” (Morrow 162). This scenario is an obvious homage to the Godzilla films from Japan’s Toho Company in the 1950s – a distinct ...

Introduction

As a hoplite, we were the Greek citizen soldiers who were basically the strongest, bravest and able-bodied adults who were middle aged. Our obligation was to do anything to protect our geographic coverage. The general types of weapons we use are spears, shields and arrows. During the Battle of Marathon which took place in 490 BC, we the Athens and Persians met under the intensive culmination of the first and only attempts from the Persians to subjugate the our land under their king who was named king Darius l (Hanson 69). Despite our minority in numbers, we decisively defeated the ...

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Genocide in Guatemala: An Outline Guatemala is mostly hilly country in Central America. It was erstwhile the heart of the well-known Mayan civilization, which was prevalent till the 10th century AD. When Spanish voyagers invaded Maya in the 16th century, the indigenous Mayans were enslaved in their own native soil. They are even now the most underprivileged majority of the Guatemala's population. Such kinds of inequalities and cruelties of Mayan people led to bitter Civil war in Guatemala which resulted in the mass genocide of this community. In ...

Introduction

Hurricane Katrina and hurricane Sandy both were the deadliest and costliest hurricanes to have ever lashed upon the United States. Both surfaced in the US during the active hurricane seasons. Both were extremely devastating hurricanes followed by storm surge and flooding which led to a widespread damage across the affected areas, killing people, leaving people homeless and shutting down some of the big cities of US. Hurricane Katrina initiated on a westward path, moving on to Florida and then Gulf coast while hurricane Sandy took its pace on a northward path before landing on the eastern coast of USA. All the devastation ...

Introduction

The morning of August 6, 1945 an American B-29 bomber «Enola Gay» (crew commander - Colonel Paul Tibbets) dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima atomic bomb («Little Boy»). Three days later, the atomic bomb («Fat Man") was dropped on Nagasaki. Estimates of human losses from attacks are hampered by three factors: the low reliability of the statements in this difficult time for Japan, a large number of victims who died months or years later after bombing, and periodic desire to exaggerate or minimize the loss depending on Japan’s political intentions. It is estimated that 140,000 people ...

In August 2005 the Gulf States witnessed the biggest disaster in the history of America. Most people attribute this destruction to Hurricane Katrina, but Katrina is only partially responsible. The catastrophe major contributor was poor construction and maintenance of the levees. Hurricanes are unpredictable phenomenon. Most people thought that Katarina would have tapered off after landing in south Florida as a category one hurricane; however it gained momentum and made a second landing near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana. By the time hurricane Katrina landed at Pearlington, Mississippi and Slidell, Louisiana, it had become a category five storm. Hurricane Katarina was the worst storm ...

Abstract

Over the years, we have come to recognize the importance of a healthy environment in our lives. Nature has provided us with valuable resources to have the freedom to breathe fresh air, drink pure water and appreciate the beauty around us. But with all the scientific and technological innovations of man, as well as the luxury and convenience it brings, our environment has suffered deterioration which resulted to poor quality of life and even massive death. As residents of this Earth, our survival largely relies on our environment. It is our responsibility to combat destruction in which the well-being of ...

Introduction

Bag of Bones of Stephen King is a most fascinating and impressive story of misery and a vanished love's lasting connections which the readers deeply feel, that of the new love emerged by the disclosures of the history, of the guiltless child seized in a awful crossfire. The readers of the story analyze that in the Maine area King has created mythic, so Bag of Bones relates the dilemma of 40 years bestselling novelist Mike Noonan, who is incapable to end grieving still 4 years after the abrupt death of his wife, Jo, as well as who could no longer stand to ...

Introduction

John Muir is recognized as one of the earliest people to champion for the establishment of national parks, and he is popular for his eloquence speeches. He was born in Dunbar, a town in Scotland on 21st April in the year 1838. He went to schools within the Durban town until he turned eleven when his family moved to the Fountain Lake in the United States before relocating to the Hickory Hill Farm which is near Portage in Wisconsin. Muirs father was very harsh and he was a disciplinarian who worked hard to see his family achieve the expectations and goals ...

Bird like me is a film that displays the historical devastation of Mississippi City. The devastation is not just about human activities but also the negligence that the state has been exposed to. Compared to other cities of United States, Mississippi had not been given the attention that it required to make it environmentally safe. The issue that has been raised and is responsible for negligence is racism, which is widespread in the city. There were no measures to minimize on illegal dumping of waste products as well as land grabbing by private developers. The people in the city have ...