Essays on Virgin

Recycling of Construction Materials1

BRICKS AND BLOCKS4 WOOD5 STEEL5 GLASS...6

References7

Introduction Common materials used in deconstruction, renovation, and demolition sites include wood, bricks and blocks, concrete, metals and glass. They may be discarded now, but they can still be reused and recycled into other products in many ways. Typically, disposal of construction wastes are done through recycling, incineration, and disposal (Ackerman and Gallagher, 2002, Ganiron, 2014a). The construction wastes have great potential for the mitigation of the environmental impacts as based upon the material’s life cycle (Knoeri et al, 2013). Aim This project deals with the process of recycling the pulled down ...

Introduction

One of the most common strategies of criminal defense attorneys when representing a defendant who has an unusual condition such as a mental abnormality, is to argue either that regardless of their actions, they are nevertheless not responsible for the crime or that they never had the capacity to commit a crime. The reason that criminal defense attorneys can make these arguments is that criminal law recognizes a number of unique situations where otherwise criminal conduct should not be subjected to a determination of guilt and the offender should be exempted from the crime (LaFave, 2000). These arguments, which ...

Introduction

In today’s business environment, many people feel the need to become an entrepreneur versus following the status quo. But this decision does not work for everyone as there are people who start a business; however, the business fails for any number of reasons. According to Carmody (2015), 96 percent of businesses fail within 10 years. An entrepreneur is a special individual who must possess special knowledge and traits in order to ensure the success of the business. One successful entrepreneur is Richard Branson; who is considered one of Britain’s highest profiled billionaires. Mr. Branson created a conglomerate ...

1. Key Elements of Branson’s Leadership Style In his autobiography, The Virgin Way: If It’s Not Fun, It’s Not Worth Doing, Richard Branson identifies and explains important aspects of his leadership philosophy and style: There are ten of them: (1) “Follow your passion, but protect the downside”; (2) “Do some good”; (3) “Believe in your business”; (4) “Have fun”; (5) “Don’t give up”; (6) “Listen more and talk less”; (7) “Make room for personal time through delegation”; (8) “Go out and meet people”; (9) “Communicate among all levels of your company”; and, (10) “Be happy”. ...

Business

How would you measure productivity at NCL? Is productivity measurement important to NCL? Analysis of cruise market watch data is an appropriate way that can be used to measure productivity at NCL. The cruise market data has vital statistics that precisely point out the standing of the various cruise industries in the industry. The data contains market share statistics as measured by number of passengers carried and the revenue generated over a financial year (Eric, 2013). The statistics from a present year can be compared with those of the preceding year to determine the change in revenue and numbers ...

Marketing Audit and Plan of QANTAS Airline

Organizational view The airline industry is a fastest growing services industry in the world that is providing air transport services to the traveling passengers and freight. I am very inspired by the industry business, and it provided valuable service to me. I have gathered some information and aware about a leading Australian Airline company, Qantas. The marketing audit is and empirical study of the company that Qantas to understand the global market’s demand and examine the competitors’ market. It also helps the management to investigate the current marketing aspects and set future strategies. I am familiar with the ...

Innovation

Executive summary Business organizations have implemented and embraced different organizational strategies that have contributed positively to the performance, and general business productivity. Product innovation strategy has been one of the strategies used to improve product performance and increase sales within an organization. Innovation models are important features of a successful organization. Advanced technology has led to the use of improved business strategies in increasing productivity and performance. Business organizations have embraced different changes in the social and technological aspect to provide products and services suitable for customers. Multiple innovation models may be incorporated into the business strategy to provide ...

Ancillary Revenue Management in the Airline Industry

Introduction There is a stiff competition between the network airlines and the low-cost carriers (LCCs) in the airline aviation industry. For a long time, the traditional network airlines have been struggling to cope up with the many economic uncertainties in the industry, especially the rising cost of jet fuels and increasing operating costs. Consequently, to survive in the industry, they have been forced to come up with new ways of generating revenue. Like LCCs, the network carriers are now considering unbundling their services to produce additional income. Network airlines are also adopting the trend of selling chargeable services, which ...

The image of Ophelia is one of the most striking examples of Shakespeare's dramatic skill and the whole drama in general. This female character from the play The Tragedy Of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark cannot be considered sufficiently developed, but the essence and the role given to her by Shakespeare makes rethink the whole plot of the tragedy. The author empowered this character with a significant role, which ends in death. The nature and the causes of Ophelia's death is a self-contained topic for research. As it is known, Ophelia dies under rather strange circumstances that have suicidal implication. ...

Virgin Mobile: Pricing for the First Time

Young people are critical to many markets including mobile, fashion, technology, and entertainment. Other than forming a key component of the current market, young consumers are potential markets for the future. A business that captures their interest and commitment today has high possibilities of securing a lifetime relationship with them (Mitchell, 2012). However, marketers have not clearly identified the exact tastes and preferences of the young people as a unique market segment. The recent developments in information technology and the use of social media have complicated the marketing equation for this group. The requirement for transparency, relevance, and communication ...

The following article will present a discussion on Richard Branson as a significant leader who attracts the admiration with regards to his leadership experience. He is a Britain’s billionaire and the proprietor of the Virgin group that has more than four hundred companies. 1. Describe the leader's personality. Richard Branson has three important personality traits that have enabled him to prosper in his business ventures. The first trait is listening. This is a Virgin trait, and he affirms that it enables them to learn from one another, the market place and also from their mistakes. The second personality ...

The airline industry is considered to be highly competitive and therefore airline company managers will need to determine the relevance of their current ERP systems with regards to the applicability of the financial information it generates. This is because the same quantitative and qualitative information is used for both financial and management accounting. However, the main goal of a company is to generate better profitability for its owners while remaining sustainable. This is done by controlling costs while improving revenues through the use of budgets and the standardization of costs and results to variances, which are primarily under management ...

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IT Solutions for a Small Airline

The Passenger Service System for airlines is a suite of critical information systems that will support the operations of airlines and comprised of seat reservations, seats inventory and in departure control. There are many PSS but most of them are still locked in expensive and inflexible mainframe computer platforms. Only the large carriers can afford these legacy-based PSS. Bravo Passenger Solutions bought Mercator who developed Avantik, a PSS built on Microsoft PC servers. Avantik was built with the low cost carriers (LCC) in mind as the main market. Avantik has all of the three basic systems ...

Introduction

Today, social media has become a factor that has a great influence on the global business environment. Social media is a force used to impact the customers' preferences and gather data about their behavior. Many companies have changed the ways they operate to adjust their activities to the current trends on the market, and these trends are heavily influenced by social media. Social media has also changed a lot from the published newspapers to the electronic sources and various social networks. Every day one can witness a great flow of information that is delivered to the global society through ...

Question 1: What drives the basic economies of the airline industry? The refining industry?

The revenue side of the airline industry is driven by the amount of passengers an airline can carry per flight. A common index is the percentage of filled seats: if it is low on a flight, that flight may be unprofitable. Fuel costs may represent 30 to 50% of total operating costs in the airline industry (Grassbaugh, 2013). For the refining industry, the cost of crude oil is the major driver (Grassbaugh, 2013). Hence, when the price of crude falls, refining margins tend to rise.

Question 2: How is Delta different from other airlines?

Mallikarjun (2015) posits there are so many competitors in the American airline industry, that ...

Product Market Analysis

Product/Service Mix With an experience in the airline industry of over four decades, Southwest Airlines has polished its low fare flying policy. Economy flying across various United States destinations is SA’s main product that has become an eponymous for the company (Southwest Airlines official website, n.d.). Its product mix includes rapid check ins, two free checked pieces of luggage under specific sizes and weight, no reservation policy and a friendly crew that engage travelers during their flights, which is SA’s personal signature (Southwest, 2014). Southwest product differentiates from other airlines’ products because it comprises the largest Boeing ...

Abstract

Religious art has been present in art history for a long time. However in different periods it was used in different ways. In Early Renaissance people used to show their faith with it, whereas in the High Renaissance and later Baroque, it became a tool in the hands of the Church. Nonetheless, history and the process of art development have provided us with plenty of artists and their masterpieces for all the future generations to study. The works of Antonello da Messina, Leonardo da Vinci and Rembrandt van Rijn are considered the best examples of each period in question ...

The Prodigal Son is a common tale from the Bible that has been adapted into multiple forms of narrative such as Garrison Keillor’s dramatic play, “The Prodigal Son” (1991) in which the story is centered on a father and his two sons. The older son works hard and helps around the farm while the younger son gets to slack off and eventually leave with his share of the inheritance because he claims it will help him become a better person, “‘I was thinking I’dtake my share of the farm and head for a far country for a ...

Question 1:

An art is just but a human activity that is either visual, performing or an auditory artifact. Over the years, a succinct definition has not been effectively realized, most of which are vague and lack clear meaning. However, it’s worth noting that an art is a diversified field that has different elements. To be precise, an art is a mere imagination that is primarily means to express an artist’s technical skills or creative imagination. An art is a subject of creatively whose major aim to derive appreciation. Well, as it is known, appreciation is a matter of ...

The Crucifixion by Jativa Master

In the 15th century in Spain completes the centuries-old struggle with the Arabs (the Reconquista). Soon Spain extends among Europe's most powerful states; it becomes the richest colonial power. In Spain, the absolutist system installed; the mainstay of Spanish absolutism, which had a much more narrow social base than absolutism in most other European countries, was the Catholic Church. Fomenting revolutionary fanaticism during the war with the Moors, the church in previous centuries has acquired in Spain only a great influence. With the rise of absolutism, the church was made dependent on the royal power in the hands of ...

One of the reasons that persons loyal to the Crown accepted the chance to settle in given areas of North America such as Canada and the different states of the United States is the economic potential of the regions. Despite the people who had declared loyalty to the crown having the chance to be leaders in the regions they were attached in, resettling in areas with more potential than others was always an endearing for settlers to move to the different parts of the colony. The Upper Canada region is one of the areas in which most poor people ...

Italian Women Writers

An Antique’s Period Bias Amongst Women The Medieval Period dating 476 AD until 1000 AD was one of the most degrading times for women in any class. Men had it simpler than they did because they ended up dominating all of society and they looked down upon women, for example they were able to get jobs unlike women. Men and their accomplishments were noticed and women were not recognized for their hard work, whether it be taking care of the children or being a housewife. Their hard work wasn’t sophisticated like men being painters or architects, but ...

Abstract

Rhetorical criticism is basically an analysis of the items people use to communicate, such as images and words. There are different strategies that one can employ when conducting such an analysis. Most importantly, the first step is the selection of an artifact to analyze since the strategies used may differ with the artifact. In this paper, the artifact to be analyzed is an advertisement from Apple and the method employed is ideological criticism, which evaluates the message presented by this advertisement.

Research Question: What is the main message behind this advertisement and was presented in a way that was ...

The Brooklyn Museum holds an interesting art collection with artworks from the ancient world to the contemporary period. The artifacts originate from regions worldwide. A visitor has the opportunity to see the long-term exhibitions, but also the current ones and touring. The long-term exhibition of European Art is located at the Beaux-Arts Court at the third floor and includes artworks from the period of Early Renaissance to World War II. These include mainly paintings, prints, sculptures in mediums such as marble, bronze, and plaster. This essay aims to present some of the basic painting principles of the Early Renaissance ...

Introduction

The Gero Crucifix and Vladimir Madonna both have contention in portraying religious concepts and a drawing of Jesus. The so-called ‘Gero Crucifix’ ranks as one of the earliest preserved monumental carved crucifixes and the oldest image of the dead Christ on the cross, in contrast to earlier images of the crucified Savior, which presented him alive and glorious over death. The Gero Crucifix was displayed surrounded by golden rays as if visualizing the triumphal second coming of Messiah. In a similar connection, the “Vladimir Madonna” which is often cited as the icon of contemplatives teaches about the human condition ...

Introduction

This project will examine the portfolio of the Virgin Group in relation to their stakeholder marketing processes which helps in targeting specific classes of clients. This will be done in two parts:

Part 1: The evaluation of communication approaches and methods used to target various stakeholders and

Part 2: An application of IT Skills and Business Software applications to produce a portfolio of stakeholder marketing communication materials used by the Virgin Group.

Part 1: Stakeholder Communication in Virgin Group

Communication is a system through which an organisation codifies a message, transmits it to a given receiver and the receiver decodes the message, internalises it and takes action. Communication is important in sharing ideas, information or emotions from one entity to another. ...

Introduction

Large and small businesses in all industries face particular risk, which is either perceived or unknown. The risk can occur at any time during the firm operation cycle and lead to the collapse of the particular business. Importantly, the management of various companies includes risk management as part of their strategic plan. Known risks are easy to manage than unforeseen circumstances. Regardless of the risk, every management is keen to implement proper ways to ensure the business doesn’t suffer negatively. Some companies choose to avoid the risk while others control the loss. In some instances, a company may ...

Abstract

The research was conducted to find out the opinion of the Inhabitants of the outside islands on the negligence by the government which is investing all the BIV income in the capital city, Tortola. The purpose of the investigation is to ensure that the methodology for the study is justified. A qualitative descriptive methodology was used to conduct the study. The study involves a survey which is conducted with the use of a questionnaire. The Questionnaire is a more confidential method of data collection and is less costly as compared to other methods of data collection. The questionnaire is ...

Museum tours are always exciting and help in better understanding of art and various perspectives associated with it. The paper will discuss a visit to Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena in Southern California. The museum is open on all days except Tuesdays and entry for students with valid is free. The Museum showcases a wide array of art pieces from Asian, European, Modern and 3D art. Paintings from Renaissance period were fascinating and gave a chance to introspect how two paintings can have a similar subject but dissimilar in their form. There were about 145 paintings on display showcasing ...

Reducing the population growth rate is possible. The World Watch Institute highlighted that with universal access to safe and effective contraceptives for both sexes, the pregnancies would reduce significantly, and consequently the population. Besides, expansion access of secondary education would also lead to population decrease because of delayed marriage and increased knowledge on the use of contraceptives. Moreover, offering age-appropriate sex education could help reduce the rate of population growth because the children would adopt birth controls at early stages or make informed choices. It follows that adopting methods of reducing the population would lead to a decrease in ...

Answer Questions

1)Table 1 shows correlations of clothing retailer positioning questions to the two dimensions of a positioning map. Based on the correlations, name the two dimensions. Show the process and discuss your reasoning. Organizations make use of positioning map to help them identify a perfect position in the market with respect to their products or services. Positioning is a good way to let the organizations understand where they stand in the eyes of customers. Perceptions of customers are very important in defining the positioning of products and services. Positioning maps reveal where and how certain brands are placed in ...

An Assignment Submitted by

Abstract This research paper studies the problem of choice between tap and bottled water, and the reasons why most people in the developed countries prefer bottled water over tap water. For this research paper 5 external sources of information were used. "Most Plastic Products Release Estrogenic Chemicals: A Potential Health Problem That Can Be Solved" by PubMed Central (PMC) presents the results of a study of plastic bottles in which bottled water is contained after packaging. Under certain circumstances like hot weather such plastic bottles can release dangerous chemicals into the water. “Thirst for bottled water may hurt environment” ...

Art is primarily seen as a depiction of the current on goings of people or what they face in their daily lives. Renaissance art is, therefore, a typical representation of the Renaissance period. During this period, European art was revived against a backdrop of economic growth. In this period, there was development of new technologies that steered various forms of art like philosophy, literature and much more. In this case, the art of painting seems to draw so much of our attention since it gives a more vivid picture of this particular period. Most forms of art were used ...

Chartres, France

The monuments and architecture in ancient times allow talking and narrating about the historical background from the angle of time in which they were built. Through various signs, they inform us about the prosperity, decline of the reigns and empires as well. Thus, they are the major means of communication. They can tell us a lot about the economic, political and religious circumstances of the specific region. They also narrate the contemporary architectural trend. In medieval Europe, especially in France, the Gothic architecture was at its pinnacle. Cathedral Notre-Dame de Chartres is one of the Gothic architecture examples in ...

Abstract

'Gothic' term represents medieval art that carries a strange history. The style of art developed in Northern France and spread to the rest of Western Europe. Late Gothic art expanded well into the 16th century before getting consumed by the Renaissance art. Gothic period carries splendid examples of sculptures, stained glass, fresco, panel painting, ivories and illuminated manuscripts. The essay offers a perspective on the popularity of Gothic ivories and how they encouraged the devotional practice. The ivory diptychs were used as sophisticated tools and were seen as physical vestiges of the divine. Gothic ivories were the visual cues ...

Pricing Objectives

The core pricing objectives used by Champs Sports is sales oriented. The use of this type of pricing objective is it comes with other smaller yet important goals on board that has helped the company to be successful in the market niche it operates. Firstly, use of the objective has helped the company experience growth in sales and increase its outlets throughout the United States. Through the utilization of this objective, Champs Sports managed to increase their volume of sold products by setting prices in a way that more and more sales are achieved. Their main reason for use ...

Ethics as a set of moral principles determining and distinguishing right from wrong plays an important role in a business. There could be a number of factors that may influence ethical conduct and behavior in a business retail store like Zara. To begin with, the most important factor that influences ethical behavior of a business is the business organization’s culture that influences the kind of relationships that exist between the business and outsiders and among the workforce. Individual employee’s factors such as personal values, peer or family influences, life experiences and situational factors may also have an ...

Contextual Analysis

Junius Bassus was a Roman politician who gained prominence during his career and was also known as the Urban Prefect of Rome. His artwork, the Sarcophagus is a magnificent piece of art from the Late Antique era. It is of high-quality artistry as well as beautifully detailed to show the interplay of the biblical iconography. Christianity for a long time had a marginal status in the Roman land. In this period, Christianity was very appealing to the desires of many faithful; however, due to monotheism Christians suffered a lot of persecutions. In his artwork, Junius Bassus prominently represents Jesus ...

Introduction/Thesis

Christians believe that the Jewish people do not accept Christ as the Messiah because they are waiting for a political leader rather than a spiritual one. The Jewish people do not believe that Jesus is the Messiah because he does not fulfill all of the requirements. This paper will discuss the differences between the two beliefs. Christians believe that Jesus is the Messiah because fulfills the criteria that was laid out in the Bible. This criterion was dominated by the fact that Jesus said that he was the Messiah. In John 4:25-26, when a woman told him that she ...

Religion is an integral component of human history at different stages of its development. The Muslim Reformation fundamentally different from the Catholic Reformation. “As religious regimes both, Catholicism and Islam, preceded and are likely to outlast the modern world system of nation-states” (Casanova 2). The difference lies in fact that these processes occur at different times and in various specific historical conditions. The Muslim Reformation expressed primarily in the revision (or attempt to revise) religious motivations of the various aspects of social life and only marginally affected the proper theological questions. In Islam church and clergy similar to a ...

Introduction and Thesis:

According to Christianity, Jesus Christ is the Son of God in the Holy Trinity. There are three manifestations of God in human’s life: God the Father, God the son and God the Holy Spirit. Jesus therefore is the God who manifested in the life of man as a physical human being. After man sinned, the earth was overtaken by sin and every individual brought into this world was with the sin carried from Adam. Jesus therefor came to save us from our sins. He manifested himself as human being so that He can interact with us as a ...

The primary purpose of this essay is to explain how Cathedral of Notre-Dame, also referred to as Chartres Cathedral relates to the culture of the time and how the building was a product of its cultural and political conditions. Chartres Cathedral is situated in Chartres, towards the northwestern France and one of the prime examples of French Gothic architecture. It is well famous for its stained glass and different sculptures ranging from column statues to miniatures. A fire in1194 destroyed most of the cathedral, which was later reconstructed (Chartres Cathedral 2016). The church is made of limestone and displays ...

Chinua Achebe manages, in a highly entertaining and educative way, to present the theme of collectivism in the Nigeria before the merciless yet highly effective occupation of the British in Nigeria. The Ibo society that forms the setting of the book is a microcosm of not just Nigeria but also the rest of the Eastern countries. Chinua Achebe tells the story of the people of Igbo land of Eastern Nigeria before and immediately after their contact with the Western culture. The story revolves around the life of Okwonkwo, a tragic hero, depicting his birth, how he rises from a ...

Question 1

Virgin Galactic is the first space line in the world that owns and runs privately built spaceships. The company plans to be the pioneer in commercializing space travel and offering ordinary people a unique opportunity of going into history as the first ever non-professional astronauts. Its main competitor is the Blue Origin, which has already attained a spectacular achievement in pioneering the first rocket booster to make a safe trip back to earth from space (The Economist, 2015). Virgin Galactic plans to use its massive resources and synergistic effects from the Virgin Group umbrella to beat its competitor in ...

The Notre Dame De Chartres Cathedral is located in Northwestern France in a small town known as Chartres. Chartres is about 80 kilometers from the French Capital, Paris (Pierre 1). Chartres is a market town with many manufacturing firms. This building is in the French Gothic architectural style. It is famous not only for the many sculptures that it has but also on the extent to which it captures innovation. In terms of historical context, the building was built during the early Middle Ages in 1194 after fires had ravaged other previous cathedral in which the Sancta Camisia- Virgin ...

Intro to Islam

Today, nearly a billion people practice Islam around the world. The name "Islam" is derived from the Arabic word "salam", which literally means "peace", but still has the additional meaning of "submission". Thus, the full name of this religion can be translated as "absolute peace that comes when human life is subject to God". A man who professes Islam is called a Muslim. Islam is the religion of "people of the book", religion of writings which were sent to people through the prophets. Koran (from the Arabic "alkuran." - "Reading aloud", "a warning") - the holy book of Muslims, ...

The “Ave Merris Stella” is a pure, sacred hymn was produced by the “Guillame Dufay”. This beautiful hymn is about 600 years old. The form of this hymn is Strophic in nature and display the medieval mode. It is such an incredible piece of music as one can feel that how it would sound in the Cathedrals of the Middle Ages, because of its unique acoustics. This hymn is an excellent display of the Early Renaissance “Style” and “Sound”. The start of Dufay’s setting of “Ave Maris Stella” displays the use of fauxbourdon. The initial and the last ...

Recycling impacts both positively and negatively to economic and environmental phenomena of the world we live. For instance, for both manufacturers and consumers, recycling products are cheaper than virgin ones (Howard, 1995). This helps manufacturers and consumers to save money through passed along savings. Recycling contributes to removing non-organic wastes that do not decompose from landfills healing ugly waste dumpsites. There is no space to store trash, and the accumulated waste must be eliminated from landfills. Recycling helps farmers, companies, and manufacturers to reduce the cost of reduces farming, manufacturing and producing goods. For manufacturers, recycling contributes to reducing ...

Byzantine Art dominated during the reign of Emperor Constantine. The primary characteristic of the Byzantine art is religious. All the images created by the Byzantine artisans strongly links to the existence of religion in their lives. In an era lacking scientific knowledge, any viewer of art will eventually conclude how strong the influence of Christianity on Byzantine art was. For instance, the Byzantine relief titled, Icon with the Koimesis (see fig. 1) which dates back to 900 A.D. tells the story of the death of the Virgin Mary; her death was lamented by the apostles of Christ. The image ...

Introduction

Before the Protestant Reformation and the Enlightenment, though, the field of inquiry was completely different than it would be afterward. There was only one religious establishment during that time period, and that establishment had the power of eternal fear over everyone and everything. The fact that the Roman Catholic Church had the power to ban someone not just from church but from any chance of salvation radically altered the calculus of anyone interested in pursuing any sort of intellectual endeavor. Remember, this is the same institution that sought to excommunicate Galileo and Copernicus because of their claims that the ...

Preparatory drawings by Correggio

Antonio Allegri is more famous by the name of the small town of Correggio, and this is where the artist spent his professional career. He was a reputed name and maintained a high position among the Italian Renaissance artists. He is looked upon as one of the most skilled draughtsmen of the sixteenth century1. He is counted among the most famous early sixteenth-century artists. His drawings call for a scrutiny of his styles and skills and are beautiful but utilitarian. The artist completed his work with steps in its construction and drew only when required. He drew only when ...

Among all other entrepreneurs, I hold Richard Branson with high esteem. He is a British magnate most well known for the Virgin Group of Companies. Decades ago, flying was considered a luxury. It was associated with beautiful ladies, champagne, haute cuisine and something only the well heeled could afford. With his Virgin Airlines, he has dropped fares considerably without a downsurge in quality. However, such is not the only reason for my admiration of Branson. He has a diverse set of interests, despite being told in his younger years that he would have a hard time succeeding due to ...

its Function as Devotional Objects

HART1402: Renaissance Art in London

Final Word Count:

References

Illustrations Renaissance Religious Art and how it Engages with its Function as Devotional Objects I. Introduction Most of the artworks of the Renaissance were in some way connected to the church. Artists such as Michelangelo, created enormous works that can still be viewed today. Michelangelo in particular created this sense of worship and devotion through his work in the Sistine Chapel. The point of the artwork was to provide the church attendee as well as the resident padres a visual Bible, in some respects. When attending mass, it would serve as ...