Infection Literature Reviews Samples For Students

Introduction

Zika virus also termed as ZIKV is a known to have gained worldwide attention, especially in the USA, South East Asia, and Australia. The Zika belongs to the Flaviviridae family which comes under the genus Flavivirus (Wikan & Smith. 2016). The Zika virus is spread though day time mosquitoes belonging to the Aedes family. Some of the most common mosquitoes to contain and spread Zika include A. aegypti and A. albopictus. The name of Zika originated in 1947 where it was first isolated from the Zika forest in Uganda. Based on evidence, the Zika virus was associated with varying viral ...

Improving The Efficiency of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Abstract
The Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is known to be an important pathogen among patients with prolonged confinement to the intensive care unit and longer hospital stays (Vincent, 2010). The virus is recognized to be a common form of the herpes virus, which the Centers for Disease Control described to be present in about 50% to 80% of the people in the United States who are in their 40’s (Mandal, 2014). The infection can actually affect children and adults alike, however the virus has the greatest impact among certain individuals, especially among children and those with a compromised immune system and ...

Introduction to MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterial strain of S. aureus that that has developed a resistance to certain types of antibiotics, including methicillin, penicillin, oxacillin, and amoxicillin (Farley 2008). The types of infections differ according to whether the MRSA infection was acquired in the hospital setting (HA-MRSA) or whether it was a community acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infection. The most severe MRSA infections are those acquired in health care facilities and include infections of the bloodstream or surgical wounds, and pneumonia. MRSA bacteremia is often fatal, thus timely and aggressive intervention is critical in patients at high risk of death; for example, ...

Literature review of CVL

Introduction
The management of the sick with serious disease like cancer requires a stable central venous access to be used for a variety of treatment that includes antibiotic and blood samples or product. It also allows the resuscitation of fluid, hemodialysis and parenteral nutrition and cytotoxic chemotherapy to access blood-stream so that medical professionals can observe and microbial culturing of the patient. In addition, it is used to monitor the pressure of central venous. The importance of educating the patient was emphasized too so as to avoid keeping the patients in darkness and not knowing what is happening to them ...

“Shaving versus Clipping: Which preoperative hair removal method reduces the risk of surgical site infection?"

“Shaving versus Clipping: Which preoperative hair removal method reduces the risk of surgical site infection?"
Hwang, S., Kim, S., Park, K., Im, S., Shin, W., & Kim, B. (2012). Outpatient-based scalp surgery without shaving and allowing use of shampoo. World Neurosurgery, 77(2), 391-393.
1. A study in the outpatient setting which aims to establish the benefits of “shaveless” surgery. It challenges previously held beliefs about the advantages of shaving.
2. Retrospective observational study on the outcomes of minor scalp surgery without the conventional shaving of hair. The procedures were performed on 93 patients by only one ...

2A. Appraising Quantitative and Qualitative Research

Quantitative Study
One source of bias during data collection is the use of self-report data (Polit & Beck 2012). Chivers et al. (2001) obtained data through the SF-36 and Beck depression inventory which required the patients to answer questionnaires. If they failed to give accurate answers, it would have affected the validity of the findings. The study design also allowed patients to receive other clinically appropriate treatments that were beyond the study protocol (Chivers et al. 2001). Additional treatments are confounding variables but their influence on the study outcomes was not estimated in the statistical analysis. This reduces confidence in ...

Infections in hospital settings are a challenge in nursing because of the potential dangers that they pose to a wide number of patients. Bloodstream infections from central lines are particularly hazardous as they affect patients that are already vulnerable, meaning that they contribute to morbidity and mortality in the hospital setting (Rinke et al., 2012). Although the rates of central-line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) can be reduced by up to 67% through the introduction of checklists (Schulman et al., 2011), the issue continues to be important in a wide number of hospital settings. It is also important to understand the ...

Research Question: Do health care workers comply with hand washing strategies at the hospital level?

Annotated Bibliography
Asare, A., Enweronu-Laryea, C. C., & Newman, M. J. (2009). Hand hygiene practices in a neonatal intensive care unit in Ghana. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 3(05), 352-356.
In this study, the researchers sought to assess hand hygiene practices and the nature of patient contact in physicians and nurses at a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Ghana. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional, lasted two weeks, and the amount time of observation daily was 5 hours. The researchers assessed compliance to alcohol rub as well. Compliance to hand washing before and after patient contact ...

Introduction

Bacteria are the very first life forms in the history of our planet. Since the beginning they were exposed to extreme changes of temperature, pressure, pH and nutrients; hence, to survive, they had to adapt themselves. One strategy of survival is to go into suspension or dormancy, by converting themselves into a seed form or spores. When conditions become normal, these spores germinate back to vegetative form. This property is also seen in pathogenic bacteria that infect higher animals such as humans. One such group of bacteria is from the Genus Bacillus.When exposed to stress, these bacteria go into dormancy ...

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

The population under study is ventilated patients suffering from hospital-acquired pneumonia.
Priority
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is a priority given that it has the second highest rate of mortality and morbidity in the U.S among the nosocomial infections (Chung, 2011). It is attributed with longer hospital stays occasioned by the need for close monitoring as well as widely reported cases of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) to the antibiotics used in its treatment as well increasing cases of Multidrug Resistance (MDR) (Chung, 2011). Furthermore, the underlying medical conditions for which the patient has been admitted might ...

Abstract

Tuberculosis, better known as TB, is an infectious disease that affects the global community. Its incidence rate has been significant in the New Zealand region where the disease is considered to be pandemic and has accrued a significant burden on the healthcare system for its demands on timely diagnosis and treatment. Although a decline of its incidence in New Zealand was noted, such decline halted sometime in the 1980’s and the rate of incidence becomes consistent thereafter and it remains to be an apparent health problem in the region which is highly associated with migration issues and other factors that ...

Abstract

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an infection which often develops as a result of poor handling of mechanical ventilation. Such as, poor nursing practice in caring for patients with difficulty in breathing can lead to microorganisms entering patient’s body through a tube inserted especially via mouth and nose of the patient. When these microorganisms get into the respiratory system they cause lung infection which is referred to as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). In preventing this infection, it is important that nurses adopt best practices to reduce the incidence of VAP and provide quality care that is aimed at improving the ...

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Hospital-acquired infections, also known as nosocomial infections, hospital-onset infections, or healthcare-associated infections are those infections that are usually not present in a patient before admission to a hospital. In hospital-acquired infections, microbial flora of a patient starts acquiring characteristics of the bacterial pool in the surrounding. Most of the infections appear within 48 hours of admission to hospital. However, infections may also appear after the discharge of patient though the organisms that were acquired during the stay of a patient in hospital (Magill et al., 2014).
According to estimations of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( ...

List of Figures

Figure 3.0.1 Feature extraction. VIII
Figure 3.0.2 Event processing. VIII
Figure 3.8.1 Basic Architecture of Bayesian Enabled Network XI

The Problem

Cloud Network security is very significant when it comes to online data and transactions. Attackers often examine vulnerabilities within the cloud system. There are malwares and viruses that can be easily detected and those that cannot be detected easily. With advance technology and increase in computing knowledge, network attackers use sophisticated software that can beat most antiviruses and firewalls hence accessing the system without anyone noticing them (Kumar, 2015). Malicious code also referred to as (malware) often grow ...

Efficacy of HPV Immunization Amongst Adolescent Girls Within UK

Introduction: Human papilloma virus is the most common sexual transmitted virus in the U.K. More than 4 types of HPV variants, is found to infect both men and women. Genital areas, mouth and throat are commonly affected by the virus. The virus can be transmitted by intercourse between same sex and straight sex partners. Very rarely, the disease is transmitted from the pregnant mother to the baby. The virus has the potential to cause cancer and presently there is no cure for HPV infection. Among HPV types: HPV16 and 18 are highly oncogenic. FDA approved HPV vaccines are available ...

HIV/AIDS infection is increasing among baby boomers

Research questions
What are the reasons why HIV/AIDS infection rates are increasing among baby boomers?
What is the influence of American culture on baby boomers that is leading to an increased rate of HIV/AIDS infections among this generation?
What is the average age of the baby boomer generation and how do their HIV/AIDS infection rates compare to other generations?

Literature review

According to Delgado (2014), the baby boomer generation mainly consists of people born immediately after the end of the Second World War. This period starts from 1946 to around 1964. This would mean that the baby boomer ...

Comparison of Honey Treatment and Traditional Ointments in the Treatment of Pressure Ulcer: A Literature Review

As a natural remedy, honey has been used historically as a wound dressing globally. In addition to the low cost, clinical observations are suggesting that honey promotes sloughing of necrotic tissue, acceleration of wound healing, stimulation of cell growth, reduction of other inflammation, and addition healing properties. Studies are also showing antimicrobial actions. In this paper, a literature review of five articles published in reputable journals compares the use of honey-based ointments with traditional ointments in the effectiveness in the treatment of pressure ulcers.
Yapucu Güneş & Eşer (2007) approaches the problem of wound management for pressure ulcers by assisting ...

Association between HIV prevalence and Tuberculosis (TB)

HIV infection is one of the risk factors for tuberculosis. According to Leidl and colleagues (2010), it is the most common risk factor for tuberculosis in Africa. An estimated 1.4 million new cases of TB were reported among people living with HIV in 2008 (Getahun, Gunneberg, Granich, & Nunn, 2010). In addition, 26% of deaths related to AIDS were attributed to tuberculosis in the same year.

Justification for the Design

The most appropriate study design for establishing whether HIV is a risk factor for tuberculosis infection is cross-sectional study design. It is advantageous for this study for various reasons. First, HIV and TB prevalence can ...

Literature Review:

Factors and predictors of persistent lesion (positive hr-HPV DNA test or abnormal cytology) after treatment of high grade cervical intraepithelial Neoplasia with large loop excision of transformation zone (LLETZ)
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Introduction

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary factor that increases the risk of the cervical cancer development and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in the uterine cervix (Soderlund-Strand et al., 2014). Approximately 150 diverse types of HPV have been discovered, and most of them are carcinogenic. Persistent infections of high-risk HPV must lead to the development of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2 and 3), and ...

Abstract

Ventilation Associate pneumonia is a nosocomial infection that affects immobile patients, especially those admitted in the Intensive Care Unit. The management of these patients has been challenged and it triggered numerous studies on the most efficient ways of managing such patients. In the ward care of a patient that is ambulant and can describe changes in their condition it is easy not to pay attention to the positions of the patients. However, in the acute wards, the positioning of such patients is significant in prevention of complications. One of the main challenges is pneumonia. The positioning of the head ...

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Introduction

This literature review is intended to determine the effect of infection to the disability, mobility and psychological state of patients undergoing orthopedic surgery, comparing each in accordance to compliance or not of the surgical procedure to the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP). Upon review however of the five available orthopedic surgical studies, there was no indication of any compliance or not to the SCIP protocol of the surgical procedures performed. The nearest mention of elements found in the protocol, such as anesthesia (SCIP-3) and postoperative blood glucose (SCIP-4) measurement, was found in Lin, Lin, Huang, Hsu, & Lin (2011). ...

Initial Analysis for Program Planning

Initial Analysis for Program Planning
Tuberculosis or collectively known as TB is among the most common public health problems that has already reached a global scale of concern. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Stein, 2011). At the rise of the global pandemic, tuberculosis has infected almost one-third of the world population with more than eight million diagnosed of the disease every year and an average of two million deaths every year (Stein and Baker, 2011).

Identification of the Problem

Relocation from third world to first world countries more and more determines the severity of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the adopted country. Socially ...

Discussion and Comparison of Laparoscopic and Open Surgical Inguinal Hernia Repair in Adults.

Abstract
There is an ever increasing number of hernia repair surgeries required likely due to decreasing levels of physical activity amongst young adults and concurrent muscle wastage in the abdomen. Time off from work, staffing issues at hospitals, and cost of hospital bed space are some of the issues associated with the high cost of open surgical methods. Wound infection, decreased mobility, and recurrence of the hernia are problems associated with all surgeries. The last thirty years has seen the advent of laparoscopy and minimally invasive techniques of surgical repair. These methods offer the promises of decreased surgical ...

Literature review

Section 1: Background
Context and rationale for research priorities
Lens handling intensifies the incidence of lens contamination. When lens are aseptically removed from the eye, they still have a high probability of harboring microorganisms. During storage, the frequency of positive microbial bioburden remains high than 50%. The presence or movement of microorganisms from the lens to the ocular surface is a route factor for contact lenses related microbial keratitis and inflammation. There is need to priotise research in this area because the results of the studies help people to understand the factors concomitant to infectious and inflammatory complications. When ...

Introduction

Recently, worldwide obesity prevalence has been raised rapidly and nearly doubled between 1980 and 2014, however in 2014 more than a half a billion of adult (18 years and older) were obese (11% men and 15% women) (WHO, 2014). Obesity and overweight are defined as excess body fat accumulation that leads to health risks and comorbidities. Adult weight can be classified based on the Body Mass Index. Hence, an individual having a BMI equal to or more than 25 is regarded as being overweight, while a person with a BMI equal to or more than 30 is considered obese ( ...

[Institution Title]
In the article entitled Consumption of sweetened, dried cranberries may reduce urinary tract infection incidence in susceptible women -- a modified observational study, the authors decided to conduct a quantitative study. A descriptive research design was used in the study particularly an experimentation approach to research. According to a book in nursing research, an experimental research is one that is focus on identifying the cause (Burns & Groves, 2010, p.237). A quasi-experiment research similar to the subject of this critical appraisal implored the use of a pretest and post-test design within a controlled group (Burns & Groves, 2010, p.233). In the study, the ...

Systematic Review

- In my practice, I am observing an increased emphasis on infection prevention. This increased attention to infection prevention measures has been prompted by legislative changes that transferred the financial burden of healthcare-associated infections to hospitals. In 2008, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) issued a directive denying payments to hospitals for certain conditions if they occurred during a hospital stay and had not been present on admission. The CMS was empowered to issue the directive by the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005. Section 5001(c) of the act required the Secretary of Health and Human Services to identify ...

Introduction

Teratogen is broadly defined as an environmental agent capable of causing abnormal prenatal variation in form or function. In other words, it can be any environmental factor that can produce a permanent abnormality in structure or function of an embryo or fetus or restriction of growth of an infant (Gilbert-Barness, 2010). In prenatal life, exposure to teratogens may even lead to death of the embryo or fetus. It is estimated that approximately 15% of all congenital structural abnormalities observed in a child are due to exposure to some kind of teratogens during the prenatal life (Brent, 2001). A larger number of ...

Introduction

Various medical conditions continue to plague the world. Sadly, many suffer from such conditions during infancy or childhood without knowing about their real conditions until they reach young adulthood. Inpatient treatments are widely available throughout the country. The medical facilities that provide them have all the equipment and healthcare professionals needed to make sure that the care given is consistent and remains within the universally accepted protocols of medicine and health. However, even in advanced health settings, some patients still do not recover optimally. That is why extended care is strongly recommended (John Griffiths, 2005, p. 504). This may ...

This paper is an evaluation of what has been leant about HIV/AIDS in various settings. In this paper, all the activities and what has been learnt from them will be analyzed. I will also write about HIV/AIDS, its prevention, mode of spreading among other issues that are associated with it. There were many activities involved like reading, presentation, group work, skill building sessions that aimed at equipping one with pre and post-test counseling skills.
AIDS is the abbreviation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. This is the last stage of HIV septicity. However, not everyone with HIV advances to the AIDS ...

Cancer antigen 125 (CA125), which is encoded by MUC16, is the only biomarker currently used for immunohistochemical diagnosis of ovarian cancer (Tanyi and Scholler 1098). Literature suggests that 80% of the patients with ovarian cancer express CA125. The expression pattern is different among the different kinds of ovarian cancer; 85% in serous ovarian cancer, 12% in mucinous cancer and 40% in clear cell carcinoma (Tanyi and Scholler 1098; Kaspar and Crum 44), which helps in differential diagnosis.

Differential diagnosis among various types of ovarian cancer. There are five types of primary ovarian ...

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Literature Review

Introduction
Dentistry as a branch of medical science has successfully and uniquely combined the principles of human science and the art of healing. The dental profession in particular has changed during the past years due to the review of scientific evidences that emerged in the health fields and medicine that rely on systematic approach. The findings from several literatures suggest clinical practices and other relevant concepts pointing out the recommended frequency of visits to dental practitioners for various types of patients. This includes patients suffering from oral cancer, periodontal diseases, and caries risk. In ...

Abstract

The purpose of this discussion is to determine the relationship between human papillomavirus type 16 and the incidence of cervical cancer in adult women. As such, prevalence and distribution of cervical cancer will be discussed, as will the current literature regarding the correlation between and potential causative effects of human papillomavirus type 16 on cervical cancer. Some of the studies examined in this discussion focus almost entirely on specific populations, but this discussion will focus on a more global, universal approach to the correlation between HPV-16 and cervical cancer. The literature reviewed in this discussion focuses primarily on discoveries and ...

Nursing

Epidemiologic Design on Studying Tuberculosis
Various systematic molecular and DNA-based epidemiology of tuberculosis used to fingerprint the incident cases attributed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission. Given the information from the previous literature review, it is apparent that epidemiologic study of the disease provides a clear description of analytical approach on study results.

Identified Research Question

Does tuberculosis cases that share DNA fingerprint are epidemiologically relate while reactivated cases due to remote infection have unique fingerprint?
Selected Epidemiologic Study Design
There are several study designs that provides information. However, selecting the best epidemiologic design for this study must consider the practicality, the ...

Facilitator:

In the last five years, the best practices in hand hygiene has proved to be a reliable mean of reducing unnecessary infection in modern dynamic society. Global healthcare professionals have ranked hand hygiene as one of the basic initiative that has significantly improved health condition in the world. Evaluation of various hand washing practices have affirmed that these strategies are effective in reducing the spread of infectious diseases by lowering microorganisms load (Jefferson, Foxlee, & Del Mar, 2007). Hands contact is a common vehicle through which transmission of microorganisms happens from patient to resident, form resident to the client and from the ...