Capitalism Argumentative Essays Samples For Students

Despite of living in a world that has extensively benefited from the capitalist production system, it still seems necessary to make questions about its ethics. There is no doubt that since its adoption and generalization, people around the world has experimented unprecedented wealth and freedom, but there are still issues that plague the world where capitalism has had no power to solve. Many even find the cause of said problems in the capitalist system. This paper will analyze the definition, elements and criticism of capitalism as exposed by William Shaw in his book Business Ethics to find out if capitalism ...

As one would be aware that Capitalism is the form of an economic system that dominates the world these days. This system has evolved out of human’s natural trading process. However, as put by Robert Heilbroner, it is both beneficial and dysfunctional for the society. Here I would argue that it provides greater good for the society. This ability also implies whether it also expected to dominate the centuries ahead.
Before we discuss the role of capitalism in the next century, we must acknowledge that it is near impossible for any economist to predict any major economic ...

Kohli’s argument suggests that cohesive capitalist states are the most effective at industrialization. What are the political, social, and economic insights to be gleaned from this observation? If countries want to develop economically in a democratic setting, what are the key lessons learned in Kohli‘s arguments?

Introduction:

Capitalism is here to stay and one cannot deny that. Recently we have seen the development of several industrialized nations which are not capitalist founded such as China and India. In his book, Kohli argues that industrialization undoubtedly brings about social change so it is important that those countries that are embarking ...

Introduction

Sustainable cities international SCI based in Vancouver Canada has been on the fore front in development agendas with the overall aim being towards ensuring the city and its surrounding is capable of maintain its entire program. One of the overall challenges is the capability of maintaining the increasing number of graduates seeking employment. Urban sustainability is about ensuring that the number of people living in Vancouver and its environs, there is a need to change on the policy affecting its own citizens. In this paper, we are going to discuss how urban sustainability in Vancouver affects the society.
Secondly, ...

Dr. Seuss is one of America’s most revered children’s authors of all time. Nevertheless, his stories aren’t just designed for adults: behind the word play and artistry, they usually contain themes of social interest with a constructed philosophy behind them. This makes his oeuvre highly respected and analyzed by critics, also. Due to his familiarity and popularity, this author is used to introduce and exemplify profound ideas, as they are found all along his works. In “The Sneetches”, this author postulates that, through capitalism, humans can overcome their differences and live in harmony.
In the beginning, ...

The two stories, “Hills like White Elephants” and “The Story of an Hour”, resonate around the feminist and Marxist ideas in unique and interesting ways. The stories are narrated from a third person with the authors keen to bring out capitalism and the ever present male chauvinism. It is this paper’s position that the two stories though within the same context, express different political ideology. The “Hills like White Elephants” appears to support the chauvinist approach in life while “The Story of an Hour” contends and disparages male chauvinism while promoting feminism. This paper shall analyze the political undertones ...

Literary works have been used to not only highlight the problems in the society but also to provide the suitable solutions for such problems. Fascism and Capitalism of the Nazi regime in Germany led to the oppression of many people in the community. Brecht, one of the renowned writers used his literary works to condemn the two elements as he sought to promote Marxism in the society.
Brecht’s poem “Legende vom totem Soldaten” (Legend of the Dead Soldier) is among the literary works that he used to condemn fascism in the society. The poem revolves around an ...

The two main political, social, and economic systems within the global arena are capitalism system and socialism system. Capitalism and socialism differ widely in various aspects such as equity, ownership, unemployment, efficiency, and economic systems. In addition, capitalism and socialism hold different views and perceptions on religion, way to change, philosophical drives, political movements, and key components amongst others (Nell 178).
Whereas capitalism system takes very little concern on equity and instead encourages inequality for the purposes of production, socialism enhances redistribution of resources for the main aim of ensuring equality amongst the citizens. Under capitalism system, business ...

Division of work, as other scholars calls it, is the specialization of work in predetermined roles with an intention to increase the productivity of labor. It can also be defined as the process whereby an employee or group of employees is assigned a specialized duty in order to increase efficiency. The growth of work specialization is generally associated with an increase in output and a more complex economy. This is because every individual does what they are best at and yield the best-desired results since they do not have to divert their time and knowledge to areas they are not properly ...

Upton Sinclair’s novel “The Jungle” goes deeper than a simple expose of the meat packing industry, Sinclair’s real goal was to provide an in-depth expose of society itself. By analyzing the socialist messages within “The Jungle” the corruption of capitalism and fallacy of the “American Dream” reveal the seedy underbelly of society and the unsanitary / unsafe working conditions of the Industrial Revolution.

The Unsanitary Working Conditions of “The Jungle”

Meatpacking was still a relatively new concept at the time “The Jungle” was written. Meatpacking became an established business venture only after the end of the Civil War and only a few major companies participated in the ...

There have been various philosophies and ideas about the organization of the society since time immemorial. Various theories have come up in an attempt to define the different social, cultural and economic interactions within the society. Various theories have also been formulated in an attempt to explain this phenomenon to a deeper level. The essay below looks at the arguments presented by two philosophers on these issues. The first on is Emile Durkheim and his argument on the division of labor, and the second one is Karl Marx and his ideas on the modern capitalism. The analysis first looks at ...

Paternity leave is yet to receive the full recognition it deserves. Employers and the society at large make the assumption that, since fathers are not directly affected by the birth of a child, paternity leave is merely a convenient provision of the law that ought to be overlooked. Only a few employers led by the federal government, offer paternity leave with pay. Many other employers offer paternity leave without pay. The question that arises then is whether employers ought to pay employees on paternity leave. Of course, my response is in the positive. Men, like their female counterparts, need a break to get ...

In May 1949, Albert Einstein, the renowned physicist, wrote an essay for Monthly Review magazine in which he claimed that capitalism was throttling the education system. His view was that the capitalists controlled “the main sources of information” and listed these as being “press, radio, education” (Einstein, 1949). The essay was entitled Why Socialism and directly addresses the ‘evils’ which capitalism inflicts upon society. In short, Einstein’s argument was that capitalists have their own agendas and motivations – making them the absolute worst influence that could exist over education. His claim is that children must be taught to think ...

Religion has been the foundation of arrangement and strife of social orders, where both viewpoints make a noteworthy commitment to our comprehension of society. However, a new form of religion known as capitalism religion has developed which is now the source of hope and fulfilment for people in the modern world. This exposition will look into a structuralist and interpretative position on the effect of the capitalism religion on society and how religion can be used to help people understand it as a false hope. The scholars that will be utilized are Karl Marx, Max Weber, and David Loy.
...

Discovery of Americas and its Impact on Commerce, Navigation, and Industrialization

Introduction
The European exploration efforts and the subsequent discovery of the Americans was in the simplest terms, a capitalistic venture. Of course, it was accidental, but its primary goal had been to find a new sea route to the orient. The European desire to make more profits by cutting out the Arabs and Turkish nations from the trade is typical of any capitalistic venture. In addition, the idealistic desire to expand the horizons of the European reach coupled with the optimistic search for a completely new way of reaching the Orient was demonstrated in the efforts of Columbus and ...

Why does China allow Hong Kong to maintain its special status?

Hong Kong which is a special administrative region in the republic of China is endowed with privileges’ that other Chinese cities do not have. This is mostly in regard to participation in events and international organizations. Being governed by the basic law as well as its mini constitution, Hong Kong constitutes the Hong Kong Island, new territories, Kowloon and other small islands. Boasting a population of around 7.09 million and growth of about 0.9% it mainly consist of about 95% Chinese people and the rest is others. The official languages are Chinese and English. Having a good GDP and the main industries ...

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The theory of Functionalism vs. Class conflict theories of Education: An Introduction
There is a great ongoing debate over the education system in the USA. With the increasing role of the charter schools’ role in the education field, it becomes vital to have good analysis about how successful they are educating the students. As a result of ongoing progress in the contemporary student achievement test and data, it is now possible to analyze student learning in charter schools in comparison to the traditional public schools the students would otherwise have attended.
...

Part I

The theory of hegemonic stability is a theoretical modification of the common observation in post-world war II international relations. United States control was the key player in the successful world capitalist economy after 1945. Us in the late 1940s possessed not only prestige and unrivaled power, but also it had a purpose. America in three decades had intervened in two destructive wars after which it decide to remodel the formation of international economic and political relations in such a consistent way with its interest and liberal ideals. GATT-based multilateral trade and Bretton Woods international monetary regimes were the main legacies of the ...

ABSTRACT

There are many different philosophical ideas about the moral value of equality, such as democracy in which all citizens have equal voting and citizenship rights, or social and economic equality that guarantees a minimal living standard and educational opportunities for all. One notion of equality holds that all persons are entitled to the same universal rights and human dignity regardless of race, religion, ethnicity or social class. From a purely historical viewpoint, there has been a radical expansion of the idea of human equality in the modern era, just as there have been revolutionary changes in science, technology and economic systems. Plato ...

Question one

As indicated in the film, Corporation is the dominant modern institution. There are several factors that people may try to employ in the challenge for this conclusion. However, there are also elements of a corporation that may not be ignored in the current world. As an institution a corporation, is defined on different and specific principles.
A corporation is a form of business defined by traits such as a limited liability for its owners. This form of business entities are concrete on the laws the bind them. In the modern world, law has become extremely critical. Corporations are defined upon law since ...

Any historical event has numerous interpretations and judgments of a certain time. American history is not an exception; it is full of important events which were definitely changing the country and nation. There is probably no more important and arguable event in the American history than the Civil War as a result of colonial societies’ existence for a century of common history. In this context, of particular importance are origins of the war and how each epoch interpreted them. In the previous times, the main reason for the war was definitely slavery as a symbol of social inequality and an obstacle for the ...

The Place OF the African Petty Bourgeoisie

Introduction

It has widely been said that African leaders have failed so much in their leadership starting from the time they took leadership from the white colonizers. Most of the African leaders who took over from the white minority bargained for power on individual or regional basis at the expense of the entire country’s benefits. They have ever since continued to immerse wealth while the common man suffers in ignorance. This paper therefore seeks to examine the place of the African petty bourgeoisie. The main questions that this paper seeks to answer are: why have these African leaders ...

The term democracy can be used in various ways. A society can consider democracy as the freedom from dictatorship, right to equal representation, social equality, or classlessness. On the other hand, a country may look at democracy as the right to self rule without interference from another country. The concept of democracy may be dishonored in a capitalistic society where people have to put a lot of emphasis on their career. In this case it is essential to understand what is more important. As a result of democracy, capitalism has always been on the rise, and has gone out of control, to a level ...

Irving Kristol makes a solid argument for why the political institutions of America are successful. However, there are some large gaps within the logic that can be argued. It is true that many feel strongly about the American way of life, and that this may be in our bones. But, this does not prove the effectiveness of political institutions. Instead, it proves the effectiveness of our culture’s ability to socialize those within. The socialization through culture is a specific area of study for Anthropologists, arguably proving this to be a true aspect of society, especially in America. Thus, ...

For the purpose of the media analysis, one of the most iconic images or photographs in the history of world civilization has been chosen. The original photograph was taken by Alberto Korda on March 5, 1960, at the memorial service of the victims of an explosion. It came in the public domain soon after it was taken by the photographer. The picture titled, “Guerrillero Heroico” is that of the iconic revolutionary figure, Che Guevara, who can also be deemed as one of most famous persons in the history of the human society. The particular image in context is an ...

Capitalism And Health Care in US

Americans are afraid to contact the emergency medical room (Emergency Room - ER) due to long lines, numerous medical errors and depressive atmosphere (lack of seats, crying, moaning, cursing, blood) prevailing in waiting rooms. That conclusion was reached by experts of a number of non-profit organizations who have studied the attitude of residents of the United States to a modern health care system.
It is important to admit that the work of ER has been criticized for at least three decades. However, only in recent years, Americans have come to prefer self-treatment, rather than a visit to the hospital.
...

Did Arthur Miller Believe in the American Dream?

Essay Outline

I. Introduction
a. Arthur Miller as an author
b. His beliefs towards American Dream
II. Arthur Miller
a. His family and childhood
b. His political stance and belief in the American Dream
III. Miller’s famous plays and stories
a. All My Sons
i. How did it convey his political stance.
ii. How was the American Dream portrayed in this work
iii. How did it affect his success as an author
b. Death of a Salesman
i. How was his ...

Progressivism is a reform movement that arose in the late 19th century and ran through the first decades of the early 20th century. Proponents of progressivism sought to address social, political and economic reforms. This was necessitated by the need to address the changes brought upon by industrial revolution and capitalism. There was also the need to prohibit child labor and create better conditions at home and at work. Among the first proponents of the progressive movement were Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson (frontrunners of the 1912 US presidential election). Both men were fortunate enough to serve as the presidents ...

Introduction

Data from the US Census Bureau shows that in 2014, some 33 million people (10% of the population) in the United States did not have health insurance (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development -OECD, 2015). While all governments should offer universal healthcare to their people, some poor countries have plenty of socio-economic complexities to handle it, and for now developed countries like the United States are the ones highly capable of offering free healthcare to all their citizenry. The United States has one of the most unstable healthcare systems in terms of its affordability and access to all citizens ...

There are numerous global challenges in the current world. The enormous increase in population growth faces different contradicting opinions. There are worrying levels of poverty and struggle for resources doomed to increase if population growth is not controlled. On the other hand, increase in population growth is speculated as a chance of increase in innovation.

Analysts speculate that the world’s population will increase with a billion people in the next decade if the current population growth carries on. There are various perspectives regarding the issue of population growth. Different people ...

Introduction

Communism was an ideology thought to have been originally formulated by English writer Thomas Moore. In his literature released in 1516 and titled ‘Utopia’, Moore speaks of a society where property is a common asset and ruler govern the people and society assets and property using reason. The rebellion directed towards capitalism and other traditional forms of government were the subject of numerous scholars and theorists as time passed. Karl Marx, one of the strongest supporters of this system of government felt that the class system, a failure in his view, would be remedied through communism.
After its role in the ...

Introduction

Many theories have been advanced to explain disability with many of them revolving around biomedical origins. However, sociologists have developed quite a different school of thought. According to sociologists, disability, which can be physical, cognitive, emotional, mental or developmental, is an impairment that can largely be linked to historiography, social construction as well as social organization.

Historiography

Historiography seeks to explain disability by applying two concepts: materialism and feudalism. Materialists argue that disability is a social experience, which arises from the specific ways in which society organizes its fundamental activities i.e. work, transport, leisure, education and domestic life. According to Gleeson (1999), ...

Today's education system has forever changed the way young men and women go about their academic and work careers. In earlier eras, students would enter the job world immediately after school, and many colleges and universities were out of reach for lower and middle-class Americans. However, now that the job market has become much more competitive, the American academic experience has dictated that students go directly to college after graduating high school. While this is now the norm, it is not the ideal: students experience burnout, and they do not get valuable life experience that they need to survive ...

The military has been traditionally painted by the media as the source of protection against state to state aggression. However, the changing notions of security have caused the military in many countries to be used to deal with domestic sources of insecurity. This would include dealing with the individual. This paper seeks to sensitize its readers the changing securitization of the state and therefore the role of the military. This paper does this by looking and how the tradition notions created by the media regarding the military has been challenged by the changing notions of security. Some of the ...

Africa and the metropole

Africa had always been a land less explored and much talked about during the imperial age and the age of discovery that preceded it. The reason being the vicinity of the African continent to Europe and the number of times the peninsula is circum-navigated during explorations. It was only rumoured that past Egypt and the Sahara desert, great African kingdoms lay inland, rich and full of resources. In this essay, we will see how the allure of Africa has led to one final push in the colonial era, causing a scramble for territory and the exertion of inhumane will in the ...

The industrial revolution was a period that begun in 1750 and set in motion the myriad of industries that would underpin the revolution. Manufacturing and processing became a preeminent activity during this period and in the process granting individuals employment opportunities. The manufacturing plants and industries in there increased the demand for labor, and this led to the uptake of children and women into the workforce.
This approach resulted in far-reaching effects on the society. For the rural families, urbanization and industrialization created a myriad of problems. For instance, it resulted in an elevated occurrence of parental defiance from ...

This essay explores the dialogue On Liberty by Mill in relation to the Communist Manifesto by Mark and Engels. On Liberty can be understood through the lenses of his autobiography. According to Mill, On Liberty revolves around giving human beings full measure of freedom to “expand itself in innumerable and conflicting directions” (Gray 6) Mill believed in the absolute freedom of human nature. In this regard, he rejected any attempts to limit the behavior and opinion of human beings in the name of social pressure and coercion. Despite his belief in the totality of freedom, Mill observed that coercion ...

Introduction

Over the years, the United States has gained global military, economic, cultural, scientific, and political dominance, which has allowed the country to have a significant influence on other nations. For instance, American influence and power have extended across different countries such as Iraq, spreading democracy and liberty through military invasion and the War on Terror. In addition, the United States’ political influence has been strengthened by its financial support to foreign countries through the U.S. foreign aid. For instance, Buchan argues that the U.S. has played a significant role in enhancing the relationships of the free nations of southern and Pacific ...

Institutions of higher learning in the United States spend millions of dollars to recruit and train college athletes. These college athletes participate in various events at the expense of their time as students. If in return for their hard work, college athletes get nothing more than a scholarship and health protection, then it is absolutely unfair. This is because everyone around them gets some benefits – from the college coach who earns a decent salary of close to $100,000 a year to the media houses that profit from adverts and the entities that advertise at these college sporting events. Therefore, there the ...

Introduction

Humans have always treated culture as a basis for making decisions, and the societal realism is a defining influence that gives oneself identity and respect. However, one hardly comes to realize in the lifetime that he or she is subjecting shim or herself to racial pressures needlessly because the world of capitalism works against the working class according to perceived and accepted worldview in this regard.
The major argument of the articles is to highlight a reality that covers one’s ability to find pride in his or her racial background and professional one as well. The failure of lagging races ...

Literature

Dana, a modern black woman, was celebrating her twenty-sixth birthday with Kevin, her husband, when she was snatched abruptly from her home in Altadena, Los Angeles, California and transported to the antebellum South. Rufus, a young white boy, was drowning, and Dana jumped into the lake and rescued him. It was as though Dana had been summoned to rescue the boy. Dana was repeatedly drawn back to the early nineteenth century, to the slave quarters, where her stay grew longer and longer with each transit. Each visit grew longer, more arduous and equally dangerous for her. This continued, until, it became ...

In as much as we live in a world where we are fully surrounded such tools and machines, we seldom think about these tools, machines and tools that surround us. We are not aware of how they shape us or how we shape them. Consequently, these change our relationship with such tools, neither are we even aware of how they enrich or impoverish us. This trend is talked about by Dave Eggers, in his book The Circle; “ The tools we create, often manufacture extraordinarily extreme social needs. Nobody needs a level of contact you are spreading. It changes nothing.” (p 45) The ...

After the economic crisis broke out in 2008, what economic system is best for the country, especially for the bank, becomes a hot topic between people. According to what we learned from the Great Depression, the British economist John Keynes state that government intervention can help a depressed economy through monetary policy and fiscal policy (Krugmanand Robin). Also, from what Keynes said and from the great depression, it also tells that too much freedom on the market will produce exactly the opposite results. Similar situations as to banks, during the recession, if the government can give the assistance at the moment, ...

Other

In his essay, ‘Discourse on the Origin of Inequality,’ Rousseau considers how man seeks freedom in the discourse and the social contract. However, the realization of liberty is hindered by supremacy of inequality and property, characteristic of capitalism as expressed by Karl Marx in the Communist Manifesto. The freedom expressed by Rousseau is not entirely political but also freedom from the need and psychological. In the novel, Their Eyes were Watching God, by Zara, the character Janie is in the journey to achieve freedom from male domination, true love and self-independence in a world of racism and female subordination. The ...

Essay Prompt Two

Guilt and remorse are two common themes from “What Work Is” by Philip Levine and “Now We Are Five” by David Sedaris. These themes lead the reader to understand the cruelty of materialistic society and the important of family bonding.

In growth it is clearly seen in the poem that the health conditions of the workers were very pathetic while the work was tiresome and very difficult. The author therefore shows the cruelty of the society in treating its workers ruthless without taking consideration the amount of labor and productivity they are contributing to the state or country. The ...

The war in Vietnam occurred due to the conflicts that existed between the two super powers. At this period, cold war was in progress. United States had a policy that it should stop the spread of communism as much as possible (Faragher, 774). This is why it intervened in Vietnam and tried to stop this spread. The war was very necessary for the security of the United States.
United States believed that if one country adopted communism, then other more countries would follow suit and communism. As a result, communism would spread in other neighboring regions. United States felt that ...

The consequences for granting exemptions to U.S. federal labour laws to garment subcontractors operating in Saipan was that they could pay the workers a fraction of the minimum wage, work them harder in poor conditions and for longer hours.
This proves that the neoliberal agenda breeds the growth of inequality as the multinational corporations will naturally move their factories to countries that allow exploitation of third world workers.
Free trade only benefits the one percent, the other ninety nine percent are left without jobs in their own countries because all the factories have moved to third world countries ...

1) Oscar Wilde
Oscar Wilde's many poems, plays and novels poke subtle fun at the Victorian mainstream, addressing the faults and the problems inherent within that society. Many of his works deal with the decadence and beauty of the Victorian upper class, as well as how empty and duplicitous that society is. By painting detailed portraits of flawed and overly vain characters, he shows the Victorian aristocrat as someone nearly inhuman, and far from sympathetic. In many ways, it transcends the nature of the Victorian mainstream by holding a mirror up to it and pointing out its flaws, whether ...

Utilitarianism is one of those concepts that have been interpreted differently by many philosophers and scholars. However, the explanation and interpretation given by John Stuart Mill is one of the most interesting utilitarianism versions (Diken 165). In Mill’s thinking, an action is judged as good or bad, holy or evil based on the extent to which such an action yields happiness or pleasure. He further argues that something is good only if it brings about pleasure and reduces or completely eliminates pain. According to Mill, happiness is the vital intent of every human being. The argument brought forth ...

D.W. Augsburger found that women and men do have fundamental differences in how they regard violence and conflict resolution, with women preferring methods of negotiation and nonviolent resistance to the use of physical force and coercion. Because of differences in culture and socialization, women simply lacked political, economic and military power in the public sphere while they wielded considerable influence in the private and domestic world, especially as the ‘power behind the throne’. As societies become more urban and industrialized, though, with more educational and economic opportunities for women, these distinctions may change. After all, there is no realm ...

The legal concept of incorporation in Britain and in Europe was originally to service the needs of their people. They have established it long before it was copied by the United States. (Jennings, 2011) As a civil society, the United States modified corporations to fit their needs.
The alterations made by the American corporations in the rules of incorporation enabled commercial interests to be incorporated and the original format of a social service organization to an agency of self or vested interests of private individuals. (Jennings, 2011) This specific modification changed the concept of a corporation to a modern one that is ...

Of all accomplished novels by H.G Wells, The Time Machine most resists a twenty-first century readers’ effort, to pardon Wells from the accusation of being an imperialist. Indeed, it is clear that imperialism is a vital element in H G Wells novels. Wells imbues his texts with colonial and occupation components that require separation between the future and the present and momentary pleasure, particularly those delights associated with the self-centered British conquerors exemplified by The Time Machine’s, The Time Traveler. Wells’ story from a post-modern eye represents an imperial Britain wallowing with forces of technology that it uses to conquer non-suspecting ...

Conflicts in measuring income disparity in Hong Kong

In terms of comparison between the west and east, parallels are often drawn between the two cities of New York and Hong Kong. They are both relative in terms of population, square foot area, lifestyles and even constructions and economy. However, unlike New York, Hong Kong’s rise to power in the global economic scene started only in mid 90’s and had shown exponential results—its gross GDP growing a whopping 180 times in the period between 1961 and 1997. The city had been popularly described as “World’s greatest experiment in laissez-fare capitalism” by Milton Friedman.
In ...

Introduction

The US government foreign policy is the policy for which the United States interacts with foreign nations and sets standards for interaction for its organizations, corporations and individual citizens. Government foreign policies are under the office of foreign secretary who also acts as the secretary of state. The secretary is charged with sate-state diplomacy and development of strategies to safeguard the US policies abroad.

The United States of America foreign policy is claimed to aim at creating a more secure, democratic, and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community (Michael, & Stokes 106). The ...

Many scholars consider modern democratic government "inevitably' as party government. The attitude that democracy is inevitable is somewhat idealistic according to Philip Slater and Warren G. Bennie of the Harvard Business Review [ CITATION Sla90 \l 1033 ]. In an article posted on HBR’s website entitled, “Democracy is Inevitable,” they write that democracy, ”reflects a state of mind (sic) that is by no means peculiar to business people but characterizes all Americans, if not perhaps all citizens of democracies [ CITATION Sla90 \l 1033 ]. The article further states that democracy has been almost universally embraced because of the idealistic notion that everyone ...