Referendum College Essays Samples For Students

Referendum on Independence

Introduction
The Scottish National Party (SNP) has gradually gained popularity among citizens in Scotland since its creation in the 1930s, and is now the third largest party in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. In 2011 the SNP made history when it gained the majority of seats in the Scottish Parliament. For the first time in history the SNP had a majority government, and so began their journey towards independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. In September of 2014, that journey was halted when citizens of Scotland voted “no” to the ...

The struggle for independence is not a new topic in Europe as the region’s history depicts a myriad of conflicts that occurred for the sake of independence from monarchies and the desire for self-governance. Throughout the past centuries, larger European empires broke down into smaller states while others merged to their partners or faded entirely. However, even after the Great Wars have ended, there were still factions hoping to separate themselves from their respective countries in the hopes of reestablishing their identities prior to their inclusion to larger countries. Catalonia, for instance, has been actively working on pushing ...

Introduction

The principle of democracy and promoting the rule of law are two aspects modern constitutions seek to achieve, whether at state or federal level. Democracy connotes majority consensus on the part of the citizens in defining and shaping key issues. It would be inaccurate to assume that the American constitution is inherently democratic (pure democracy for that matter). Essentially, elections are carried out by the majority of the citizenry who choose officials (Chiappinelli, 2007). These officials are given the responsibility of determining the country’s direction. This way, democracy is transformed from the determination of many to where few ...

The journey towards the European Union (EU) integration has experienced several turnings. This section of the essay will detail some of the core turning points in the EU integration. Establishment of a Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was a major turning point in EU integration. The Treaty of Rome defined the specific objectives of the CAP. The CAP was introduced in 1962 (Folmern.p). The establishment of the CAP was enshrined to the state of food shortages after World War II. The aim of the CAP was to build a common European Community market and to cut off tariffs on agricultural ...

- Background
Before the introduction of Act 1, the school boards approved preliminary budgets twice in a year. After the passage of the Act, Pennsylvania school districts must approve their budgets once every year. Gibbs (2007) says that Governor ED Rendell signs the special Act I in June 2006. This Act has the specification to assist the school district in Pennsylvania in reducing their taxes by shifting the burden to the gaming revenue. This legislation empowers the electorate in participating in the formation of the public schools budget.
The Act of 2006 regulates the alteration of the property ...

Introduction

The European Union is the result of the flow of economic integration in the world. It was created in 1958 and became a powerful economic group. Within the framework of the Union, the benefits of mutual trade are established, the general economic policy is carried out, and restrictions on the movement of goods, capital, and labor are constantly removed (Krugman, Obstfeld, and Melitz, 2014).
The creation of the EU was due primarily to the fact that in Western Europe after the Second World War, the contradiction between the international character of modern production and the narrow national and state ...

Current events make us ponder over race relations and ethical issues more intensely. Nowadays, many of the historical facts cast light onto social, gender and racial turmoils in the past. The society of modern world battles to prevent any kind of disparity in high-developed countries, adopting different methods. It is a fine line, however, between defending and claiming the rights to vote for the future of the country you are living in or out.
The article tells us a story about a young Australian man working in the UK. As a non-UK citizen, he is planning to vote in ...

The United Kingdom is an administrative unit consisting of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland (Clifford and Morphet 57). Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales are largely devolved; therefore, they enjoy some degree of independence. However, by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) does not consider any of the four regions as independent nations. Scotland borders England to the south and the Atlantic Ocean on all other fronts. The “nation” is associated with more than seven hundred islands. Scotland was established in the ninth century, specifically in the year 843 (Walker 7). In the nineteenth century, Scotland united ...

Program: - Political Science: Researching Political Analysis

Introduction –Definitions
First past the post
Proportional representation
Comparative analysis

Compare and contrast the merits of First Past the Post and Proportional Representation
Electoral Systems in the UK and one other country with a PR system
Introduction-Definitions
The provocative argument informing this discourse on first past the post and proportional representation emerged from a recently held British referendum to decide whether first past the post should be replaced by proportional representation as an electoral systemic procedure. A “no” vote for a change from FPTP to PR resulted from the referendum.

First past the post

This voting system is also known ...

Arizona Statehood and Constitution

Introduction
Arizona is a state found in the South western side of the United States of America. The capital and larges city of Arizona is Phoenix. Arizona was state number 48 to be admitted to the Union of the American States. However, unlike many other states, several events were recorded during the process of statehood of Arizona.
This paper gives an overview of events in Arizona in both the Preterritorial and territorial periods. A number of events took place and they played a great role that resulted to the statehood of the region.

The Preterritorial Period

The preterritorial period goes down in ...

On June 23, 2016, the citizens on the United Kingdom (Great Britain) which includes the nations of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland were asked to decide whether or not the kingdom should end its membership in the European Union (UE). The referendum, which was popularly known as the “British Exit” or “Brexit” for short, had been put on the ballot by Prime Minister David Cameron shortly after the 2015 elections which saw Cameron’s conservative Tory Party win an outright majority of seats in the British Parliament (Economist). One of Cameron’s campaign pledges was to generally limit ...

Canadian French nationalism is a complex issue that has its roots in the settlement of the country by French explorers. It has been a highly emotional issue that has affected the politics of Canada over the years. The eye of the storm is the province of Quebec where 81% of its people spoke French as opposed to the 90% of Canadians who spoke English in the rest of Canada during the early stages of the secessionist movement (Fenwick, 1981). The current Separatist movement has lost power and is no longer the threat to Canadian political and social stability it ...

Question 1.

The European Integration has undergone several changes to be what it is now. Several incidents and treaties marked the turning points for the EU in its infancy years to create a more stable and unified European cooperation. The Marshall Plan formed in 1948 consolidated democracy in Europe after the German defeat in the WW2 (Dinan 1122). The United States proposed the plan to speed up economic development in the transatlantic region. The plan saw the creation of the OEEC (Organization for European Economic Cooperation) liberalize trade and the Coal and Steel Community to oversee the extraction of coal in ...

Introduction

Russia’s wishes to have political control of Crimea are not a recent phenomenon but one that has been present for a long time. However, over the last one month, Crimea and Russia have been embroiled in controversy. This has resulted in the most reported-about East-West confrontation since that of the Cold War. This comes after President Viktor Yanukovic was overthrown in the wake of protests in Kiev, which escalated to widespread violence. The situation worsened when the Crimea Parliament, comprising of ethnic Russians gave a majority vote to join Russia. Consequently, the region of Crimea set a referendum for 16th March. There ...

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Introduction
While Canada is considered a relatively new country, much of its history can be traced to the end of the first ice age, 20 thousand years ago. At that time there was still an isthmus, which was a kind of bridge between Siberia and Alaska. Therefore land route generation of Siberian hunters-nomads moved slowly on American soil. This theory is supported by archaeological excavations in the basin of Old Crow in the Yukon, in which was found a set of tools that allows to date the initial period of migration is as described above. Thus, ...

Recently, significant debates have risen over the issue regarding the independence of Scotland from the United Kingdom. These debates have seen over four million voters within the state supporting the idea that would resultantly imply an end to a political union between Scotland and England for over 305 years. These supporters are driven by the notion that the economy of Scotland as well as other sectors such as the social policies, innovation just to mention but a few, would flourish if the state had more autonomy. However, a greater portion of the population believes that the idea is a wrong move. Their believes ...

Factors that Cause a State to fail with respect to Sudan

Various reasons are attributed to the fall of states and nations. These reasons range from the failure to control or rather the inability to of states to take charge of the processes within a given territory. The failure of states involves the interrelationships between patterns of authority, political control and institution building. Nations fail due to consumption by internal violence and the ceased delivering of political goods to their inhabitants. The failure of state involves the government’s lack of credibility and the nature of the country becomes illegitimate and questionable to the citizens. The major reasons that contribute to ...

Introduction

The term “Brexit” has been highly popularized across the world today, but it has its root in the result of the referendum on June 23, 2016, for UK's exit from the EU. Brexit is simply a short-form for “British exit” (Mirror, 2016). EU members perceive Brexit as calamitous and in fact one of the most unfortunate events that have occurred throughout the lifetime of the Union. Britain became a member of the EU (formally known as the European Economic Community, ECC) on January 1, 1973, 12 years from the time it applied to join the community, and resultantly, it ...

The recent Brexit vote has brought about a number if tensions associated with membership in the European Union and a common European economic area. It has also put into serious question the European Project started in the post-World War II era. Please argue for or against Britain being a member of the European Union. Be sure to cover five broad areas of disagreement economics (Benefits/ Costs), political (Benefits/ Costs), Labor market (who wins? Who lose), social (costs/ benefits), and issue ofan identify?
Britain a second-largest economy after Germany is a member of the European Union, has taken up a ...

Current Event

Colombia has started to inch closer to building a future without the threat of guerrilla groups. There have been talks with the 52 year old, FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), for the past few years. Even though the 23 March 2016 deadline for peace has been missed, it is believed that peace in coming future is possible. The FARC and the government of Columbia have reached agreements over many issues, but they remain far away from reaching a bilateral agreement over ceasefire verified by the United Nations (Isacson). Negotiators from the FARC and Colombian government are close to ...

Short Answer Questions

1. Minority nationalism is a phenomenon that exists in minority communities within larger, more homogenous populations. For instance, in China, most of the population is Han Chinese, but the minority groups are very cloistered and self-contained. These types of groups can also be seen in the United States and Europe, within cities or countries that have relatively sequestered minority populations (Bale 2013).
In places where there is a large majority population and a number of smaller, less well-represented populations, minority nationalism is a form of self-defensive nationalism (Bale 2013). In countries where democratic parties are often split down ethnic or cultural lines, ...

Britons’ decision to exit European Union is a reflection of their socio – cultural specificities and their expectations for an envisioned life in United Kingdom. When analyzing the Brexit decision, there should be considered the tight vote, as 52% of the voters opted for leaving EU, while 48% voted for remaining (Erlanger para 4). This score indicates that leaving EU was not a unanimous decision, but one that reflected the diverse interests and reasons of Britons. Connected with the liberal ideas coming out of enlightenment, this liberal exercise of reasoning echoes Kant’s urge to reason, breaking free from religious ...

The Queen's 90th birthday

Currently at the age of 90, Queen Elizabeth II is the longest reigning monarch of the British Kingdom. Not only is she the longest ruling Queen but also among the most powerful and most influential world leaders alive today. To her 90th birthday to date, the Queen has had major accomplishment for the British people and to the world as a whole. Some of the most important dates of the queen's reign are highlighted below, from the time she was coming to age in wartime to her current position as the Queen of England.
During World War II, Queen ...

Pablo Larrain's movie reflect on the events of the 1988 Chilean referendum on a character named Rene's Saavedra who runs a television show aimed at ending General Augusto rule. Coexistence between idealism and rebellion are among the major elements covered in the film. The "NO" film not only entertains but it provides shades light on cultural and social problems affecting the Chilean citizens.
One of the major issues raised in the movie is social injustice and the need for democracy. Chile's ruler was a dictator called Augusto who made the life of the various Chile citizens miserable (Stern 7). ...

Constitutions define principles guarding a society or suggest a political goal that a society envisions to achieve. Constitutions are more than a platform where structure; authority and responsibility of government institutions are defined (Krasner 87). They also portray essential political, economic and power relations by the culture, values and interest of the group that created it. Also, the events of the period in which the document was written contributed enormously to its content. Definition of the relationship between those in government and the citizens is also available in the Constitution and the limit of their practices clearly defined. This ...

The beginning of the XX century is known as Progressive Era in the American History. Many important historical changes and reforms took place at that time. The reforms have shaped the American society for the next century.
Three important reforms of the Progressive Era are the expanding of democracy, women’s suffrage and the creation of the Federal Reserve Board.
Expanding democracy was an important process that shaped the political and electoral climate in the United States for decades. At the beginning of the XX century, many common citizens were dissatisfied with the level of accountability of the government ...

The Advisor on European and Western Hemisphere

Via The Secretary of Political Affairs
The United States government should proceed with a measure of isolating Russia with social political sanctions, asset freeze, terminate military cooperation’s, visa bans and barn from the international trade communities. The Obama administration should lead in rallying the community of nations around a series of steps that would impact Russia economically. With the referendum in Crimea, there is a real danger that Moscow might seize further territory with the Moscow agents orchestrating turmoil in the Russian speaking east of Ukraine. The interim government in Kiev has expressed their concerns that Russia might advance deeper ...

The start of the crisis in Ukraine initially goes back to 21st of November, when Victor Yanukovich the former president of Ukraine abandoned the trade agreement with EU, to have closer ties with Moscow. Since that, the public started to protest against this decision, and the public support grew as the pro-EU and anti-government protestors were slammed by Police Special Forces called Berkut. In Kiev and just in Independence Square 300,000 people protested, and the activists seized the City Hall. The situation even got more as the anti-protest law in parliament was passed. Three protestors were killed, and ...

Essay Questions

Essay questions
Question 1
The French Indochina War was begun in 1946 and lasted until 1954. There were several parties involved in the war including: the French Forces, who were also supported by the emperor of the Vietnamese National Army, and Viet Minh, their opponents. The fighting took place in Northern Vietnam however it spilled into the entire country and the neighboring Indochina protectorates belonging to France such as Cambodia and Laos. The war started mainly because of the reoccupation of the area by the French after the Second World War. They decided to launch a rebellion against ...

Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse?

Collapse of the Soviet Union resulted from the processes of system disintegration, which took place in the public and political sphere of the Soviet Union, which eventually led to the end of the USSR on December 26, 1991. As a result, 15 independent republics appeared on the world arena. In this paper a short overview of the USSR history will be presented along with the possible reasons for the Soviet Union collapse and description of the collapse process.
USSR inherited a large part of the territory that the Russian Empire possessed, as well as its multinational structure. Between 1917 and 1921 ...

In the history of political thought and democracy building, there is an inconsistency between citizen’s voting for a candidate or party and his/hers final satisfaction with a progress of the chosen candidate or party. In practice, this inconsistency corresponds to a continuous criticism of ruling government and desire to change it for the former one or an entirely different. In political theory, this phenomenon gained its implementation in a concept of political efficacy. The essence of the term “political efficacy” refers to citizens’ perception of their influence on government and how much trust in authorities and policies they have. In the context ...

Sports betting has become commonplace around the world with many countries not criminalizing, but instead, regulating it. In the United States, betting schemes are illegal except in the states of Montana, Nevada, Delaware and Oregon. Over the recent years, various states have begun agitating for the legalization of sports betting. States like New Jersey, Michigan, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and New York have introduced legislations that attempt to legalize sports betting in contravention to the federal government's, Professional and Amateur Sports Prevention Act (PASPA) which prohibits which has provisions which prohibit wagering in single game sports in all states in ...

Introduction

On June 23, 2016, UK held a referendum in which 52% of the voters chose to leave the European Union (EU) against 48% who chose to stay (Taub, 2016). The Brexit presents a massive change. Without a doubt, the Brexit will strongly influence how project managers will run their projects. Hillary and Allen (2016) observe that all sectors and organization will have to review the risks and opportunities that will emanate from Brexit. Unfortunately, project managers, like everyone else, have limited information that would help them to assess the risks and opportunities associated with the Brexit. Notwithstanding the lack ...

Analysis of Costa’s Activity

Business Activity
Costa Coffee is the UK’s favorite coffee shop and one of the world’s leading coffee brands, serving premium coffee in .. countries around the globe (Costa official website, n.d.). The company uses Arabica and Robusta beans, originating from 70 countries situated at the Bean Belt region, in the equator, going through a rigid process of cropping and roasting, to assure the top quality coffee served in Costa’s shops (Costa official website, n.d.).
Therefore, the scope of Costa’s activities refers to selling premium coffee through dedicated stores. It also includes selling coffee through vending ...

Voting rights in Gabon

Introduction
Gabon, the official name of which is Gabonese Republic, is an African country that is located on the west coast of the continent – the area that is believed to be one of the most stable in the whole Africa. The capital and the biggest city is Libreville with the population of 450 000 citizens, while the total population of the country is quiet small – only 1.5 million people. Though the population of the country is not big, it is considered to be the nation with one of the highest income per capita in Africa. In addition to oil, ...

Introduction

Parliamentary sovereignty is one of the most sensitive subjects on the United Kingdom legal and political agendas. Since the monarch of the country was made subordinate under the United Kingdom unwritten constitution, numerous questions regarding the ability of Parliament to adopt the acts of supreme legal force has been regularly contested. In particular, there is a strong division among the UK legal scholars in this regard. While the first group strongly believes that the Parliament of the United Kingdom is not confined by anything and anyone, others are the staunchest advocates of the idea that the Parliament’s powers ...

Summary

This literature explores the correlation between economic problems within a given country and the political dimensions taken by the people at the specified time. The book lays a strong introductory foundation by referring to an 1830 political endeavor in which Governor Lucas sought to have the territory of Iowa gain statehood status. Through a plebiscite, the residents of Iowa rejected his plea twice out of fear that since there were no landowners in the territory, all residents would have to be taxed a portion of their private property if the territory is transformed to a state. The third time ...

Progressive movement is the gradual improvement of the way of doing things. The United States of America, just like any other country, had challenges in improving their system. After getting their independence they had problems in maintaining order as it was full of diversity based on the number of races. At first most of the citizens were divided in terms of their origin, but later race played an important role in the line of division. The blacks became so discriminated as they were portrayed inferior and not fit to rule. The following is an account of the progressive movement ...

A constitution is a written document embodying the fundamental states principles. Through the constitution, certain rights of people are guaranteed. It also establishes the conception and character of the United States government by prescribing the government’s duties, powers, and organization. Constitutional amendments are always anticipated. This is because the authors of the constitution are neither prescient nor infallible. Allowing constitutional change is a method of saluting democracy in any government, America being a democracy. These echoes the words of Thomas Jefferson of Each generation has the right of choosing for itself the form of government it feels is best suited for ...

Should Greece be out of Euro Zone?

Yes, I believe that Greece will have to leave the Eurozone. The case of Greece is an extreme one where all the involved parties are at stake and in a possibility of danger, in one way or the other. The country as a whole is on the verge of bankruptcy. The deeply rooted systems of Greece have caused a state of urgency for not just Greece alone, but also the other members of the Eurozone. Since the presence of Greece in the Eurozone poses a threat for the entire Zone in terms of interest rate fluctuations and the complications for debts in the ...

Introduction

There is a broad social movement calling for the legalization or even decriminalization of marijuana. These requirements are motivated by the fact that the drugs marijuana, unlike currently legalized alcohol or tobacco, according to supporters of, much less harmful to health and do not induce physical dependence. The argument for legalization is economic factor - a ban on the sale of marijuana generates excess profits derived crime corrupts and corrupts watching the traffic in organs, does not allow to fully develop the agricultural and industrial use of this valuable raw material and legalization would allow it to avoid and get substantial ...

The State of Washington was one of the first states in United States of America to legalize marijuana. Washington initiative 502 collected 241,153 signatures and petitioned the state legislature for approval by a popular vote. Initiative 502 encouraged voters to turn out and vote in the referendum. The initiative was supported by the state’s famous attorneys including John MacKay and Pete Holmes. 81% of the voters turned out and approved marijuana consumption with 56% of the total votes cast being in approval. Under initiative 502, marijuana was legalized for adults above the age of twenty one years. The ...

Introduction

Communism is a system of government whereby the state economy is in the hands of authoritarian party which hold power claiming to develop the society to a higher social level in which all products are equally shared by the people while Democracy is a type of government where all citizens have an equal say about the decision that affect their daily lives since citizens can participate equally either directly or via elected representatives to decide on matters of development, and creation of law (Lo & Valerio, 2014).
Politically, China has been a communist for decades. The country is under the single-party rule of ...

Introduction

The idea of European unification are rooted in the deep past, contemporary same integration trends originate in the events of the first post-war years, and the emergence of a united Europe is by far the most ambitious social process of the second half of the twentieth century. Study of its history, revealing its laws and assessing the possible effects of the subject of hundreds of scientific papers, but these topics are still relevant, as today one can hardly argue that the contradictions at all stages of development accompanying the European Union overcome and difficulties encountered on his way, leaving only ...

The immigration history in America can be studied from four viewpoints namely: the colonial era, the mid nineteenth century, early twentieth century and after the year 1965. All the above brought into America a different yet distinct ethnicity, race and group. The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries saw an approximated 175,000 Englishmen migrate into colonial America; half of which arrived as servants (Deege, Robert, Jon and Genovese 133). The 19C immigration was dominated by an incursion from Northern Europe, the 20th Century was characterized by Southern and Eastern European immigrants and the era subsequent to 1965 saw immigrants mostly originating ...

Difference between republic and democracy

Republic
A republic can be said to be a government that does not have a monarch. The other definition is that it is a form of government in which the affairs of the state are a matter of the public and the public officers are usually elected and not appointed. Nepal became a federal democratic republic in the first half of the 21st century after 240 years under the monarch. The republic is usually a sovereign state but there are some instances where there are sub-sovereign states. Good examples of republic states are the United States, Russia and France. In a republic state the head ...

Thesis

This paper is on Taxation issue in Alberta’s cities struggling in coping with growing populations, increasing costs and limited revenue. This problem addressed is the deficit of province of Alberta and hoe use of Taxation can help in recovery of revenue which can be used to present break-even and future development of the Province.
Sales Tax a issue long forbidden in province of Alberta, has risen at first Economic summit for solving financial issues of government, but Alison Redford the Premier of province is remaining calm on this idea at present (Wingrove & Walton, 2013). Contrasting from other provinces, ...

In October, 1911, the people of California adopted three new types of balloting, and the new system allowed voters to reject certain laws passed by legislators or even introduce initiatives that could be voted to become laws. The reason why the Californians introduced these changes was because there was a perception that the state government was making laws meant to protect business interests instead of making laws that the people wanted. This culminated into the clamor for change of the state’s constitution in order to allow for referendums, recalls and initiatives. The fact that the practice of direct democracy ...

MONARCHY AND PRESIDENCY

The political order, political system or form of government (which is sometimes used phrases and social order, that order) is the name for a system of institutions that make up the government in a country. Form of government depends on the head of state. The head of state and supreme state authority is not the same. Supreme state authority is the Parliament today and head of state is the president.
In Monarchy, the ruler is a king, sultan, Pharaoh, Prince, Emperor (the government in a country where there are more people). The monarch is legally irresponsible (figure above the law). Morally and ...

A constitution is a body of principles which outlines the relationship between the state and the citizens, the rights of citizens, the relationship between part of the state and the relationship between citizens. (Jowell 25) It is usually superior to the ordinary law because it outlines the nature and power of the state and how laws are made. A constitution is an important part of any country’s system of government. Furthermore, it is a contract, the terms and conditions under which individuals elected to office must govern.
Albanian constitution draws a federal system of government; it is based on the ...