Cells Literature Reviews Samples For Students

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Cancer Patients

Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body. ...

Differentiating stem cells into type II Pneumocytes

Type II Pneumocytes is also referred to as type II alveolar (ATII) cells. It is responsible for the production of the surfactant molecule that helps maintain the elasticity of the lungs and reduce the surface tension of the pulmonary fluids. These cells can be derived from murine Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) to promote lung regeneration and repair in case of an injury. The cell engineering can also help treat lung diseases.
According to Polak et al. (2006), previous experiments for obtaining ATII from ESCs had yielded low cell yield. This led to the development of an elaborate three-step-strategy that ...

Vid30 complex participation in the degradation of CDC25 in yeast and their role in Ras/ cAMP/ PKA pathway

Background:
Unicellular organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae in its total life cycle is exposed to diverse and changing nutrient conditions. Thus, in order to survive and achieve a competitive advantage, it has adapted itself such that it not only uses the wide range of available nutrient sources but also the sources that are nutrient rich. It mainly uses fructose and glucose by rapidly fermenting to alcohol. In response to these nutrient conditions, the intracellular trafficking transcription and turnover of protein from nutrient transporters (e.g. Hxts) get regulated. Therefore, when the availability of the glucose increases, the expression of low- ...

1. Biot’s respiration named after Camille Biot is an abnormal ataxic breathing pattern, where rapid series of shallow respiration are followed by a period of apnea. In order to known how AMP kinase, knock down leads to Biot respiration in mice; it is necessary to known how AMP kinase affects respiratory rate. AMP kinase is a metabolic sensor and is activated in response to stretching of the lung alveolar cells and other stressors. During respiration, the lung goes through cycles of expansion and contraction (Budinger et al., 2008). When the alveolar cells stretch during expansion, the 5′ AMP-activated ...

Introduction

The importance of neurons in the body coordination of information is of complex activities that could be understand easily. Several researches have been conducted regarding this area of neuronal function and it is known that astrocytes play an integral function in synaptic functions. This paper by Alfonso and Marta (2010) is focused mainly on understanding the main roles of astrocytes in nervous system and its functional properties which operates at intercellular level of glial networks.
It also highlights the components of the neuronal activity and synaptic transmission and plasticity. Previous articles published in the field and various understanding ...

Literature Review

Physicians always encounter innumerable number of patients with chest pains every day. The cause of these chest pains cannot always be pinpointed to a single health factor. However, veritably a good percentage of these chest pain cases are traced to a wide range of heart diseases. Acute Coronary Syndrome is one such heart disease that has been found to be a possible causation of the chest pains that are incessantly encountered by physicians. Commonly abbreviated as ACS, Acute Coronary Syndrome results in the blockage of some parts or the heart’s entire coronary arteries.

Definition

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is a cardiac condition with an ...

1.0 Mitochondria in eukaryotic cells
Organelles are special compartments surrounded by a bilipid membrane which separates them from the rest of the cell which carry out specific functions. An example of an organelle is the mitochondria which are known to be the “powerhouse of the cell.” They have their own genome (mtDNA) and are semiautonomous. They are said to have evolved from a free α proteobacterium like organism (Takasugi, Yagi, et al., 2010). The word mitochondria is derived from two Greek words: “mitos” which means thread and “chondros” which means “grain”. These two words offer an apt description of the morphology ...

Overview: Overview: Antigen-antibody reactions are commonly used in immunological assays. In a traditional agglutination assay, the end product is a visible antibody-antigen complex that settles as visible particulate matter in the solution. In other cases, the reaction is invisible and wants the use of a specific enzyme or isotopic probes that can amplify the signal created by the antigen-antibody reaction, so that they can be detected with the naked eye or an ELISA/RIA reader1. Hemagglutination is a visible antigen -antibody assay in which soluble antibodies react with antigen on the surface of (red blood cell) RBC to form a ...

Metabolic Changes

Connections between microorganisms in a person’s gut and the onset of obesity among other metabolic conditions are getting clearer with advanced research work. However, owing to the complexity of the microbiome, the connections are just beginning to be appreciated. However, proportional research work involving mice suggests that there is an influence of gut microbiota on the metabolism of a host. Extensive gut microbiota modulation of host systemic metabolic pathways including SCFAs, tryptophan, and tyrosine metabolism has been shown by metabolomics studies. Metabolic regulation is one of the functions of the metabolites in the gut due to its nutrient-rich ...

Introduction

Recently, worldwide obesity prevalence has been raised rapidly and nearly doubled between 1980 and 2014, however in 2014 more than a half a billion of adult (18 years and older) were obese (11% men and 15% women) (WHO, 2014). Obesity and overweight are defined as excess body fat accumulation that leads to health risks and comorbidities. Adult weight can be classified based on the Body Mass Index. Hence, an individual having a BMI equal to or more than 25 is regarded as being overweight, while a person with a BMI equal to or more than 30 is considered obese ( ...

Vitamins are essential organic nutrients required in minute amounts for the body's optimal functioning. They could be water soluble or fat soluble. Water soluble vitamins include; vitamins Band C, while the fat soluble vitamins are; Vitamins A, D,E,K. Vitamin A was the first fat soluble Vitamin to be discovered in 1913.

Vitamin A's structure is depicted to the right. Retinol is the precursor of of retinal and retinoic acid. Both are active metabolites of retinol. Retinal plays an important role in vision while retinoic acid is the intracellular messenger which affects the transcription of some gene( Bates ...

Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum

Literature Review

Literature Review - Interactions
Between Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria Calcium Dynamics
The interactions between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in plants have great significance in the ability of the plant to self regulate, grow well and even fight off toxins. Calcium is very important for strengthening cell walls (Holdaway & Helper, 2003). The dynamic of calcium up-take has been studied since the 1800s due to the importance calcium has as a regulator for successful growth and development of plants (Hepler, 2005). The intricacies of the part Calcium plays in intracellular reactions which regulate growth and development ...

Raman spectroscopy is dependent on scattering of light. When light interacts with matter, energy exchange can take place through absorption, simulated emission, Raman scattering or spontaneous emission. In Raman scattering, the emitted photons have less energy and lower frequency in comparison with the absorbed photons. Some energy of the emitted photons is transferred to the molecules. Raman spectroscopy is a method which collects the chemical fingerprints associated with molecules. Every molecule has different levels of vibrational energy and the emitted photons experience shift in their wavelengths. The wavelength shifts are collected,examined and analyzed for sample identification. Raman spectroscopy ...

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According to Xu et al. (2012), multiple tissues and organs in our body have this signaling system with AMPK and the balance in energy is accomplished by these sensors. The regulation done by this pathway is very important and any deficiency can lead to disorders like type 2 diabetes, obesity and other syndromes.
Whenever nutrient insufficiency occurs the activation of AMPK takes place; which signals feeding. These are controlled in the hypothalamus region with the use of glucose, leptin and insulin (Akabas et al., 2012).
AMPK and mTOR play a very ...

Mechanical ventilation (MV) causes oxidative stress that is responsible for adverse consequences on organs. In a situation of MV, the excessive pressure impairs the function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain leading to oxidative and nitrosative stress (Kavazis, 2009; Hafner et al., 2014). MV is commonly associated with hyperoxia where an excess of oxygen is provided. In such a case an oxidative stress can be induced when the oxygen pressure in the alveolar exceeds that of the normal breathing conditions because the biological system is not able to readily detoxify the environment from components such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) ( ...

Introduction

Cilia are ancient and evolutionarily conserved organelles which are found on cell surface. This organelle project from those cell surfaces to provide multifunctional biological roles in the organism. An important role that cilia has been known to perform for cells are the locomotion, sensation and reproduction. The implication of the defect in the cilia is that the cell that tend to depend on the organelles for proper performance will be limited in it role. There are many diseases that have been found to be associated with cilia defects. Since cilia occurred as important organelles of many cells, majority of ...

In addition to the direct physical manifestation of swarm phenotype –increased length and number of flagella, swarm cells often produce wetting agent, usually a surface of some type, for instance, the surface in Serrtia (serrwettins) and Bacillus (surfcatin) (White, 2006). In both cases loss of surfactant dramatically decreases swearing proficiency in Bacillus as well as strains of E. Coli do not make surfactants, which is probably why they are such picky swimmers. Surfactants act mainly to maintain surface wetness, which in turn allows cells to swim in every shallow layer of fluid on the surface.
Research findings indicate that ...

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a type of neuromuscular disease that causes certain muscles to fatigue and weaken. The disease is considered to affect voluntarily controlled muscles such as those involved in chewing, facial expression, speaking, eye and eyelid movements and swallowing. The disease occurs in all sexes and age groups. However, it commonly affects women under 40 years and people aged between 50 and 70 years in both sexes, though it is known to affect older people at large (Sieb, 2014). Within the UK, it is estimated that in 100,000 people, there are 15 cases of the disease. ...

IRON SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY

Iron Supplementation during Pregnancy
Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy is a risk factor for adverse maternal and perinatal care. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 56 million pregnant women globally get affected with anemia, which is associated with iron deficiency. The large group of pregnant women affected with iron deficiency are mostly the poor and most vulnerable, especially those living in developing countries like South-east Asia. They have insufficient iron to meet the increased iron needs both for them and the foetus. According to Staff (2013), approximately 29% of the pregnant women experience iron depletion.
Iron is vital ...

MicroRNAs are small, single-stranded, non-coding, 16–29 nucleotide RNA molecules (approximately 22 nucleotides in length) comprising of an evolutionarily conserved class of endogenous ribo-regulators that regulate (modulate) gene expression (Wiemer, 2007, p.1529; Zhang et al., 2006, p.9136; Garzon et al., 2009, p.168). They were discovered in 1993 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Espinosa & Slack, 2006, p.131). Currently, 4167 miRNAs are listed in the miRNA registry and 474 human miRNAs have been identified (Wiemer, 2007, p.1530).

The miRNA genes are dispersed across the genome in gene clusters or as single genes. At least 50% of the miRNA genes are ...

"Are Protein-Protein interactions likely to be valid therapeutic targets for cancer therapy?"
In her paper entitled “Protein-Protein interactions and cancer: small molecules going in for the kill” Michelle Arkin raises questions regarding the grooved and linear regions that permit protein-protein bonds, the binding peptides also found in those regions, if those interfaces are tractable for small molecule discovery and what compounds might serve as bonding agents. Further investigation of compounds would include if they are active, inhibiting, and do they help further characterize the target. She documents tubulin and several others that have potential. Her conclusion confirms that ...

Introduction

It is approximated that about one billion people in the world today suffer from iron deficiency anemia (Sloan, Jordan, & Winikoff, 2002). There are many causes of this disease that have already been identified such as poor diet, menses, excess bleeding in the intestine, and inability of a person to absorb iron among others. However, the question that remains to be answered is why many people continue to be affected despite much information about the disease that is already available.

Background

Iron deficiency anemia is a type of anemia that occurs due to loss of iron in the body that may be caused ...