Molecule Reports Samples For Students

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution to yield 4-Bromoacetanilide

Introduction
Halogenation is a common process in organic synthesis. It is used in industrial and research synthesis as halogenated compounds are used for numerous widely used goods, including plastics. The lab aimed to perform monohalogenation of acetanilide. The reaction is specific since it is performed without catalyst. The typical halogenation is realized in presence of Lewis acid. Halogens molecules are electrophilic, and do not actively react. In presence of Lewis acid, the interaction is rather active.2
The lab used catalyst-free halogenation. The acetanilide molecule contains the acylated amine. As a result, the electronic density is shifted towards the amine ...

Lab partners

The transformation of bacterial cells using Puc18 plasmid as a vector
Abstract
In molecular cloning experiments, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism and then broken into smaller fragments through digestion with restriction enzymes. The fragments of restriction enzyme digestion are then ligated /combined with some vector DNA to produce recombinant DNA molecules. These recombinant DNA molecules are then introduced into a host organism. When the host organism replicates, the recombinant molecule is replicated together with it. With time, large populations of transformed cells or clones are generated expressing the genotype and phenotype of the inserted ...

Introduction

Alternative renewable energy continues to grow popularity because of the upsetting climate change caused by greenhouse gases, exhaustion of non-renewable energy resources and rising global demand for energy. Renewable resources of electricity production are vital progress and are fundamentally motivated by cost.
Solar energy is clean and profuse that is why it is the best among the available substitutes. The modern solid-state photovoltaic (PV) technology began in 1954 upon the discovery of silicon (Si) diodes photovoltaic effect . Crystalline Si and a wide range of thin film solar cells, which are inorganic, are the prevailing photovoltaic technologies employed nowadays .
...

Section Number.

- Glycolysis refers to the process that takes place in the cytosol and through which a molecule of glucose is broken down into a compound called pyruvate ( Reece 167)
- Everthing is doubled since there is still more substrates required for respiration and therefore more energy is still produced as the substrate is not exhausted.( Reece 167)
- In the process of glycolysis 2 NADH, 2 ATP and 2 H+ are fomed. While in TCA 6NADH, 3 H+, 1 FADH2 and 2 ATP are formed. (Reece 176).
- The NADH is produced in the mitochondrion during the citric ...

Chemistry

2. The nano carrier needs to remain in suspension in H2O, PBS, human serum, etc. What type of polymer do you need to use to decorate the surface of the nanocarrier to achieve this goal?
In order to maintain the nanocarrier in suspension in water, Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS), human serum a suitable solution a polymer is needed on its surface. The polymer used needs to accomplish three goals. The polymer needs to decorate the nanocarrier surface to enhance suspension and secondly, to prevent protein absorption. Another characteristic is that the polymer evades the immune system. PLGA poly(lactic-co-)glycolic ...

Introduction

Acids and bases are chemicals with a wide range of applications both industrially and on small-scale basis. According to Arrhenius, an acid is a substance that liberates H+ when placed in water (Slabaugh & Spencer, 167). On the other hand, a base is a substance that liberates OH- when placed in water (Slabaugh & Spencer, 167). To illustrate, pure water dissociates partially to produce hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions as shown in the equation below:
H2Ol H+aq+ OH-aq
In the above equation, water dissociates to produce H+ and OH-. If an acidic substance is placed in water, it reacts with ...

Introduction

Using membrane for gas separation by numerous industries and fields is highly associated with easy operability, low energy costs, light weight and compactness of the process.

Organizational need

There is an organizational need by Learning Curve Consultants’ client to generate relatively pure nitrogen and oxygen gasses within the organization for the application in various processes through the use of high-pressure air as feed. The client has the need to investigate the possibility of employing the use of polymer membranes to produce both nitrogen and oxygen gasses. As a consequence, the customer has presented the team with two bench scale gas membrane ...

Executive summary

This experiment seeks to compute the overall mass transfer coefficients for nitrogen gas and oxygen gas via a polymer membrane under different experimental conditions. The calculation of the overall mass transfer coefficient of the gasses will aid in establishing how the permeability of the polymer membrane is affected by altering these conditions. The experiment employs the calculation of the separation factor in determining the efficiency of a membrane in separating oxygen gas from nitrogen gas. It uses the measured values of flow rates, exit streams and flow rate composition of the membrane component to calculate the mass transfer coefficients. ...

Introduction

Coordination complex usually consists of a metallic coordination center and can be surrounded by bound molecules. Thus these are known these coordination complexes are known as ligands as they bind several molecules strongly almost irreversibly. Coordination complexes therefore coordinate covalent bonds on the molecule.
There is specific nomenclature for coordination complexes. Particularly, the donor atom is the ligand that is bonded to the central atom. Here we are making Aluminium acetylacetonate, Al(acac)3, also referred to as Al(acac)3, and the metal ion is the aluminum and the donor atoms are the acetylacetonate. If there are more ...

Abstract

This experiment involved alkene preparation by alcohol dehydration (water elimination) in the presence of an acid catalyst. Elimination, combination, rearrangement and substitution are the basic types of chemical reactions known in organic chemistry. Alcohol dehydration is an important transformation that leads to the yield of alkene and it is an example of an elimination reaction. Dehydration is a process that involves the elimination reaction of an alcohol. There is a loss of H from one carbon and OH from adjacent carbon, hence, resulting in a water molecule removal that results in the formation of alkyne or alkene. When an alcohol loses its ...

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Introduction and Literature Review

The value for a drug is significantly impacted by the dissolution rate, chemical stability and solubility of the drugs thereby impacting the pharmaceuticals efficiency as well. In the pharmaceutical industry multi-component crystals such as hydrates, solvates, co-crystals and salts have a major role during the design of new solids. Solid does not self-crystallize. It crystallizes in varied forms depicting random crystal properties. Various approaches are used to modify solids like Salting, Solvation, Hydration, and Polymorphism. Apart from these approaches, Co-Crystallization is a promising new approach to modifying solids (Nauha, ...

Introduction

This analysis will focus on the excess intake of saturated fats and cardiovascular disease. The analysis is based on the report detailing my nutrient intake recorded for two days starting from September 4, 2014 to September 6, 2014. According to the analysis, my diet during the two-day period predisposes me to cardiovascular disease since it is high in saturated fats. According to the food guidelines given by USDA, saturated fats should contribute less than 10 percent of the total daily calories. However, my nutrient report indicates that saturated fats contribute 12 percent of my total daily calorie intake. Consequently, ...

Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to characterize aldehydes and ketones using Tollen’s test and Iodoform test. It also aims to identify an unknown substance as well as determine whether glucose is an aldehyde or a ketone using the same tests. In order to achive these purposes, four test tubes where prepared for each type of test. For Tollen’s test, each of the tubes contained 1 drop of the analyte to which 1mL of the Tollen’s reagent was added. For the Idoform test, 4 drops of each substance was used, to which 2 mL of sodium hydroxide ( ...

Chemistry

Trizivir:
Ingredients: 3 synthetic nucleoside analogues with inhibitory activity against HIV-1. “A recently approved antiretroviral looks like a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), but it acts like a protease inhibitor” (Portyansky 1999).

Active Ingredients:

1. abacavir sulfate, 300 mg (aka Ziagen™)
2. lamivudine, 150 mg (aka EIVIR™ or 3TC™)
3. zidovudine, 300 mg (aka RETROVIR™ or azidothymidine, ZDV or AZT because of Azide functional group).

Additives:

1. titanium dioxide
2. hypromellose
3. yellow iron oxide

Coating on Tablets

Is FD&C Blue No. 2, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide and
yellow iron oxide

Inactive Ingredients:
1. sodium starch glycolate
...

Introduction

Initially there were beliefs that, MMPs are jointly able to degenerate all constituents making up the extracellular matrix (ECM) together with basement membrane that confines their operations to tissue reconstruction as well as the preservation. Nonetheless, the contemporary studies also signify that MMP-1 is responsible for controlling the production or else the activation of the chemokines. At this point, it is critical to understand that MMP-1 is among other MMPs.
Similarly, the knowledge holds it that MMP- 1 cleaves a peptide bond beforehand a residue comprising of a hydrophobic adjacent chain, for instance Met and Leu. The other sideways chains cleaved ...

Aim

The experiment aims to study the effect of substrate concentration on the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from banana extracts using spectrophotometric techniques.

Introduction

An enzyme refers to a molecule that is protein in nature and works as a biological catalyst. The enzyme possesses three major characteristics. The first characteristic is that they act to increase the rate at which a given reaction takes place. This enables most cellular reactions to take place at up to million times faster compared to their rate in the absence of an enzyme. Secondly, most enzymes act specifically on a single reactant known as a substrate to produce the ...

Summary

This essay is on short description of the following terms atoms, molecular structure, ionic bonding, periodic table, pH, acids, oxidation, antioxidants in food, alkali cleaning agents, salts used in food, plant cells, photosynthesis, micro-organisms in the environment, bacterial morphology, comparative sizes of micro-organisms, factors affecting the growth of bacteria, bacterial spores, biological role of enzymes, catalase, and enzymic browning.

Introduction

This essay will write short notes on various topics in chemistry as well as in microbiology. Some of the terms in chemistry include atom, molecular structure, periodic table, pH, oxidation, ionic bonding among others. Some of the terms in microbiology ...

Background theory

Equipment used in the experiment: Burette, pipette, pipette filler, clamp and stand, a small and a large beaker, three conical flasks, white paper, phenolphthalein indictor, dilute solutions of HCl and H2SO4 of unknown molarities, and 0.10 dm–3 NaOH.

Equations, diagrams, and calculations:

Concentration of the sulphuric acid solution
Molarity of the alkaline solution of NaOH 0.10 mol. dm–3
As found in the experiment,
Average volume of H2SO4 is 11.15 cm3 = 0.01115 dm3
H2SO4 → H2+ + SO4–
NaOH →Na++ OH–
H2+ + SO4–+ 2Na + 2OH → Na2+ + SO4–+ 2H2 O
Thus, the hydrogen ions in H2SO4 reacted with hydroxide ions ...

Biology

Abstract
Paternity test is usually performed to individuals, where their DNA are compared to other people DNA to see if these people or person, is parent to the individual or are related. The method involves use of restriction enzymes to cut DNA from samples, which are then analyzed using gel electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis will separate the DNA according to size and charge. They will be viewed on gel as bands. Normally, the DNA patterns are usually unique for an individual. Therefore, if there is a match is patterns from the analyzed samples, then there exists close relationship between two ...

Abstract

This lab experiment involved P-Methyl-Acetanilide synthesis from acetic anhydride and a solution of sodium acetate. Different techniques were used in this lab exercise including; vacuum filtration, crystallization, and spectral analysis. The main aim of performing this experiment was to synthesise, isolate, evaluate and analyse P-Methyl-Acetanilide product. We synthesised the product and then, isolated the product by the process of the vacuum filtration. We evaluated the products purity by melting point analysis and performed a spectral analysis (1HNMR spectroscopy) later. The 1HNMR spectroscopy interpretation is a method/ technique used to determine the structures of organic compounds that are unknown (Pavia 128). It stands ...

Rockets and newton’s laws of motion

Rockets and newton’s laws of motion

Introduction.

The movement of a rocket from the surface of the Earth to an arrival on the Moon can be clarified and depicted by physical principals found more than three hundred years back by Sir Isaac Newton. He worked in numerous regions of math and material science. He added to the speculations of attractive energy in 1666, when he was just twenty three years of age (Loeschnig & Zweifel, 1999). Newton's first law expresses that each item stays very still or in uniform movement in a straight line unless constrained to change its state by the ...

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Introduction

Azo dyes are the most popular dye materials that cover more than 50% dye market. The azo group is the main feature of all organic dyes; it joins the aromatic rings that result in an extended conjugated multiple bonds system. The unique characteristic of organic dyes is that they possess the colour. The reasons behind this uniqueness are the light absorbance in the visible spectrum (400–700 nm) and presence of at least one chromophore (colour-bearing group). Their conjugated system and resonance of electrons also produce ...

Introduction

An enzyme refers to a biological catalyst that mediates reactions. In the absence of enzymes, much energy and time would be required attain physical, as well as chemical conditions necessary for a reaction. An enzyme catalyzes the conversion of one molecule forming another molecule (University of Illinois, 2013). The rate at which enzymes catalyze a given reaction is, usually, influenced by several factors including pH, temperature, and the concentrations of the enzyme and substrate. Most of the factors are required to be at their optimum level for maximum activity of the enzyme to be realized.
Increase or decrease from the optimum ...

Abstract

Instance of countries introducing restrictions on the amount of harmful gases released to the atmosphere is on the rise. Countries like the United States have introduced policies which govern motor vehicle pollution. Gasoline is the main component of debate. As a result several studies have been done to determine the components of gasoline. In this experiment, components of gasoline are determine by an analysis process called gas chromatogram.
Samples of gasoline used in the experiment are collected from four stations BP, Marathon, Moto-Mart and Sunoco from Ashland. The samples are then analyzed using a gas chromatogram. 10 ml was used ...

Introduction

Pollutant gases tend to have an impact on both health and environment. Many nations rely on oil for energy use and advancement, hence imports every last bit of its oil and gas needs. Unfortunately, this has brought about dangerous effects upon the environment such as affecting the ozone, causes global warming, acid rain and smog. This may come about when fossil fuels are burnt to form these gases. The formation of toxic gases and their harmful impacts on human health and environment as well as biological effects by thermal pollution that is equivalent to the burning processes are being ...

Abstract

Water is an important chemical owing to its various uses by living things. Most chemical reactions within the bodied of living things require water in order to occur. It is purported that life evolved from water some 3.8 billion year ago following the organization of inorganic and organic molecule to form as prokaryotic cells. Besides, the well being of a cell is overly dependent of the balance between the water and the dissolved substances in the water. In this regards, the cell can permit water molecules to move in and out of the cell; the process in called Osmosis.

Introduction

In ...