Essays on Hydrochloric Acid

Acids

There are three scientifically correct definitions that define an acid substance. Arrhenius defines an acid as a substance that made up of hydrogen that when dissolved in water breaks apart increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the water. Bronsted-Lowry defines an acid as a proton (H+ ion) donor. Lewis describes acids as substances that accept electron pairs. Acids have a sour taste and are highly reactive with metals (Brent, 2009). Nitric acid is used as fertilizers, and hydrochloric acid is used to bricks.

Bases

A basic substance can also be described using definitions from the three authors. Arrhenius ...

DHEA:

Dehydroepiandrosterone, or DHEA, is a hormone the human body produces via the adrenal glands, which are above the kidneys. The exact effect of DHEA is not yet fully identified; however, it is believed to be a precursor of the female and male sex hormones, namely estrogen and testosterone, among others. Precursors are substances that the body converts into hormones.

The production of DHEA usually reaches its peak around the mid-20s and declines ever after. The same applies to estrogen and testosterone, whose production also declines with age. For that reason, if an individual wants to increase their hormone levels, it ...

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WELCOME-SLIDE /ADDRESS My dear respected faculty member/teachers and fellows, Asslamualaikum /Good Morning/ Afternoon Oil & Gas industry and environment are much important for us, and we have to save it for ourselves and future generations. Environmental issues are on the increase at the world and it could affect the alternatives of corrosion prevention in the future. Ecological needs still to be developed; however, some elements have been established.

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SLIDE#3 Saudi Arabia geography mostly comprises of deserts & seas and its economy is much dependent on oil & Gas industry. We need to protect our industry for sustainable progress ...

Introduction

Drugs may be categorized through the chemical form of the ingredient which is active or even through the method it is utilized to treat specific conditions. It will as a result be realized that each drug may possibly be categorized into several drug classes. By definition, antacids are actually agents which purely neutralize gastric acid as well as raising the pH of gastric. They are in most cases utilized to treat dyspepsia plus peptic ulcer symptomatic relief. Antacids are in fact a form of medication which can possibly control the levels of acid in stomach. It will be documented that they ...

- The role of the stomach is to act as the storage for food and allow its slow release into the small intestine at intervals. Also, it allows food churning which helps break the food into smaller particles for easier for digestion. It is also a site of absorption of some foods. The liver serves to regulate the amount of blood components that circulate in peripheral blood. This includes the regulation of blood concentration of glucose and lipids after digestion. It also secretes bile which is important in the digestion of fats in diet. Salivary glands produce saliva which helps ...

Hydrochloric acid is a clear, pungent solution of hydrogen chloride that has been mixed with water. It is also commonly known as muriatic acid. It is a highly corrosive acid with many industrial uses and can cause burns when it comes to skin contact. It is a highly concentrated acid with a high pH value and thus maximum care must be taken when dealing with it. It can easily cause burns to the skins and eyes if not properly handled. It is, therefore, important to use protective material such as gloves and eye glasses when handling it. Wearing of a lab coat also ...

Digestion occurs in the gastrointestinal system, which is composed of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and the associated accessory organs.The process of digestion occurs through six steps, namely ingestion, secretion, mixing,digestion, absorption and defecation. (Tortora&Derrickson, 2008).

Anatomy of the digestive system

The GI tract or the alimentary canal is a long winding tube that measures approximately 30 feet (9 meters) in length. The mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and the anus make up the GI tract.The salivary glands, tongue, teeth, gallbladder, pancreas and the liver make up the associated accessory organs (Tortora&Derrickson, 2008). The mouth. The mouth starts with the ...

2. How does exercise affect diabetes mellitus? During exercise, the whole-body oxygen consumption usually increases 20-fold. However, greater increases have been reported in the working muscles (American Diabetes Association). Under such circumstances, the skeletal muscles increase the utilization of stored triglycerides and glycogen, as well as the free fatty acids. Consequently, exercise maintains appropriate glucose levels in order to preserve the function of the central nervous system. In patients with diabetes mellitus, therefore, exercise ameliorates insulin sensitivity and helps to lower the elevated levels of blood glucose to the normal range (American Diabetes Association). 3. How does ...

Fantastic Voyage - II

It is Day 1 and I am in a mini sub, all set to travel across the wonders of the human body, as the said body ingests junk food that we eat daily. I expect this video and my report will demonstrate the effects of such food inside our body, since on the outside we are blissfully unaware about these possibly harmful. We shall see. Now let me get into the details. This is your name from “Fantastic Voyage”, reporting from a mini submarine that is 8 microns long, and today I will show you the complex innards of a human ...

Question 1:

Answer 1: The mixture of ammonium vanadate, ammonium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid was yellowish and had less color in comparison with the control. As Manganese sulfate was mixed with ammonium hydroxide turned into orange, Though as it was mixed with hydrochloric acid its color did not changed and stayed clear. The control of iron nitrate was orange, but as it was mixed with ammonium hydroxide the color changed into red and after mixing with hydrochloric acid the color was yellow. The control of cobalt nitrate was pink. When it was mixed with hydrochloric acid the ...

Chapter 9 and Chapter 11 Narrations

Chapter 9: Acids and Bases Acids are defined as molecules or ions that are able to donate hydrogen ions to bases. Other authors have defined them as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. They are therefore proton donors (Brent 10-11). Acids and bases have become important components in biological and environmental systems and industrial processes. In fact, most of items found at home contain either acidic or basic substances. Acidic substances, which include grapefruit, lemons, vinegar and lime, taste tart or sour (Lew 1). Acids can be either diluted or concentrated. Concentrated acids such ...

Introduction

An acid that gives two hydrogen ions for every acid molecule is known as diprotic acid. Examples of such acids are sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), oxalic acid (H2C2O4), chromic acid (H2CrO4) and carbonic acid (H2CO3). Dissociation of a diprotic acid in water takes place in two stages. In the first stage, the diprotic acid dissociates to give one hydrogen ion and a monoprotic form of the acid. H2X(aq) H+(aq) + HX-(aq) The second stage involves the dissociation of the monoprotic form of the acid to give the second hydrogen ion and fully dissociated form of ...

Introduction

The periodic table of elements is table used to display the important information about elements in accordance to their chemical and physical properties. The first physical property that was used to arrange the periodic table is the different boiling points of elements. The second property is the melting point of element. They differ according to their atomic number due to the distance between the energy level and that of the outer electrons. Thirdly the density and viscosity of the element played a major role in determining the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table. The other property is the ...

Introduction

The activities that take place in a living organism are mainly controlled through the use of enzymes. Enzyme refers to a molecule that is protein in nature and functions as a catalyst to speed up the rate of a given reaction. An enzyme as a protein molecule has three main characteristics. First, an enzyme has its basic function is as to increase the reaction rate and this makes most of the cellular reactions occur more than million times that they would have if the enzyme was absent. Second, almost all enzymes act in a specific manner with only one substrate in order to produce the ...

Aim: The aim is to determine the effect of temperature on the rate in which pepsin digests albumen.

Research Question: What is the effect of temperature on the rate in which the enzyme pepsin digests protein (albumen)? Background Information: Enzymes are globular proteins acting as catalysts of chemical reactions. An enzyme has an active site: region on the surface of an enzyme catalyzing a chemical reaction involving the substrates and to which substrates bind. The active site of an enzyme has a unique shape; therefore, the enzymes can only catalyze certain reactions since solely substrates of the same size can fit. The enzyme is therefore specific to its substrate; consequently, the enzyme is seen as ...

With close to 2.8% of the earth’s crust consisting of sodium in compounds, Sodium is by no doubt one of the most abundant elements on earth. The element has an atomic mass of about 22.98 amu and belongs to period 3 Group 1 (1A) (between Lithium and potassium) hence has an atomic number of 11, a valance of 1 and an oxidation state of +1. The Latin name for the symbol of Sodium is Natrium hence the symbol Na while the “Sodium” in Latin is referred to as Sodanum. Additionally, even though the element has 14 isotopes, the only ...

Digestion is the mechanical and chemical break down of large food particles to smaller molecules that can be taken up into the blood (Winfred, 2005). The breakdown of large food starts in the mouth, through chewing, and goes all the way to the anus. The presence of saliva in the mouth that contains saliva amylase helps mechanical breakdown of food into bolus. The bolus then enters the stomach through the esophagus by a wavelike movement called peristalsis to the stomach. The churning of food and mixing of food begins in the stomach where both hydrochloric acid and gastric juice are ...

Dr. Professor

Paracetamol is crystalline white power with the scientific name N-(4- Hydroxyphenyl) acetamide. The chemical formula is C8H9NO2 and its structure is

Properties

The melting range of paracetamol is 168 to 172oC and its solubility is 14.3g / dm3 of water and ethanol’s 100g / dm3. It is insoluble in ether and dissolves quickly in chloroform. It dissipates uv absorption minimum in aqueous acidic medium at 245 nm and has uv absorption maximum in aqueous alkaline medium.

Assay

Through titration, paracetamol is analyzed using ceric ammonium sulphate. In the titration, Ferroin plays the role of indicator. It is also assayed ...

Background theory

Equipment used in the experiment: Burette, pipette, pipette filler, clamp and stand, a small and a large beaker, three conical flasks, white paper, phenolphthalein indictor, dilute solutions of HCl and H2SO4 of unknown molarities, and 0.10 dm–3 NaOH.

Equations, diagrams, and calculations:

Concentration of the sulphuric acid solution Molarity of the alkaline solution of NaOH 0.10 mol. dm–3 As found in the experiment, Average volume of H2SO4 is 11.15 cm3 = 0.01115 dm3 H2SO4 → H2+ + SO4– NaOH →Na++ OH– H2+ + SO4–+ 2Na + 2OH → Na2+ + SO4–+ 2H2 O Thus, the hydrogen ions in H2SO4 reacted with hydroxide ions ...

Water

Because of its ubiquitous nature, water, stands out as a pertinent necessity for life. Virtually every single cell requires water for nourishment and for elimination of toxic substances. To perform such life dependent duties, water is endowed with exceptionally unique properties; properties that range from its heat and electrical conductivities, anomalous expansion to its density, viscosity and most importantly its impeccable dielectric strength in addition to its polarity that gives it the ability to dissolve a plethora of compounds that cannot be dissolved by other solvents.

One of the most significant unique properties of water is its polarity. Water is a polar ...