Essays on Relativism

In order to ensure peace and prosperity of a country, most governments have employed the use of stringent rules and regulations to govern people. However, some people stray away from the common perception of government and embrace anarchy. Anarchy is basically opposite of what the government stands for, anarchism is a political ideology (Carter, 1971) that holds the state undesirable and harmful while advocating for stateless institutions. The view of anarchists stray away from the commons masses and more often they tend to go extreme and cause social disturbance and unrest (Gage, 2009)as was the case of the ...

Relativism can be in the form of empirical or normative and tends to relate to judgments an individual makes regarding a particular phenomenon (Siame 45). It is commonplace to have an observation that the globe consists of varying cultures and this clash on specific moral judgments. On the other hand, Li (151) asserts that cultures are different in many ways, but this does not constitute cultural relativism. Cultural relativists would assert that culture involves unchanging set of societal arrangements. Culture is itself a system that defines how a particular group of people have organized themselves in order to preserve ...

Introduction

Organizations are systems that consist of highly integrated groups that aim at accomplishing shared goals. Organization inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes need to be handled with business professionalism. As a result, all organizations need ethics to ensure that they achieve their objectives without being at loggerhead with the law. Statistics proves that managing ethics in businesses holds a tremendous benefit for managers and leaders both practically and morally. In this essay, I choose a hospital as my organization because hospitals need ethics to understand and manage the diverse values and patients.

Rationale for Selecting the Organization

I have chosen the above organization because nurses ...

Philosophy Questions

1. Ross’ s Moral Theory is considered to stand between Kant’s strict deontological theory and theological theory of utilitarianism. According to the philosopher, there existed several prima facie duties that people had to hold in respect if they did not contradict one another. In case they conflicted, human’s intuition would help to make the right choice and find the weightiest and the most important duty. Ross stated that any prima facie obligation could be redefined by more important ones. While Kant saw all obligations absolute and exceptionless, Ross allowed maximization of the good as one of the ...

Introduction

People have always been fascinated about how language affects their thoughts or even the process of thinking. Considering this thought, is it then right to say that people from different language groups speak differently? This paper’s thesis statement argues that language simply serves as a medium of communication and is therefore only a means that can be used to interpret how unique and different people and groups of people are from each other. The argument that suggests that language affects people’s thoughts is based on the idea that language is what determines how moral or crooked one ...

Introduction

According to cultural relativism, it is the view that there are no higher or lower cultures in all cultural and moral aspects ("Cultural Relativism", 2016). It is difficult to look at your own culture the way other cultures see it. In the article “Body Ritual among the Nacirema” Horace Miner describes American people in a satiric way, so it is not easy for readers to understand it. But it is the main strength or his article and he is not afraid to show his culture the way they always describe others. It is unfair to describe traditions of other ...

Abstract

Although obliged to cover issues in their entirety, with no distortions made in the process, American media tend to misrepresent the reality, as was the case with the depiction of Muammar Gaddafi’s regime implications for the social welfare possibly for political reasons. The noble cause of saving the international image of the USA formerly allied with the late leader in the wake of the Gaddafi demonization could have been the driving force of misrepresentation of the myth related in part to ethical minorities. The knowledge of non-consequentialism and its principles, whether unconsciously or otherwise, allows readers to perceive ...

Abstract

The given case study discusses the rise and fall of Nortel Networks Corporation, which was one of the world’s largest telecommunication corporation. Nortel was a Canadian global organization that was at its peak in the early 2000s and apparently, it botched due to inefficient echelon management, inflated earnings and costs, dysfunctional directors’ board, as well as, illusion of constancy and stability. Although there were numerous possibilities that could have been adopted to prevent the fall and demise of the company; however, those roads were unfortunately not traveled. Nortel’s downfall began when it fails to live up to ...

Introductory Remarks (problem statement, research questions presentation, thesis)

Non-consequentialism, relativism, and absolutism as philosophies and ethical theories will be central to the research into the nature of media portrayal of different minorities in various states and the way the theories and philosophies shape people’s perception of such representation. Portrayal is often the problem due to it being incomplete, biased, or distorted for a variety of reasons, whether political or otherwise. Besides evidence and opposed attitudes, the project will offer practical recommendations as to how to improve the coverage of different minorities. Thesis statement: non-consequentialism, relativism, and absolutism influence how people perceive the problem of the inadequate ...

Affiliated Institution

Introduction In order to understand the cultural practices of other people and our own without being affected by ethnocentrism, we can use the guideline of cultural relativism. Cultural relativism is about understanding the cultural practices of other cultures by examining them from the contexts of those who practice them. Similarly, we can understand our cultural practices better by examining them from the context of others or outsiders. Ethnocentrism pushes a person to perceive his/her culture as superior to others, making it difficult to understand other cultures. This also makes it difficult to understand another culture from an emic perspective ...

In describing the various rituals of the “Nacirema” culture, Horace Miner is attempting to show how the “Nacirema” culture, as Miner satirically spells “American”, can be viewed as primitive through the lens of an anthropologist. Yet, the American culture, in general, regards itself as much more advanced than other civilizations (Miner). Such ethnocentrism gives American – and Western – anthropologists the license to view other civilizations as primitive -- as being consumed by superstition and magic. Thus, in much anthropological research, there is a great deal of cultural relativism at work. Of course, the anthropologist views his culture as superior, yet ...

The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941. This tragedy resulted in the United States declaring war on Japan, Germany and Italy. But an even more saddening thing happened in those days to Japanese-Americans who in the shake of a hand lost trust of their American fellow countrymen. The relocation of the former into internment camps located in other states, away from their homes at the West Coast, is now the question for ethical debates. Can this internment be morally justified? The question is controversial. On one hand, from the point of view of the government of the attacked ...

Moral Development is the study of how people’s moral values – defined as the guidelines for differentiating between what is considered good and bad – originate, develop and evolve from the time of their birth, into puberty, onwards into adulthood and eventually into old age, leading up to the end of a person’s life. Philosophers such as Aristotle and Immanuel Kant posited that the importance of learning ethics and moral behaviour is to enable individuals to achieve self-actualization or become their best-possible selves by realizing their potential . Therefore, an individual’s or a society’s moral development cannot be ...

Race and ethnicity are defining characteristics in modern society, and although progress has been made to reduce disparities and enforce equity among all groups, inequalities still exist. These inequalities are deeply rooted in American society and often mislabeled as racism, racial bigotry, or sexism. Because society seeks the ultimate equality, the second feminist movement has gone overboard in ensuring the equitable treatment of all groups. Fixing the problem of equality is not something that is possible by forcing all groups to be the same, when differences will always exist and arguably should exist. The feminist movement initiated as a ...

According to Pojman (2006), hedonistic utilitarianism is one of the major perspectives of the general notion of utilitarianism. In order to understand its essence, it is imperative to discuss the underlying meaning of utilitarianism as advanced by Pojman (2006) who indicates that it is pegged on the end results rather than the process or means an act is performed, and which is responsible for causing maximum satisfaction to the greatest number of individuals. In this regard, two major views in utilitarianism are fronted by Jeremy Bentham. According to Bentham, utilitarianism adopts two main features, a teleological aspect, and a ...

Comparison of the referenced articles pinpoint some major contradictions in the accuracy of feminist theory as it pertains to developed and developing countries, as well as the categorization of women as individuals in a globally relative perspective. Both authors aim to address the discursive practice of ignoring cultural relativism through upholding the image of Westernized women as the ideal woman; an ideology that is further instilled through feminist scholarship. Chandre Talpade Mohanty goes into detail about the categorization of women and how ideologies are falsely globalized and attempts are made to implement these ideologies across cultural boundaries. This ideological ...

Final Portfolio Projects

Introduction The first project is from Chapter One: Introducing Linguistic Anthropology and involved asking people around me about what their opinion was regarding some popularly held notions about languages, and how the level of sophistication of a language is correlated with how civilized a people are perceived to be. The second project is from Chapter Twelve: Language, Culture, and Thought and explores the differences between cultural relativism and universalism in analysing various aspects of a culture. The third project is from Chapter Nine: Languages In Variation and Languages In Contact and pertains to the increasing usage of English language ...

The epistolary novel by Charles de Secondat baron de Montesquieu, the “Persian Letters” gives a reflection of the eighteenth century society. It is therefore a critical primary source in regard to eighteenth century history considering the major changes of historical significance that were taking place at the time. One such change was the dawn of the age of enlightenment also referred to as the age of reason. The historical perspective of the novel may be lost because of Montesquieu’s extensive use of satire. However, it is intended to draw the attention of the reader towards the primary themes ...

Introduction

Practicing business ethics involves three major steps; first, there must be a set of values that are used as a guideline in decision-making in a business environment, second, an understanding of the parties affected by those values and finally deciding on what actions works best for the values (Harry 45). Business ethics enable us to tell what is right and what is wrong in the course of doing business concerning the law. Good values make the society a better place to live. This essay gives a case study on business ethics in four parts. The first part introduces the ...

Eugenics entails how sexual reproduction can be restructured. Positive eugenics entails the restructuring of sexual reproduction to enhance sexual reproduction of persons with preferred traits. Alteration of sexual reproduction to reduce the sexual reproduction of persons with negative traits is negative eugenics. Deductively, the case in case study one is a case of negative eugenics because it entails the modification of sexual reproduction to promote the sexual reproduction of a child who is free from Huntington’s Disease, which is an undesirable trait. It would be acceptable for the married couple in case study one to select the sex ...

Cultural Relativism can be defined as the principle that a person’s belief and activities should be understood regarding his or her culture. Among some of the most fundamental rights is the freedom of worship and religion. In most countries, there is freedom of worship. One cannot be forced to abide by a particular religion just because the law in that country believes in a different religion. Many times you hear the discussion about cultural relativism versus the universal rights and democracies. In countries like Saudi Arabia, the conference is considered as an unnecessary waste of valuable time ("Saudi ...

The first image that comes to mind when thinking about the ethical implications of defense engineering is the first scene in the movie Real Genius, where several men who represent a counsel of defense are sitting around a table watching video clips of a new weapon that is being developed at Caltech University. This was an idea for the end of the 20th century. The movie was filled with ethical questions and moral imperatives that imply the ideas of ethical technology in the military. Science, University Students, and Engineers make a significant contribution to the advancement of defense technology. ...

For a long time, there have existed two opposing views in the study of moral and ethical norms of society. The first position can be defined as moral universalism. Proponents of this position believe that the entire international community, and each person separately, can be subjected to a uniform system of values ​​and laws. The second position is represented by moral relativism, the essence of which is the opposite view to the regulation of society. Moral relativism denies the existence of a common moral law for all people, arguing that there are many different cultures and each of them ...

The underlying makeup of human nature has been a primary focus of many philosophers throughout history, particularly the relationship between the individual and culture. According to noted psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud in Civilization and its Discontents, civilization is made up of individuals, each with their own anxieties and personality traits, their own needs and priorities being the essential focus of human nature. However, Ruth Benedict is much more focused on culture as the vehicle that establishes consistent actions and thought patterns that can be found within societies, each of which must be accepted and tolerated as individual to them. Comparing ...

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Introduction

Generating profits from products made through the use of asbestos is unethical. Organizations have a responsibility to guarantee the safety of employees. Secondly, it is unethical to knowingly expose an employee to a harmful chemical. Employees have a right to a workplace environment that does not lead to safety issues. Recklessness and disregard for the safety of employees mean that corporations are only interested in profits but not the life and safety of employees. Furthermore, Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) engage in unethical practice by trying to stop victims from being compensated. My argument is ...

Utilitarianism and Kantianism

Utilitarianism, Virtue ethics and Kantianism are examples of normative ethics. In these theories, there are three components which characterize every action: the consequences of the action, the action itself (which also include the motive of the action), and the agent (the doer). Utilitarianism deals with the consequences of the action. On the other hand, deontological theories (Kantianism and divine command theory) are concerned with motive/action. Virtue ethics, however, is concerned with the doer/agent (Stewart, 2009). Utilitarianism and Kantianism Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is derived from the word utility. In utilitarianism, an action is deemed right only if its outcome is to ...

Ethics is the accepted code of conduct (principles of wrong or right) that control the behavior of an individual, an organization or group of a profession. It is always considered to be a factor of variation in politics, economic growth, culture and legal systems. Particular practices might be unethical when viewed by other countries' standards. Most common ethical issues are related to human rights, labor standards, and financial standards, accounting standards, environmental regulations, moral obligations, and corruption. The international business setting, through its economic and cultural diversity, time and again exposes foreign executives to significant challenges. On a short ...

Rationale for choosing Malaysia

Malaysia, apart from being a multi-cultural and pluralistic country, is a great tourism destination. The capital, Kuala Lumpur, is where every other tourist dreams of visiting. Thus, the main reason for choosing Malaysia for this study was due to personal reasons when visiting the country. As part of the major plan, visiting Malaysia during holiday and especially during honeymoon is the basis of this selection. Apart from the excitement of interacting with a mixture of cultures and religions, there will be a lot of learning during the tour. Hence, before visiting the country, it is crucial to conduct a ...

Question One

Ideally, cultural relativism is a philosophical perspective, which suggests that it is difficult to make judgements or assessments against other cultures. I think cultural relativism promotes ethical action because it advises individuals against passing judgement against other cultures, thereby promoting cultural cooperation and appreciation (Cahoone 34). Furthermore, it helps individuals to accept as well as be tolerant towards other cultures that they do not understand. As a result, it promotes cultural tolerance and acceptance, which is an important ethical action.

Cultural relativism promotes cultural understanding, which helps individuals to respect each other’s culture (Cahoone 38).

Question Two On the other hand, cultural relativism is not a sound theory because it does not promote ethical ...

Looking at the globe, people observe different areas of our huge planet and mostly all these areas are inhabited by citizens of multiple races, languages, cultures, moral values and various outlooks. The question of judgment what is right and what is wrong in different cultures concerns the popular scientific approach of ethical relativism. Ethical relativism isn`t focused straightly on ethics and morality but on cultural values and tendencies of the particular social surroundings. These values are not commonly moral for the whole world`s society and can even be immoral in other cultures and nationalities. It`s an ...

The affirmation of the capitalistic lifestyle in the depths of feudal society was followed by the formation of the proletariat and bourgeoisie, with the latter representing the middle class during the period of its emergence and growth (Blumin, 6-20). In fact, society was always divided into rich, poor, and those who were between them, however, the middle class manifested itself in Europe relatively late. On the dawn of new times, Europeans continued to think with the categories of classes, not with property groups, and within the frames of one class there appear people with completely different level of income ...

Introduction

There are business transactions that were reported to have been undertaken without due adherence to ethical standards. Business ethics has been regarded as essential in each and every dealing to avoid animosity and conflicts. One of the ethical dilemmas that continue to pervade contemporary settings pertain to marketing to children. In an article entitled ‘Marketing to Children: Accepting Responsibility’ written by O'Brien (2011), the author presented ethical concerns regarding the need to assume due responsibility and accountability for some advertisements that are directed to children. As evident, some of the advertisements, especially those promoted by fast food chains like ...

The Name of the Class

Psychological Abnormality The concept of mental abnormalities in behavior has always been a debate among psychologists and psychiatrists. Practical application of this concept in psychology and psychiatry comes down to personal experience gained in professional work. It is the main criterion for evaluating diagnostic data of personal properties as the mentally ill and mentally healthy people. Despite the fact that the performance of various personal properties by test standards may be lower than the test norms of certain personal qualities. Psychiatrists most rely on personal experience, based on which they determine psychological diagnoses of individuals to assess their mental ...

Introduction to Philosophy.

What is Philosophy? The value of philosophy? Philosophy is an activity undertaken to seek fundamental truths about knowledge, the reality about ourselves, the world which we reside in and in relationships that exist between people and the world. Philosophy provides value to the mind, guides our thoughts into viewing the world in its practicality to free us from all prejudicial practical thinking that binds one to a simple thought, beliefs. The value of philosophy aims at knowledge and finding truths in subject areas that have no definite answers. Logic is induced in philosophical thinking as it can be utilized ...

Introduction

Society has been distinguishing the concepts of good and evil since the ancient times. So, we can say that it had a specific morality - the system of moral relations, feelings, and consciousness. The morality is the central question of ethics, and still relevant to our society. Among the ethical systems I have learned, there are virtue ethics, utilitarianism, social contract, deontology with goals (Hinduism and Buddhism), deontology with divine authority (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), relativism (individual and cultural), and deontology with a categorical imperative (Kant). So, I would like to say a few words about each of them.

Ethical Systems

...

Scientific methods in social science are important and the play a vital role in the scientific research method. Scientist believes in gathering information through experiments, interviewing and other means and analyzing the information unbiased. Sociological research is a means of getting the information regarding different phenomenon by the application of scientific means. It is important because social hypotheses can be proved true or wrong by use of scientific methods. Again, scientific research follows a given a specific plan, either qualitative or quantitative with an aim of defining a cause of something or the relationship between different variables. Critical thinking ...

Morality requires that people suspend their primal and visceral responses to situations, but it does not require belief in a supernatural order or power. In fact, the threat of an afterlife filled with punishment does not lead to moral living. It might lead to the temporary sublimation of sinful desires, but those desires will emerge later, sometimes in more harmful ways, because the consciousness cannot sublimate them forever. Belief in a supernatural being can enhance one’s morality, but it is not necessary – and it cannot compel morality. Moral behaviors are a choice freely made, one way or the ...

Philosophy

Introduction to Philosophy 1. What are the three major branches of philosophy and what questions do they deal with? The three major branches of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, logic and axiology. Metaphysics is the study of the nature of reality. Epistemology is the study of the nature of knowledge. Logic is the study of the nature of arguments, while axiology is the study of the nature of value, indicating what is good and what does goodness mean. 2. Discuss the value of philosophy. Every human being lives on the basis of an overarching philosophy, whether through rational analysis or ...

1. Three major branches of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology and axiology. Metaphysics investigates the reality, its value and structure. Epistemology studies the knowledge, its limitations, nature, as well as issues connected with the nature of truth. Axiology deals with the nature of value and determines what is good or bad. 2. Philosophy is an important part of every person’s live whether the person acknowledges it or not. It broadens the knowledge and understanding of the world and teaches to critically assess the reality, values and beliefs. Philosophy investigates the questions that are ignored by other disciplines and helps ...

Introduction

The principle of individual moral relativism posits that what is ethically right is dependent on the moral norms of an individual or the society where such act is normally practiced. The notion behind this principle is that there is no definite way to define what is ethically right, because ethical values are relative to an individual or culture. For instance, what is considered to be ethically right in one culture may not receive the same treatment in another society. The difference in the perception of what is ethically right is attributed to the fact that culture differs across societies, ...

Culture is an essential aspect in human interaction. In fact, lack thereof implies that the entire human population would share common beliefs and ideologies thereby affecting development. As such, it is essential to embrace cultural diversity as it enhances proper coexistence and progress. Culture refers to a cumulative understanding of beliefs, experiences, knowledge, roles and notions in life. In many cases, different communities share cultural beliefs that are passed down their generations. Similarly, interaction of people with different cultures can span the development of a new way of life. Consequently, the development of culture and its diversity is inevitable. ...

The place of woman in society has always been a very controversial issue; from culture to culture, from century to century the meaning of women’s rights and their freedom varies. In the article called “Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving?” Lila Abu-Lughod examines the real women’s role in what is nowadays called ‘War on Terrorism’. The main issue of her research is whether western community overlooks Muslim women in the right way. Her answer is definitely closer to being negative; “We now understand them as suffering from structural violence. We have become politicized about race and class, ...

Development of sciences, broad distribution of scientific methods make academics mediate about research ethics. The ethic problematics gains a special acuteness and popularity with the rapid growth of the qualitative research methods. Researching various sensitive topics in the scientific world, the ethical divisiveness quite clearly manifests itself with multiple methodological decisions. Ethics (from Greek “etika”) is a philosophical discipline learning morale and virtues. In the sphere of modern scientific activity, ethics deals with peculiarities of moral relations inside the scientific community, determining codes of conduct, norms and rules. Social sciences worldwide accumulated substantial experience in dealing with this problem. ...

Intuitionism should be the most interesting phenomenon in modern philosophy. Intuitionism is a view, according to which the knowledge can be directly given to reason, as an inspiration insight, which is more comprehensive than a rational or sensual experience. In ethics it implies a point of view that the basic moral principles understood intuitively rather than through other cognitive processes.

Misconception of Kantian implied idealism that separating the mind from the appreciation of living, sensual contemplation, but also the metaphysical way of thinking, absolutizes distinction between direct and indirect knowledge and unable to find a valid way of development of knowledge.

Kant developed ...

QUESTION 1

Mary is a Conscientious Moral Agent. Identify a moral argument or arguments that Mary can apply in this case. Use the facts of this case to explain the moral reasoning and moral principle(s) that Mary applies in this case.

ANSWER: Given the condition in which Mary was in, it is important that she addresses the situation as impartial as she can be. In this particular case, she should therefore forget that she is the mother of one of the students in the place of employment of one of their patients in the hospital who was having psychological health issues. ...

Introduction

Recently, the problem of corporate crime and ethical misconduct had seriously aggravated. More often ethical misconduct and non-compliance occurs in the field of environmental regulation, health care, securities law, and safety regulations. Nowadays whistleblowing is recognized as a tool of detection and prevention of malpractice and corruption. The motivations of whistleblowers are different including protection of human rights, fairly paly, disclosure of malpractices, human safety, and adherence to laws. Thank to whistleblowers, corruption practices are revealed. Meanwhile, whistleblowers often suffer from the disclosures they initiated because disclosure meets with resistance from the side of corrupted structures. Therefore, whistleblowers ...

The minimum concept of morality is an endeavour to recognize the basis of morality which is independent of culture. It assumes an objective quality of morality is present. In the view, to be happy in the short term, sometimes short term pain is required, meaning that happiness can vary with time. Morality is conduct with the guidance of impartial reason. Morality requires that we must have impartial consideration for every individual’s interests. Moral judgement must always have backing of good reasons. Rationality enables individuals to make choices which are free, enables them to be centres of action that ...

Sustainability of globalization and environment pose real challenges to management of business institutions. The aspect of keeping abreast of all the changes in the socio-cultural trends, economic, technological and political-legal in order to make informed decisions is an uphill task. Therefore, theories have been developed to enable Business Corporations address this challenge. Managers of various institutions or organizations can adapt the most suitable theory in the day to day learning of the organizations so as to enable it not to be extinct (Wheelen & Hunger, 2011). The population ecology theory proposes that once a company undergoes successful establishment within a ...

In this paperwork, I am going to demonstrate my understanding about cultures in conflicts drawing a minimum of ten key concepts introduced throughout the term. When it comes to conservation, which plays a major role in culture conflict, it is clearly depicted that the Maasai are excluded by park managers from their traditional territory and resources to allow them practice conservation. The move of excluding the Maasai from their native land results into disagreement between the two parties, thereby, bringing up unnecessary fracas contributing to cultural conflict.

Through a literature review, it is noted that the Maasai herding systems thrives together ...

There are diverse perspectives of egoism relative to ethics. Ethical egoism, elucidated as a perception and perspective principle that holds that each and every person is compelled to act and behave from their own self-interest. In other words, people have but one definitive objective in life, and that is to act according to his/her perspective.

One of the egoism perspectives relative to ethics is the ethical egoism that holds that it is imperative and appropriate for an achievement to be decently right that it capitalizes on one’s self interest. Rational egoism is the second one, and it holds that ...

Principled thinking forms the most important of all issues related to ethics at the work place and in organizations. The main idea behind principled thinking is that there exist a myriad cultures, personalities, interests and claims that require tact, creativity, negotiating values and upholding values so as to maximize the resultant good while limiting the negative impact as much as possible.

All types and levels of ethical issues existing at the work place demand as much tact and creativity as possible. This is vital for the main reason of upholding the image of the organization and the industry while at ...

Human rights can be loosely defined as those rights that are alienable from human beings because of simply being human. In the current world, human rights are comprehended as a causing divisive discourse that relates to sexuality. While sexuality may take various forms and remains largely a matter of choice, depending on one’s culture, the forms of sexuality may or may not be acceptable. This paper shall specifically tackle homosexuality as a human right. Homosexuality in essence refers to the sexual attraction an indulgence among the same sexes.

Cultural relativism impacts fundamentally on the construction and consequential reception given to homosexuality. ...

Ethical and cultural relativism have been defined as differences in opinion among people from different cultures as a result of their belonging to such cultures. Put differently, as a result of growing up in different cultural environments, people acquire certain sets of beliefs which are distinct from those of persons who grew up in other cultures. The end result is that both groups of persons have different beliefs about what is right or wrong as a result of the cultural conditioning that they have undergone. Proponents of the cultural relativism school of thought have argued that as a result of these differences in ...

1. Tell me whether each of the following statements is descriptive or normative, and briefly explain your answer: a. Genetic screening could reveal an individual's tolerance for or susceptibility to chemicals used in the workplace.

First of all, it is important to understand that normative statements explain about how things should be. Conversely, descriptive statements give an opinion about what an individual or persons think about a certain thing or phenomenon. In the case of this statement, it is a normative statement because it explains about how things in workplace should be. The statement advocates the idea that genetic ...

Is utilitarianism moral relativism in disguise?

Utilitarianism is a moral philosophical theory on how to evaluate a range of things involving the choices that people make or faces. The main principle behind utilitarianism is you do what results into the best consequences. Among the things analyzed in utilitarianism are the actions, character traits, moral codes, laws and policies. Relativism is a set of idea that some aspects or elements of culture or experience are relative to other aspects or elements. Relativism However, relativism is not studied as moral theory since there is a general agreement among philosophers that it cannot work as one of the moral; theory. Other hand ...

1. Outline the categories of violence as described by Jamil Salmi.

According to Salmi, the phenomenon of violence has many characteristics, with particular causes per characteristic and with particular causational agents per cause. Violence also exists in several forms, including direct violence, indirect violence, repressive violence, and alienating violence.

Direct violence is characterized by any physical, in-person act causing intended harm. In this category would be included A) any act resulting in death (homicide, genocide, infanticide); and B) any “coercive or brutal” (Module 6, 44) at threatening or resulting in physical or psychological damage or suffering—including rape, spousal abuse, political imprisonment, for example.

Indirect violence is characterized by ...

Abstract

Physician-assisted suicide is one of the most controversial topics in healthcare today. Some people consider it morally incorrect because it degrades the value of human life while others consider it better than suffering a painful death. However, the requests for assisted suicide are some of the most difficult moments for healthcare professionals. In many cases, ethical dilemmas about the power over life and death will prevent the physician from participating, but compassion and respect for the patients’ self-determination sometimes encourage physicians to discuss alternative, legal options with the patients. Some ethical frameworks and laws are against physician assisted suicide, but ...

Virtue Ethics highlight the principle of a person’s character rather than some other factors when it comes to determining his moral value and philosophy. Basically, virtue ethics is a person-based ethics. It focuses on what type of person one should become and what kind of life a person should live with. According to virtue ethics, certain ideals that are only discovered through reflection, such as dedication and excellence, must be attained to whole-heartedly experience humanity. A person chooses to be morally good solely because it is innate in his character.

Virtue ethics speaks of an individual’s character but it is ...

The article ‘Dark Side of Everest Awaits Climbers,’ by Brian Handwerk has its key focus on an ethical dilemma that has to face a climber at some point in the act of climbing the famous Mount Everest. This is the world’s tallest mountain. It is not easy to reach the top of the mountain. At the same time, all climbers who go beyond the height of 8000 meters have to face the difficulty of insufficient oxygen as well as several other health complications. On the other hand, reaching the summit of the Everest marks one of the ...

In "Some Moral Minima," Lenn Goodman argues that there are certain things that are simply wrong. Do you think Goodman is right? Using specific examples, explore the challenges Goodman presents to relativism. Determine whether you think there are such universal moral requirements, and defend your answer in a well-argued three-page paper.

Lenn Goodman is correct that by modern legal and ethical standards, certain actions like murder, rape, genocide, wars of aggression, use of weapons of mass destruction, and slavery are always wrong. To be sure, they were widely practiced in the past and still exist in the present, ...