Congress Critical Thinkings Samples For Students

Question 1

There are four major types of committees in the United States Congress. Each of these committees have different roles and functions. The first is the standing committee. This one has fixed jurisdiction and has stable memberships. This committee deals with most of the issues of legislative concerns that are permanent. The conference committee is made if members of the Senate and the house and issue single bills for the two house to vote on. Select commits are usually created for limited periods, and they serve a particular purpose. Joint committees are also similar and are created and comprised of members ...

Was the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States fully? Why (based on what constitutional principle)? The United States Department of Health & Human Services states that the Affordable Care Act was passed by Congress and then signed into law by the President on March 23, 2010 (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services). On June 28, 2012 the Supreme Court of the United States made a ruling on the claim initiated by the National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (Obama Care Facts).
The Affordable Care Act was largely upheld by ...

The Articles of Confederation were indeed important instruments since they created a basis to form a government which included checks and balances, something which was very advanced for the time and notably absent in other countries. The innovative approach included a three tier government which gave certain independence to the states but at the same time, the system of President, House of Representatives and Senate was radically innovative since it allowed neither branch of the Executive or Legislative gain control. This is dealt with in the section in Chapter 18 of Perspectives of the Past particularly in the section on Thomas Jefferson’ ...

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been given a mandate by the Congress, through legislation, to protect the environment for the people of the United States. The parent act establishing the agency gives it the power to make delegated legislation that would be essential in helping the agency carry out its obligations efficiently. Drafters of the Constitution, in their wisdom, saw it fit to advice Congress, and indeed encourage it, through provisions of the Constitution to establish agencies with regulatory power to carry out specific functions. Indeed, Congress cannot be heard to legislate on everything because it will be overwhelmed ...

In the past, patients have been exposed to a lot of dangers during the treatment process. There are various elements which may be the main causes of the dangers. Following the alarming rates of dangers that patients are being exposed to through improper treatment process, concrete support has been introduced. Following these, patient safety became a major element in healthcare. It aims at reporting, analyzing, and preventing any medical error that often causes adverse healthcare issues.
The US Congress has been at the fore front in fight for patient safety. The Congress is entrusted the role of ensuring laws in ...

4. Who designs the laws? Do they benefit and protect all citizens equally? Why or why not?
According to the constitution, the congress is responsible for the process of making laws. Laws are debated in the parliament and when passed, it is expected that they are to protect all people in the society equally. The laws made by the congress actually benefit all the citizens of a country equally. This is because; these laws aim at ensuring that all people in the country enjoy their rights and freedoms. When in court, the laws are applied to all the citizens ...

- Legislative (adopting laws). Executive (implementing federal policy) and judicial (court protection of rights and interests)
- (4) The meaning of bicameralism lies in having two chambers as legislative body.
- (5) Federalism is specific governmental system in which one territory is controlled by two levels of government. Its functioning is ensured through provisions of Constitutions, establishing separation of powers rules
- (6) Section 8, clause 18
- (7) Right to freedom, petitions and assembly, to bear arms, rights in criminal and civil cases etc. (all those listed in first Ten Amendments). No, rights, listed ...

What is TPA?

Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) refers to the process which has been made available by the Congress to the President of United States in order to enable legislation for the purpose of approving and implementing specific trade agreements on an international level under the legislative procedures for a limited time. This authority has been granted to the President for more than three decades which states that he has the authority to vote on the trade agreements without making any amendments. In other words, TPA plays a role in providing a balance by clearly identifying how constitutional authority is exercised by the Congress while ...

THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS by Francis Robinson

The main supporting points of the article are the role of the Indian National Congress in the making of the Indian, as an empire and how the congress was able to create an organization setting with a framework of a nationalist movement which played a major role at all cost to raise the Indian political system to a higher point than the British would be willing to pay for. The parties win for the national cause has structured the national cause for making India one amongst the competitive system of the post-colonial era as a dominant party. Another main ...

Question one

The theory of checks and balances is a theory seeking to limit the power of the branches of government by way of accountability as against each other. This theory is premised on the footing that if power vested in an individual or a branch of government is left unchecked, it is bound to be abused. Checks and balances are described as the sharing of power. In essence, it is not entirely true. Rather, checks and balances refers to a system of accountability whereby each arm of government that is the executive, the judiciary, and the Legislature serve as watchmen or better still, ...

Restoring democracy in the United States will require major reforms that reduce the power of corporations, elites and special interests in the whole political process. Right now, there is a radical disconnect between the political and economic elites and the needs and interests of the ordinary voters. Most people today realize that the country is in its worse crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s, but government and the political system seem dysfunctional and incapable of dealing with it. Removing the power and control of big money from the political process forever would be the most important step in ...

The United States government with the aim of enhancing the government security against both domestic and foreign terrorist activities enacted the USA PATRIOT Act. The provisions of the Act were to ensure the government put in place necessary investigatory equipment that would help the government to detect and neutralize these activities before it happens (Congress, 2002). However, the Act is modifiable to improve its effectiveness in counteracting terrorism.
Most importantly, the law should categorize the necessary tools for investigation set aside. In particular, this is because terrorism activities of the 21st century and beyond use high-level technology and therefore ...

1. Introduction
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act popularly known as Obama Care refers to the Obama administration healthcare reforms. These reforms were enacted in the year 2010 though it is projected that full implementation of Obama care would be achieved in the year 2014. Unlike portrayal by some American leaders, Obama care was a collaborative effort between Republicans and Democrats as they had done so many times in healthcare reforms. Obama care has been the source of a heated public debate in the past two years and especially in run up to the just concluded elections. Proponents of ...

In the contemporary society, most of minority people based on any measure can be said to have gained recognition. Looking at the 111th congress of America, a lot of revolution can be deduced. It can be said to be a congress comprised of the most diversified representation in the American history. Tracing the changes and composition of the congress and the senate, racial division is not very evident or even does religious division seem to be very evident (Lin, 1).
Looking at the history of the American politics, the greatest change can be traced in racial balance. All the way ...

This report was elaborated to evaluate the incentives for private sector growth and business opportunities in Colombia. The country has been chosen not only because is one of the best positioned economies in the region, but also has lots of underdeveloped areas where a solid international company could have a great impact on the communities located there. Nonetheless, given that Colombia is still on its way to full economic development, this report will evaluate demographic, cultural, political and institutional factors to determine the main elements that could constrain business growth in order to help the company make informed decisions to maximize ...

"No president since the founders has done more to shape the character of American government," this is according to Alan Brinkley in his outstanding biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States of America. The presidency of Franklin Roosevelt was marked with several ups and down during the early years. It is mainly because he assumed office at a time when the U.S. was undergoing through the Great Depression, one of the worst if not the worst financial crises ever to face our country. Roosevelt started his political career in 1910 after being elected in the ...

Federal finances include the revenues, assets, expenditures, and debt owned or held by the central government. The federal government is responsible for budgeting of these finances and provision of public services such as education, health, security, and environmental issues. Government spending constitutes a critical area when accessing the efficiency in the allocation of the federal funds. Taxes form one of the important avenues through which the government raises its money. The federal government collects taxes from three distinct sources: individual income taxes, which approximately amounts to 47% of the total tax revenue. Payroll taxes amounts to 34% whereas the ...

The additional confinement of sex offenders after serving their prison term is not a violation of their civil rights. The Supreme Court upheld that the Congress is duly authorized by the constitution to enact a legislation that authorizes the civil commitment of sexual offenders even after serving their sentence if found to be a danger to the public or to the community (United States v Comstock, et. al. 560 U.S. 526, 2010). It has been lawfully justified that the congress is given by the constitution such plenary power to enact laws that are necessary and proper that will carry out the effective ...

There are many facts about American Government and California Government Politics I learnt from this class. For example, United States of America functions under the federal government. This has been the situation from the declaration of independence and ever since is managed as a republic of fifty states. There are also and number of territories, but one capital found in Washington DC. This basically constitutes American government (Grigsby, 2008).
In addition there are three separate branches or arms to United States federal government. They are executive, legislative and judicial. Their powers to function as arms of government have been ...

Question one

If the agents of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were to walk into Skywalker’s store and arrest him, it is our argument that the EPA can neither fine nor jail him for the alleged violation of the law. In answering this question in the negative, much consideration has been given to the wording and the text of the legal provisions creating the offence. It is my submission that there is no disclosure of an offence known to law as to attract any legal sanctions. In particular, the law stipulates that all glass top coffee tables are banned in ...

Eric Shinseki with the proposal:

How to low costs in the veteran apartment

INTRODUCTION

PROBLEMS:
AMERICAN HEATH CARE SYSTEM
VA ISSUES
COSTS
CONCLUSION
It is well known that the U.S. has the most extensive help system for veterans in the world. This system exists from 1636th, when the Pilgrims Plymouth Colony was at war with the Indians Pekuot. Then was the first time when was mentioned that a soldier who is injured must receive help from the colony. 1776th, on the Continental Congress was the first time when was mentioned pension for the injury military. Nowadays, MDC is available to all ...

When considering the advantages and pitfalls of various styles of representation one can make several arguments to the strengths of a delegate model or a trustee model. Importantly, the intended purpose is of seminal importance and requires significant consideration. The reason for this emphasis is that the establishment of a congressional body requires guidelines by which the construction and maintenance of that body should proceed.

According to the delegate model of representation, an elected representative lacks autonomy in his decision making. That is to say, his obligation to his constituents is to best represent their stated objectives, in effect serving as a relay ...

At its heart what were the basic public policy issues Obama faced in regard to the matter of deporting illegal aliens?
With the message from the President of the United States from November 2014, the administration with Obama in head of it, wanted to work on the immigration system of the country and wanted to fix the emerged issues, because the number of illegal immigrants on the territory of USA is quite big. Pew Research Center reports that in the year 2014 the number of aliens who stay on the territory of the United States on illegal basis is ...

Civil Liberties and Social Responsibility

In 2002, as reported by The New York Times, the Bush administration approved a presidential bill giving the National Security Agency (NSA) the power to track, listen to, and intercept without a warrant the local and international communications (e.g. emails, phone calls) of a vast number of American citizens. Sooner or later, the scheme expanded to involve a certain extent of 'internal controls' (ACLU, 2015, para 2), yet there was no mention of mandating warrants specified under the foreign intelligence surveillance laws. This surveillance program has penetrated and invaded almost all of the communications technologies and networks that the ...

In the history, man’s self interested has been dominated by the idea of self interest with the aim of concluding a dominion over those with no or little power in the absence of rule of law to protect them. The monster of Habeas Corpus has been around in circulation for many years despite the fact that it sets back to many years unidentified. The phenomena Corpus has been around for every war encountered as been either considered a good or a bad thing based on the outcome of the war. Two presidents in the past suspended the concept behind the ideology ...

Speech Analysis – Representations of the Israeli/Palestinian Conflict

The Israeli-Palestine Conflict is a complex political situation spanning nearly a century, with great divides in ideology and perspective on either side of this escalating situation. In the wake of sectarian violence and widening gulfs in culture and religion, it is difficult to find a way out of this process. The road to peace is a rocky one, and nowhere is this more acutely exemplified than in the rhetoric of the respective representatives at the UN, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas. Through their respective addresses to the United States Congress and the United Nations, the differences in perspective ...

In a country with several religious factions, it is necessary to incorporate all of them; a system for organizing this government is proposed. The institutions will be based on a constitutional democracy system with three levels of government including legislative branch, executive branch, and judicial branch. The executive branch will comprise of the president, vice president and cabinet. The president will be commander-in-chief, head of state and government with the responsibility of preserving and protecting the constitution (Johnstone & Eagles, 2008). The judicial branch would dedicate the high court to exclusively handle cases related to the constitution while the Supreme Court would handle ...

Abstract

Business ethics is a form professional ethics that addresses moral problems that arise in business environments. Ethics in business encompass avoiding breaking the law, avoiding actions that may result in legal suits being filed against the business and avoiding actions that may damage the image of the company. The scandals that rocked several American companies in early 2000, revealed rampant self-dealing, mismanagement, erroneous accounting procedures and other unethical business practices. In an attempt to restore investor confidence, congress initiated the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act in 2002. This paper seeks to critically analyze the business ethics issues as contained in the SOX ...

A) Briefly discuss the treatment of employee stock options under each of the following:

1. Previous FASB/APB/CAP on Stock Options [Hint APB Opinion #25]
APB Opinion 25 calculated stock options employing the intrinsic value technique, in which compensation expense appeared to be realized as the stock price surplus at the grant date divided by the price of option exercise. This technique however overlooked any possibility that the stock price might go beyond the exercise price, since most stock options possessed exercise prices as a minimum equivalent to contemporary market values, compensation expense thus not acknowledged.
2. FASB SFAS ...

The US President Woodrow Wilson declared the policy of absolute neutrality to the events of the World War I on 19 August, 1914. “The United States must be neutral in fact, as well as in name, during these days that are to try men's souls” (FirstWorldWar). Yet, the United States entered the war on 6 April, 1917 after issuing a formal declaration of war with Germany. Four days earlier, on 2 April, 1917, Woodrow Wilson held a speech in front of the Congress. In this speech he outlined the reason why the United States join the war. One of the reasons, ...

Currently, the United States has reached the debt ceiling previously set at just over 14 trillion dollars. On May 16, the debt ceiling was reached, sparking a debate over whether or not to raise the debt ceiling. There are two main schools of thought that are being argued right now in Congress – Democrats believe we should raise the debt ceiling, thus buying us time to deal with our problems. Republicans, on the other hand, wish to default on our loans, and instead work on decreasing spending and raising taxes to pay off our debts.

As it stands currently, the government ...

The Affordable Care Act— also sometimes known as “Obamacare”— is one of the most important defining features of the Obama administration, and one of the first things that has been done by the Trump administration is an attempted dismantling of the programs that Obama so carefully designed to protect the American people’s right to healthcare (Kodjak, 2017). From a policy perspective, dismantling Obamacare will be a long and arduous process for President-elect Trump; it is likely to be a difficult process, made worse by the extensive cost associated with re-working the insurance system yet again (Pear, 2017). Nearly ...

Explain how the Constitution provides protection for treason and how today’s laws compare, citing example. Is the Constitution under Article III relevant in today's world?
Section Three of the U.S. Constitution states that one can be charged with a treason offence when they wage war against the U.S., collaborate with its enemies, or gives them comfort and aid (Harbaugh, 2014). The constitution further provides a threshold that needs to be met for a person to be convicted of treason. Ideally, at least two witnesses must confess to overt treasonable acts or confessions made by the accused in an ...

The Constitution was written and signed in 1787. It, however, entered into force in 1789. It enshrines the fundamental framework of the US system of governance. Accordingly, it establishes the Congress, Presidency and Supreme Court. Besides, it provides for the bill of rights. On the other hand, the Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 and adopted by the Congress on July 4, the same year. Accordingly, it preceded the Constitution. In a nutshell, the Declaration of Independence enunciates themes such as equality and inalienable entitlements to all citizens, the philosophy of public governance, legitimacy of ...

1. Legitimacy
a. What is legitimacy? What role does it serve in governance? Illustrate your response with examples.
In politics and governance, legitimacy is a term that is attributed to a regime, administration or institution that possesses widespread acceptability, support and trust from the public at large (Hague and Harrop 2013). It is this attribute that usually gives a political entity the right to govern and the right to exact obedience from its subjects. Legitimacy, particularly political legitimacy, is said to result from consent, beneficial consequences, and public reason and public approval. The consent theory as related to political ...

History of the crime family

The Gambino crime family is among the five crime family operating in New York. It is named after its previous leader called Carlo Gambino who controlled the criminal operation of the family from 1959 to 1976 (American Mafia History par. 1). The family originated from the unification of the Salvatore D’Aquila gang and the Morello gang in the 1800s. The group operated in New York for close to twenty years until the incarceration of its boss, Giuseppe Morello. The conviction of the boss and underboss of the gang left a leadership gap that disrupted the gang’s activities. Salvatore ...

Thesis

This is a study of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) also known as Obamacare, under the U.S Health Care Act.

Introduction

The Patient Protection and Affordable Act (PPACA) commonly known as the Obamacare or the Affordable Care Act (ACA) is an American government program that was signed into law by the United States president Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. It is a representation of the US government health care system and its significance in the regulatory overhaul and expansion since the passage of Medicaid and Medicare in 1965 (Barker, 2010, p. 65). The goal of Obamacare is to reduce ...

Question 1

Political ideologies are the windows through which people view and believe the government should be run and public policies implemented. I believe in a combination of both the liberal and conservative ideologies. This is because the beliefs of both ideologies vary depending on the issue at hand. As far as gay marriages are concerned, I believe the conservative ideology is more logical. This is because conservatives believe in preservation o the traditional marriage. This means they appreciate the negative effects that gay marriages will have on the balance that exists in society due to the traditional home setting. Liberals believe ...

A filibuster is an approach employed to defeat bills and motions by delaying debates indefinitely. This comes inform of long speeches, behindhand motions, and prolonged series of amendments. The senate may, therefore, end up a filibuster by raising a cloture, which involves the support of three-fifth of the senate. This implies that any motion in the house with less than three-fifth support will fail. This therefore means that, in most cases, the majority rule implies, where the majority wins. I think; therefore, those different rules for different chambers will help balance powers. On the other hand, it is impossible for the ...

Q2) The issue of poverty has long been an issue of concern and debate in this country. Since our founding we have alternately worked to help the poor and blame them for their condition. Discuss, from a liberal point of view, our state government's recent efforts to limit assistance to the poor, specifically the reduction in cash assistance. And then discuss the same issue responding to the same questions below from a conservative point of view.
a. Discuss why reform may be necessary
b. Discuss wealth inequality in the country as is impacts the issues faced by the poor
...

Are political conventions obsolete?

Political conventions in the United States have been a political culture that has been exercised both at a grass-root and federal level for a long time. As a stable democracy, the United States' political terrain is competitive. This necessitates the formulation of competitive platforms that leaves no leeway for counter-partisan criticism. Political conventions have been used to demonstrate that each party has a clear framework of the policy windows that they intend to formulate if elected to office. The just concluded Democratic and Republican national conventions was a clear indication that each party is geared to persuade and convince the public that their policy approach ...

Introduction

The freedom of speech is one of the rights included in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, which states that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”1
However, with censorship and all the libel and slander cases being filed today, it is clear that this freedom is not absolute. The freedom of speech is a moderated freedom that is ...

Assignment Executive Summary

Introduction
Delivery of quality services is a priority in healthcare as excellence determines patient outcomes. Various factors affect quality service delivery in health facilities. Healthcare facilities employ the most competent healthcare professionals yet patients continue to receive poor quality services. The hospital setting is dynamic as different personnel are responsible for the patient’s well being. Proper communication structures between health professionals reduce chances of information misinterpretation or conveyance of erroneous information. Both medical and non-medical factors affect the quality of service.
According to Hughes (2008), delivery of poor services occurs because of errors within the healthcare system. For ...

Historical Role of the Executive in Health Care Policy

Historically, the executive branch of the government has been involved in the preparation of policies associated with health care some of which have played a central role in building better platforms for women to access quality health care services. The head of the executive branch, who is the President, engages in discussions with different stakeholders in a bid to finding amicable avenues for the enactment of policies that would support the delivery of health care services to the women. Before implementation of any policy touching on the health of women in the country, it has become important for leaders ...

Introduction

President Obama enacted the Affordable Care Act as a United States Federal statute in 2010. Together with the amendment to the reconciliation bill, it promised to expand health insurance to all citizens at a reasonable cost. PPACA defines the health care as neither the right nor privilege of people but it states that citizens, however, do have a right to “affordable” healthcare, which it tries to achieve through a partnership between the market and the government. The ACA is a result of an evolution of government-funded plans such as Medicare and Medicaid as well as statutes such as HIPAA, ...

Often abbreviated as SOX, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was signed by the U.S. Congress into law in 2002 (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2013). The Act was designed to restore public confidence in corporate financial reporting and to initiate reforms in protecting investors from the possibilities of accounting fraud (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission [SEC], 2013). Congress also enacted SOX 2002 to improve the accuracy of corporate financial disclosures as well as shield the public from bookkeeping inaccuracies (SEC, 2013).
According to Jahmani and Dowling (2008), the SOX 2002 was intended to not only advance the accuracy and reliability of ...

Introduction

Japan’s gun control laws simply state, “No one shall possess a firearm or firearms or a sword or swords” (Library of Congress). Having such strong laws that restrict Japanese civilians to own guns or swords which have been an important part of Japanese tradition is quite strict. The choice has been made considering the history of Japan, which rejected the use of guns and limited it to the noble families only. Also, in the Japanese history there is no particular cultural foundation for using guns. The current policy helps Japan them to limit the number of crimes related ...

Challenges of immigration

Types of reasoning
Immigration is an emotive issue which has shaped the America’s political and social discourse. This paper explores the approaches that the authors in the two articles have used to develop their arguments. The articles include bumps along the path to citizenship by Peter Skerry. On the other hand, the second article is winning the next immigration battle by Edward Alden. In his article, Alden highlights president Obama’s priority which include reforming immigration laws to lessen the struggle by immigrants to get required documentation. In the past, immigrants have not been able to get documents ...

The 9/11 terrorist attacks have transformed the political landscape of the Untied States. The “War on Terror” raises unique national security challenges for the American government. In years past, the enemy was a clearly defined group or nation. It was therefore easy to identify and destroy the intended enemy. But terrorism is an entirely different ballgame. This is because traditional geopolitical boundaries no longer define the enemy. Because of the transnational difficulties inherent preventing, investigating, and prosecuting terrorists, the government has implemented a variety of means to better facilitate combating terrorism.
In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, the ...

The notion of religious freedom is a bedrock right in American society. The nation was founded on the idea that citizens should be free to worship however and whatever they choose and the government is proscribed from establishing a religion. The First Amendment of the Constitution provides, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof” (United States Constitution, amend. I). While the right to free exercise of religion is enshrined in the Constitution, many minority believers and non-mainstream faiths are discriminated against. To combat religious discrimination, Congress has made religion a ...

The federal bureaucracy of the United States (US) underwent various transformations since President George Washington came to power, during which it only included the Treasury, State and War departments. The end of the Civil War opened more opportunities for Americans to join the federal bureaucracy through the civil service system, which compensates the need to fulfill administrative reforms during that time. The civil service system imposed meritocracy, which meant that only the most qualified people could serve the federal bureaucracy of the US, as opposed to earning positions via patronage. Throughout the 1800s, the federal bureaucracy of the US ...

Difference between Legislative, Executive and Judicial Branch of Government

The legislature, Executive and Judicial branches are the three main branches of the United States government. Legislative branch of the government is composed of two main houses, which are referred as the house of congress, they are: The House of Representatives and the Senate. All the parties in both the Senate as well as the House of representative are elected leaders. The most significant role played by the Legislative Branch that is, both the Senate and the House of Representatives is to formulate or make laws; these laws are discussed and voted. Moreover, the Legislative Branch is responsible for ...

In your opinion, how does the principle of separation between church and state compare in theory and in practice in the United States? Provide specific examples.
The Establishment Clause was aimed at prohibiting state sponsored religion leading to the doctrine of separation of church and state. Thomas Jefferson referred for the first time this separation as “wall of separation between Church and State.” This principle is a unique American vision. As far as the interpretation and meaning of Establishment clause is concerned, there are three major theories.
According to the strict separation theory, the religion and state should ...

The 1990s in the United States saw a significant increase in two crucial factors. The first one was the increase in the number of juveniles in the nation. It had increased seventeen percent compared to the previous two decades. The second aspect was that the increase in firearm related crimes among juvenile offenders. The 1990s were host to forty-four school shooting incidents that cost the lives of 65 students including the infamous Columbine High School massacre. The firearm violence among juveniles was as high as the time of the crack cocaine epidemic in the 1970s. The trend during the 1990s ...

There are two arguments in question number 1. The first argument can be represented as disjunctive syllogism and the second in the Modus Ponens form (If X, then Y).

The first argument can be represented as disjunctive syllogistic as follows:

P1: P or Q (Either Billy-Bob said he had never had sexual relations with that Lewinsky woman or he said something else that sounded like “I never had sexual relations with that Lewinsky woman”)
P2: Not Q (However, it is false that he said something else that sounded like “I never had sexual relations with that Lewinsky woman”)

C: P (We must conclude that Billy-Bob said that he never had sexual relations with that Lewinsky woman).

The second argument from the same paragraph may be represented as ...

Introduction

Civil liberties are the freedoms and guarantees that the government cannot limit to an individual, either by law or judicial interpretation. Such civil liberties are; freedom from forced labor and slavery, freedom from torture and death, and so on. Many contemporary states have constitutional documents and bill of rights that function to warrant civil liberties. Some laws have been enacted by different countries using different legal means like ratifying and signing or address some controversial civil liberties. Controversial examples include; reproductive rights, property rights, civil marriage and rights to possess and bear arms.
The formal concept of civil ...

A Paradigm Shift in U.S. Foreign Policy.
A Paradigm Shift in U.S. Foreign Policy.
U.S. foreign policy is directed by the need for homeland security and defense. It also seeks to protect its national interests overseas. Non-intervention in global affairs, while maximizing U.S. interests had been the constant factor in U.S. Foreign policy ever since the country’s birth. The United States interacted with foreign countries like France and Spain to counter the British, whom it distrusted for a long time after independence. Foreign relations in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were also limited to expansion ...

CRITICISM ON THE PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT

Recent media coverage places emphasis on several public and health policy issues. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act get attention from diverse groups. The Act aims at ensuring all Americans receive affordable and quality healthcare (Hartocollis, 2013).
President Obama’s government views it as a means of improving health while regulating the cost of medical care in USA. Through the Congressional Budget Office’ planning, the cost of providing care for over 94% of the nation’s population is possible. The Act’s provisions make it popular; for instance it strengthens and reauthorizes nursing programs under the funding of ...

[Class Title]

1. In assessing and interrogating the success and /or failures of social protest many social scientists and historians introduce the “ human dimensions” of leadership as an explanatory variable (factor) , with regard to its impeding or catalyzing effects on policy and actions. In so doing they examine critically, the strengths and flaws of personal actions by these leaders in their quest for social change. With this context as a framework, please evaluate the leadership of Cesar Chavez, Martin Luther King Jnr, and FDR, with regards to how the “human dimensions” of their leadership impacted their efforts, positively or negatively, ...

In his 1994 book The Massacre at El Mozote, Mark Danner offers a clear description of the the massacre of hundreds of men, women and children by the El Salvadoran army, who were trained by American consultants and military advisors. He also provides excellent background and analysis of the political background that encouraged the massacre. At the time, the story of the massacre was covered-up, ignored or minimized by the right-wing anti-communist El Salvadoran and U.S. governments for political reasons. There were also practical diplomatic, communication and journalistic obstacles and mistakes which made the story ambiguous, opaque and hard to ...