Calibration Reports Samples For Students

Abstract

The aim of the experiment is to plot the calibration curve for deteremination of antigen 4D5 by performing ELISA experiment. The primary antibody was blocked by bovine serum albumin, then it reacted with IgG (secondary antibody). Then, the system was washed with carbonate, blocking and substrate buffers. Three replicate experiments were performed, and the experiment was performed with the serial dilutions. By measuring the optical density of the diluted solutions, the calibration line was obtained and the region with the linear dependence “concentration – optical density” was determined. The callibaraion line can be used for the practical tasks: for detecting ...

Summary

This experiment is about the static calibration of a differential pressure transducer. Test measurements are done to find the range of input and output of the transducer, and to determine the “best-fit” line that models how the voltage reading would equate to the real pressure measurement. The input pressure comes from a hydraulic ram with pressure gauge. The output of the differential pressure transducer is in voltage, and is measured by a digital voltmeter. The input pressure is varied from 0 to 6 bar, and the three voltage readings are recorded for each pressure step value.

Introduction

The differential pressure ...

Introduction

Spectrophotometry is one of the most common and efficient means of chemical analysis currently used in estimating the concentration of some chemicals. The technique exploits the radiation absorption property of various chemical substances in determining their concentrations. Spectrophotometry is based on Beer-Lambert Law. Beer-Lambert Law is the linear relationship between the absorbance and concentration of an absorbing species (Nair, 2010; Burrows et al., 2013). The mathematical expression of Beer-Lambert Law is shown in equation1 below:
A=aλ*b*c Equation 1
In the equation 1 shown above, A represents the measured absorbance, a is the absorptivity coefficient which depends on ...

Dr. Professor

Paracetamol is crystalline white power with the scientific name N-(4- Hydroxyphenyl) acetamide. The chemical formula is C8H9NO2 and its structure is

Properties

The melting range of paracetamol is 168 to 172oC and its solubility is 14.3g / dm3 of water and ethanol’s 100g / dm3. It is insoluble in ether and dissolves quickly in chloroform. It dissipates uv absorption minimum in aqueous acidic medium at 245 nm and has uv absorption maximum in aqueous alkaline medium.

Assay

Through titration, paracetamol is analyzed using ceric ammonium sulphate. In the titration, Ferroin plays the role of indicator. It is also assayed ...

Verification of the Beer-Lambert Law for Solutions of Copper Sulphate and Determination of the Concentration of a Given Solution of Copper Sulphate

Introduction

The determination of elements concentrations in water media is an important task in industry, medicine, and environmental protection. The main requirements are accuracy, simplicity of operations, speed and cost of the analysis (Hunt 1995). The spectroscopic analysis is widely applied for routine measurements and research needs (Lindon 2010). The experiment is dedicated to determination of copper sulphate in water using the molecular absorption (Kenkel 2003). The first stage of the experiment performs absorbance measurements of the solutions ...

1. Calibration carried out for EXDRF and WDXRF
XRF measurement is based on the concept that different elements have characteristic x-rays. The integrity of the XRF measurement is thus tied on the ability to accurately determine the energies of these X-rays. The process of calibration is thus used in assigning distinct energy values for each channel in the panalytical EDXRF and panalytical WDXRF.
We thus do calibration by sending x-rays of known energy values to the detector. Knowledge of the channels where these known values are sorted is then used in assigning values to channels. However, this ...

Introduction

The kinetic characteristics are important for the design of chemical engineering processes. They allow assessing the time required for the reaction and choosing the temperature range suitable for the reaction.
The reaction path is observed by measurments the transmittance of the Crystal Violet solution that reacts with sodium hydroxide. The concentration, and the color of the solution changes with the reaction flow, and this is measured by the spectrophotometer.

The data are plotted as concentration - time and logarithm concentration time, and the reaction rate is:

Rate = [Crystal Violet] [Sodium Hydroxide].
Using the excess concentration of one of the reagents, the reaction rate with respect to the other reagent is found from logarithmic plot (Rahul & Chakrabarti ...

Abstract

The assessment of respiratory functions is mandatory in the diagnosis of lung diseases and related disorders. These functions are assessed by measuring the lung volumes and capacities. In the present experiment, we learnt the use and operation of BIOPAC airflow transducer for measuring the lung volumes. We understood the rationale behind the precautions taken while experimentation. We could successfully correlate the obtained results with the physiological conditions of the subjects of the study.

Experiment on Respiratory Volumes

Respiratory system is a vital system of human physiology. It is involved with the gaseous exchange wherein oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled from the ...

Abstract

Further experiment is devoted to an adjustable air damper coefficient measurement. To calculate this coefficient, a flexible air damper is used in the experiment. Three integrative components of the experiments were applied: Lab View, air damper, and the potentiometer. First, test focuses on the equation ratio between the position and the voltage (d = -0.3504 V + 1.8397). Further, the experiment considers velocity measurement with the help of different weights. The main statement of the experiment is that the Damping factor Value is 2.8111lb*s Inch2. Based on this value, further experiment is conducted. This value means a constant nature of ...

The objective of this experiment was to prepare Beer-Lambert calibration curves for different forms of nitrogen and to determine the concentration of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia ions in different water samples from the Biscayne Bay.

Introduction

Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the Earth atmosphere. In is not surprising that it is one of the most crucial elements not only to human life but all life on our planet. The chemistry of nitrogen is rather diverse because it can exist in different oxidation levels – from +3 to -5. Due to its large impact on the biosphere, the circulation of ...

C1=0.002M (SCN concentration) [Fe(SCN)2+] will be the same

V1 – volume of SCN solution (5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 ml)

V2=100ml (total volume of solution)
That is how we obtain data ([Fe(SCN)2+]) for calibration curve. It is incorrect to multiple absorbance on volume for finding [Fe(SCN)2+]. Use abovementioned formula.
When we built calibration curve in Excel we used function “Find trend line” on the diagram and click at the option “Show equation on the diagram” The obtained equation is y=0.0003*x-0.000009.
A1=0.002*0/100=0M
A2=0.002*5/100=0.0001M
A3=0.002*7/100=0.00014M
A4=0.002*9/100=0.00018M
A5=0.002*11/100=0.00022M
A6=0.002*13/100=0.00026M
A7=0.002*15/100=0.0003M

Determination of the equilibrium constant

2.
...

Introduction

Quinine is a basic organic amine which is found in the bark of cinchona tree. It has a long history of relationship with humanity. The extracts from the bark containing quinine were used to treat malaria from the 17th century but as a pure chemical substance, it was isolated from the bark only in 1820 (Achan et al. 144). Its chemical formula is C20H24N2O2, according to IUPAC its systematic name is (R)-(6-Methoxyquinolin-4-yl)((2S,4S,8R)-8-vinylquinuclidin-2-yl)methanol. Its structure is shown in Fig. 1.
Quinine is used for a variety of purposes. It is still used for ...

Introduction

Knowledge of how rapidly reaction proceeds is among the most important for practice in chemistry and chemical engineering. We often use casual descriptions of reaction rate such as “slow” or “fast” in our lives, however, such information can be scarcely enough for practical and industrial applications, such as running a chemical plant, for example. While there is a huge spectrum of the reaction rates that are present in nature – from the extremely slow steel oxidation to extremely rapid gas combustion, the quantitative measure is needed to compare them practically. For a general reaction in solution:

the kinetic rate expression ...

Simply stating, Arduino is a tool designed to guide in the teaching of electronics. It is basically made up of ATTinyxx or ATMega microchips on a board with USB connectivity to make it easy for the transfer of sketches to the microchip without prior programming knowledge by the user. The USB can function as a power cable although it has an alternate 5V power supply system such as that of a mobile phone. Arduino has only plug in headers for connection with other devices. It lacks an operating system but the microchip is build with a boot loader that allows the reading of C# ...

Introduction

Lab is a simple word used to shorten the word laboratory. It is a place in which experiments are carried out. These experiments include medical, physical and biological experiments (Martin 2004). Research is also done in laboratories. Laboratory equipment is an apparatus used in conducting experiments. Lab equipments vary from one laboratory to the other. Lab equipment integrity means using the equipments in the laboratory in the best way in order to produce accurate data that is used in research and experiments (Melissa 2000).

Objectives

The main objective of making a report on lab equipment integrity is to develop a complete program that provides ...

Abstract

This experiment sort to find an accurate and most viable method that would be used in laboratories to the measurement of iron concentration in aqueous samples. The methodologies that were identified for further analysis included; colorimetric assay (molecular spectroscopy), flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, redox titration (volumetric) and cation exchange chromatography (EMA technique). These methods were analyzed of their advantages and later subjected to a validation test. In the process, a wide range of CRMs were used alongside six other samples that contained unknown iron concentration.

The experiment was thus, geared towards providing answers to statements like; the necessity of quantification of ...

Introduction

The objective of this experiment is to study the effect of a solute on the freezing point of a solvent. When a solute is added to a pure solvent, the freezing point of the solvent is lowered as compared to its pure form. This decrease in freezing point of the solvent is known as “Freezing Point Depression”. A similar phenomenon occurs in the boiling of such solvents, but instead of decreasing, the boiling point is increased due to the addition of the solute. This phenomenon is known as “Boiling Point Elevation”. Such phenomena, including others, are known as colligative ...

Aims and Objectives of the Experiment

The main objective of this experiment is to determine the concentration of different substances. This is achieved by determining the end point(s) of different titrations using the automated potentiometric titrator. These points are known as equivalence points. The units of measurement are the standard units used in titrations i.e. Molarity (moles/liter) of substances used while the quantities of these substances are measured in mL (milliliter).

Theory and Principles

Potentiometric titration is a volumetric method which measures the potential between two electrodes, namely reference and indicator, with the change in the volume of the reagent that is added, known as the titrant. ...

Introduction

A load cell is a transducer used to convert a physical quantity (force) to electrical quantity (voltage). A strain gage is one of the commonest types of load cells. In these types of load cells, gages are connected to a structure that bends on the application of a force. A Wheatstone bridge circuit is a four type strain traducer that gives a maximum sensitivity as well as temperature compensation (Westwood 38). A quarter or half bridge are used to perform the same purpose. In the Wheatstone bridge device, two gages are under tension while the other two are in ...

Introduction

The ‘best fit' approach refers to the establishment of an alignment between Human resource strategies and Organizational strategies. In this method, the strategies held by the human resource department should be structured to aid in the achievement of goals set for the entire organization (Bratton, 2007). On the other hand, Best practice approach entails the implementation of a combination of the finest practices in human resource management, which focus on high commitment, involvement, and performance. This approach is done with the aim of achieving improved performance of the organization as a whole. This paper will focus on the major ...

Purpose

The aim of the experiment is to establish the calibration curve of the pyrometer.
Introduction
Optical polymers are some of the oldest and the simplest non-contact technique of estimating the temperature of a radiating object. It employs the use of color observation to estimate the temperature of a radiating object. Optical pyrometers are used as radiation thermometers to determine the temperatures of radiation wavelengths of both visible and infrared radiation bands (Chapra and Raymond 56). Optical pyrometers are classified according to their operating techniques and wavelengths. Some of the major classifications of optical pyrometer include; tow color pyrometers, disappearing ...

Abstract

Human activities have a significant influence on marine life. Pollutants from landfills, dumps, mines, farms, etc. can pollute the ocean and later through the food chain cause harm to all land animals and humans as well. Protein is a very important structural component of an organism. Using protein for energy is an inefficient form of metabolism and in the long run detrimental to the organism. A significant low level of protein content was noticed in Mytilus californianus or (mussels) obtained from the polluted environment when compared to the tissue of Mytilus californianus obtained from pristine environment. Organism that are ...

Introduction

An acid (HA) is defined as that substance that in an aqueous solution that dissociates to yield up H3O+ ion and a conjugate A-, that is;
1

An Equilibrium constant Ka is used to measure the strength of the acid. The constant can be represented as;

2
A strong acid has a very large Ka; its equilibrium moves towards the right-hand side of equation (1). Concentration of dissociated acid [HA] is very small as well. A weak acid has a small Ka (less than one). It is slightly dissociated where H3O+ ion and a conjugate A- concentration is smaller than that of the acid.
An acid/base titration is monitored with an indicator or a pH meter. The aim ...

Introduction

Most projects require materials of varying characteristics that need to be considered before the execution of such projects. A good analysis criteria should be employed when determining the properties of the material in question. One of the ways to analyze a material such as soil is the Undrained shear strength (Suc). This report explains the analysis carried out on a soil sample and the resulting classification according to AASHTO and USCS standards.

Materials

Harvard compaction device
Compression device
Evaporating dish
Spatula
Squeeze bottle
Metal pan
Clayey soil
Procedure
A sample of about 500grams of soil finer than # 40 sieve is ...

Introduction

Using membrane for gas separation by numerous industries and fields is highly associated with easy operability, low energy costs, light weight and compactness of the process.

Organizational need

There is an organizational need by Learning Curve Consultants’ client to generate relatively pure nitrogen and oxygen gasses within the organization for the application in various processes through the use of high-pressure air as feed. The client has the need to investigate the possibility of employing the use of polymer membranes to produce both nitrogen and oxygen gasses. As a consequence, the customer has presented the team with two bench scale gas membrane ...

Executive summary

This experiment seeks to compute the overall mass transfer coefficients for nitrogen gas and oxygen gas via a polymer membrane under different experimental conditions. The calculation of the overall mass transfer coefficient of the gasses will aid in establishing how the permeability of the polymer membrane is affected by altering these conditions. The experiment employs the calculation of the separation factor in determining the efficiency of a membrane in separating oxygen gas from nitrogen gas. It uses the measured values of flow rates, exit streams and flow rate composition of the membrane component to calculate the mass transfer coefficients. ...

Appeal to the Audience

The report talks about the importance of controller tunings in controlling industrial equipment. According to the report, controller valves are important in controlling the flow rat, the amount of input in machinery and also the amount of output of the machine. The importance of the controllers can be seen in controlling a water cooling machine in which case a slow controller would be inappropriate to be used. The importance of a feedback controller on the other hand is the essence that it enables the determination of an error that may occur between a set point and the process value hence determining the output ...

The research article entitled “Determination of volatile compounds in different hop varieties by headspace-trap GC/MS -In comparison with conventional hop essential oil analysis” is authored by Anita Aberl and Mehmet Coelhan of the Research Center for Brewing and Food Quality, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. This article appeared in the “Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry” of ACS publications in the year 2012 and attempted to compare the efficiency and accuracy of Head Space (HS)-trap method coupled with GC/MS and conventional essential oil analysis method.
Humulus lupulus L., commonly known as hop is responsible for the bitter flavor and ‘hoppy’ ...

GROUP #

TA: Mohan Gogineni
Lab section: PHY 122/Line # XXXX/Time Slot: XX pm – YY pm
Abstract
Contact forces occur when two surfaces interact and are in direct contact. These forces can either be normal, which is described as being perpendicular to the surface; and friction, which is parallel to the contact surface and is also known as the force that resists motion, slowing down objects as they move about. There are two types of frictional forces: the static friction force (fs) which is the force that acts on an object at rest to prevent it from sliding; and ...

Introduction

Accurate and precise measurements are of uttermost importance to chemists everywhere. A measurement is said to be accurate when it is very close to the accepted value. A precise measurement is one in which repeated measures yields values or figures that are very close to one another. However, not all measuring instruments have an equal ability to give accurate and precise measurements. In any given experiment, the techniques and the equipment used to collect data should essentially be of the same precision. In the course of an experiment, there are bound to be less precise measurements and it these ...

The Metabolism of (PABA) Para-Amino benzoic Acid

Introduction
PABA or Para amino benzoic acid is a non proteinous amino acid that occurs naturally. The molecular formula of para- amino benzoic acid is C7H7 NO2; the structure of PABA consists of benzene rings substituted with a carboxyl and an amino group. PABA is a white crystalline molecule that is only sparingly soluble in water. PABA is a very essential nutrient for bacteria PABA functions as an intermediate in the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria
The deficiency of PABA does not cause any deficiency diseases in man. Some bacteria in the intestinal tract can synthesise PABA from chorismate. Humans ...

Introduction

In any field of engineering, precision is very important. This is mainly because any inaccuracy of any kind can have disastrous results. This is the main idea that has led to the increased push for all engineering students to do engineering drawings and dynamics even if the student does not major in any mechanical or structural fields which are mainly known to heavily rely on drawings and design.
In the specific field of study, stress and strain in any component is directly affected by its physical dimensions. This is well explained and exhibited in the experiment in which ...

1) Iodine test.

Iodine test distinguishes starch. It helps in distinguishing a polysaccharide from monosaccharide, disaccharides and other polysaccharides. The test is also called iodine staining. The iodine reacts with coiled polymer molecules and turn bluish black. Non-coiled starch does not react with iodine thereby no bluish color observed. A positive result is when there is the presence of the bluish black color.

Procedure

1. Put two drops of the solutions to be tested in three different test-tubes.
2. Add two drops of the IKI reagent to each of the tubes containing different sugar solutions.
3. Keep the sugar at room temperature ...