Circuit Reports Samples For Students

1.1 Introduction
In typical industrial applications, the machines and equipment involved require high electrical ratings, like high voltages and high currents. Different machineries have varying voltage and current ratings. These ratings should be followed in order that the equipment operates properly whenever needed. However, undesirable conditions, like voltages and currents above the prescribed ratings (usually called as faults), are not totally unavoidable. In these conditions, damages on the machinery might occur which can cause production issues and problems, and may even be hazardous to humans. These conditions can be avoided by integrating protective circuitry within the electrical systems.
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REPORT NUMBER 2

The report presented is the sole work of the author.  None of this report is plagiarized (in whole or part) from a fellow student's work, or from any un-referenced outside source.

AIM:

The purpose of this experiment is to:
Investigate the voltage switch over the points required for logic high or low levels.
Prove experimentally different Boolean laws and logic theorems.
Use different logic laws and theorems, to simply a combinatorial logic circuit.
INTRODUCTION:
This level detector circuit is based upon a LM311 Digital Comparator. This digital comparator is a device that produces an output level, either high or low ...

Lab Report

Objective: To explore the characteristics of three single-phase transformers in a three-phase configuration.
Figure 1: Lab 1, Diagram.
- Star- Star (Y-Y) Connection
In star- star or Y-Y connection, each phase is 120° out of period with the extra two periods. In the same way, each secondary winding is 120° out of phase with the other two phases. Every primary winding is magnetically connected with secondary winding using the common leg. When talking about primary to secondary phases we will see that there is no phase difference in primary-secondary connections. It simplifies that both, primary and derived ...

ARITHMETIC CIRCUITS AND COMPARATORS

ELEC201
Digital Electronics
Partner Name:
Excelsior College
Objectives
This experiment seeks to:
- Examine how addition and subtraction are performed by the use of logic gates.
- Examine how binary numbers are compared using logic gates.
- Understand the working principle of comparators.

Introduction

It is possible to implement binary arithmetic in hardware through the direct application of basic logic gates. This is through the manipulation of binary numbers using simple gates such as the AND and OR gates, for example, the AND gate can be used to realize a multiplication operation in ...

Introduction 5

Background Information 5
RC circuit 6
RL Circuit. 6
Objectives 8
Experimental Procedure. 8
Experiment 1: The Capacitive Circuit (RC Circuit) 9
Step response. 9
Sinusoidal Response. 11
Experiment 2: The RLC circuit 12
Step response 14
Sinusoidal Response 16
Conclusion 18

Bibliography 19

This is an experiment up that shows the electrical response of different types of built circuits. Three different circuits consisting of different components which are capacitors, inductors and resistors are made. All the components are connected in series. The two types of circuits under investigation are listed below.
Resistor-capacitor circuit.
Resistor-capacitor-inductor circuit.
Background Information
The lab manual ...

Abstract

Kirchhoff’s law states that the total of the emf values in a closed loop equals the sum of the potential drops in that loop. Kirchhoff’s first and second laws are used to verify that in a closed loop, energy is neither created nor destroyed (Scherz, Paul, and Simon Monk 2013). Energy is converted from one form to another. Electric charge is given the necessary energy to flow in the circuit by the electromotive force source, preferable batteries into circuit elements. Electrical energy is converted into heat energy recorded as impedance in capacitors, resistors, or inductors. In the ...

Purpose

This experiment is about the characterization of a two-port network by generating a set of coefficients that are defined by the voltages and currents applied and measured on the two ports of the network. The three sets of coefficients computed are as follows: (1) the Z parameters, (2) the Y parameters, and (3) the h parameters. These three sets are discussed in the next section.

Theory

A circuit with any number of components can be replaced by a two-port network with a set of coefficients that define the relationship among the voltages and the currents on the two terminals. Figure ...

LAB REPORT-CONTROL SYSTEMS

Abstract
Filters are widely applied in many fields and are found in most of the devices. Such areas include low-pass filters installed in the landline telephones, a high-pass filters that are installed in the DSL modems with high-bandwidth and a band-pass filter installed in the cell-phone. The latter enables one to hear only the person to whom you are speaking, but not any other person around you even if they too are on their calls. Finally is the band-reject filter that helps to reject any AC power signal with a frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz when operating the sensitive ...

Lab Report (Kirchhoff’s Laws)

Introduction
This lab experiment was intended to learn and apply Kirchhoff’s Rules in calculating the current and voltages in a circuit. To achieve this, a circuit is built consisting of resistors that are in parallel and series which will aid to test the different aspects of Kirchhoff’s Rule.

The simplest circuit is that which can be reduced to an equivalent circuit having a single resistance

and a single voltage source. Many circuits are not simple and require the use of Kirchhoff’s

Laws to determine voltage, current, or resistance.

Objectives:
forecast by Kirchhoff’s Laws.

Theory:

A junction is a point in a circuit where more than three wires join or where a current gets divided.
A loop is a path which is closed by two ...

Module 6

Study of Sequential Sequence Detectors
ELEC201
Digital Electronics
Partner Name:
Introduction
Circuits whose state transitions are controlled by a clock pulse are called synchronous sequential circuits. Other circuits whose state transitions are not controlled by a clock signal are called asynchronous circuits. This lab aims at equipping students with knowledge on synchronous sequential machines.
These are machines designed to solve a problem, which requires the output, to be some specific value after a given sequence of input values has been observed. This problem led to the development of two types of machines in the mid-1950s. These machines ...

555timer

Introduction
The 555 integrated circuit (chip) is used in a variety of timer and oscillator applications. A 555 timer is used to provide time delays and oscillations and as a flip-flop element. The device has additional terminals provided to trigger or resetting purpose (Nair, 2006). During the time delay operation mode, time is precisely controlled by an external resistor and capacitor. While working as an oscillator, the duty cycle and the frequency are accurately regulated by two external resistors and a capacitor (Brumbach, & Clade, 2003). 555 is triggered and reset on falling waveforms. A typical 555 timer IC is ...

Abstract

In this lab, an RC circuit was set up and powered using a square wave from a function generator. The output was manipulated and examined and the results viewed on an oscilloscope. On the oscilloscope, the energy was seen in the way it is stored, delivered and manipulated in circuit elements. In the lab session also, the usefulness of an oscilloscope as a high-speed voltmeter was learned. How it monitors signals occurring in time intervals of microseconds and milliseconds.

Introduction

Electric circuits perform by separating the positive (+) and the negative (-) electricity. It works against the Coulomb forces of attraction ...

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ABSTRACT
The RLC resonance in a circuit is a circuit in which the arrangements follow or consist of a resistor, inductor and capacitor. This lap report is not a confined order. It can take a different order, i.e. an inductor, a resistor and a capacitor thus LRC. This arrangement can be connected in series or parallel depending on the topic in question. In this circuit, RLC circuit resonance, form a harmonic oscillation for current in seen in the cathode ray tube, oscilloscope. This laboratory work or experiment tries to determine the behavior of an RLC resonance circuit in terms of the resonance frequency as displayed in ...

Synopsis

In this experiment, AC circuits, capacitors, and inductors are reviewed. Circuit analysis to cover sinusoidal signals is done. The experiment is drawn from lecture 5 and six learned on series and parallel configuration of RLC circuits, that is, Resistor –capacitor, RC; Resistor-inductor, RL; series Resistor-Inductor-Capacitor; RLC; and parallel RLC circuits.

Introduction

The three basic passive components, resistor, inductor, and capacitor have varied phase relationships when connected in a sinusoidal AC circuit. Analysis of a series RCL circuit is similar to dual series RL and RC circuit. Series RCL circuits are categorized as second order circuit because they have two energy ...

Abstract

The main aim of performing this experiment was to study the behaviour of the voltage across a capacitor as it charge and discharge through a known resistor. From the experiment, it was seen that charge/ discharge of a capacitor follows an exponential function. We also studied about the time constant RC of the circuit.

Introduction

We carried out a lab experiment on an RC circuit recorded and calculated the results so as to determine the time constant. We found out that as capacitance decreases, time constant also decreases and increase in resistance lead to increase in time constant

Objective

Investigating the behaviour of a charged capacitor ...

Report: The Federal Court System

Introduction
As well as research on the history and evolution of the U.S. Federal Court system, and the various responsibilities of the courts and their jurisdictions and functions, this report also researches the basic organizational principles of the courts and the responsibilities of the various associated agencies affiliated with those courts.

The Research

History and Evolution of the Courts.
As described in “History of the Federal Judiciary” (n.d.), the American courts system originated in 1789, following what was just an outline of a courts system in Article III of the U.S Constitution as drafted in 1787. Then in September 1789, ...

Introduction

This laboratory is about the experimental testing, simulation, and analysis of RC and RLC circuits. The magnitude and phase of these circuits are measured accordingly. Theoretical phasor diagrams will be developed with respect to the circuits and are analyzed correspondingly. The three sets of magnitude and phase values (theoretical, simulated, and experimental) are compared and analyzed.

Purpose of the Experiment

The purpose of this experiment is to be able to measure the magnitude and phase difference of the input and output of sinusoidal circuits. The first circuit is a series RC circuit; the second circuit is a two-loop RLC network. These circuits will ...

:

TA’s Name:
ABSTRACT
In an LRC circuit where a resistor, capacitor and inductor are connected in series is an example of a resonant circuit. Such a circuit can be tuned in order to achieve resonance. At resonance the phase angle of the input voltage in the circuit is zero. When an AC input voltage is applied to such a circuit the phase angle will be affected since the impedance of the capacitor and inductor are dependent on the frequency of the input voltage. For this experiment the phase difference between voltage and current for components in a series LRC resonant circuit. ...

Introduction

This experiment aims to examine the transient phase of a second order circuit. By definition, a second order circuit consists of circuit elements which are a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor connected either in series or parallel. The transient phase of the second order circuit used in this experiment was investigated by measuring the voltage across the capacitor and the resistor. The measured voltage will help determine whether the transient phase is; overdamped, critically damped or under-damped.

Equipment’s used in the Experiment

An oscilloscope, a function generator, resistors, an inductor and a capacitor.
Procedure
The voltage v(t) of the circuit 8.2 was ...

[Date (May 26, 2013)]

Objective
Theory overview
A resonant circuit which is in series consists of a capacitor, a resistor and an indicator connected in a loop. At some frequency the inductive and capacitive reactances magnitudes becomes equal and since they are opposite each other they effectively cancel each other. This makes the circuit to be purely resistive as it only ‘sees’ the resistor. Therefore at the resonance frequency the current becomes maximum. At any lower or higher frequency, the net difference between XC and XL should be summed with the value of the resistor; this produces higher impedance and ...

Objective:

This experiment is about the implementation and testing of low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass filters. The frequency response of each filter is analyzed using Bode plots. The properties of passive devices will be used to explain the response.

Equipment List:

EQUIPMENT
Oscilloscope
2 Function Generators

COMPONENTS

1µF Capacitors
1 kΩ Resistors

Relevant Theory/Background Information:

A low-pass filter is a filter that allows frequencies below a cut-off frequency while filtering out frequencies above this cut-off frequency. For a simple series RC circuit, a low-pass filter can be created by connecting the input signal to the resistor and taking the output from the capacitor. The cut-off frequency ...

- Introduction
The dc circuit theories of Norton and Thevenin are investigated in this practical. The Thevenin theorem states that any network of resistors and sources (voltage and current) when viewed from any two points in a network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit of a single resistance (Thevenin Resistance) in series with a voltage source (Thevenin voltage). Similarly, Norton’s theorem is aimed at replacing the network of resistors and sources with an equivalent circuit of a constant current source in parallel with a resistance.
- Results

Experimental data

The Thevenin resistance of the circuit is calculated by replacing the voltage source ...

MULTIPLEXERS AND DEMUMULTIPLEXERS

ELEC201
Digital Electronics
Partner Name:
Objectives
The objectives of this lab include:
Introduction
A multiplexer is a crucial digital circuit that is capable of selecting a single digital signal out of a set or group of signal at its input and passes that signal to its output. It functions as a more as a rotary switch that switches connects one input to the output at a time. On the other hand, the multiplexer does the exact opposite function; it passes multiple digital signal inputs through one of a set or group of outputs. Through multiplexers, several signals can be sent ...

TA: Your TA's name

Partner: Your partner's name
Thevenin and Norton Circuit Theory
Introduction
This experiment is aimed at putting to practice the Thevenin and Norton theories of dc resistor networks. These theories provide for techniques that make circuit analysis easier. In order to achieve this, a network of resistors connected to active sources is reduced to a single resistance which is connected in series with the voltage source. The single resistance is the Thevenin resistance of the network while the voltage source is the Thevenin voltage of the network. Norton’s Theorem also helps us simplify circuit analysis by replacing the ...

Introduction:

This is the ninth experiment in which we will be doing a few experiments that involve inductors and capacitors in order to gain a deeper insight into these elements. We will carry out a few experiments that concern open-close switch circuits and the first order circuit. We shall determine the R(internal) value for the inductors as well as the capacitors in the first order circuit.

Theory:

A capacitor is an element with two terminals that models a device that contains two plates capable of conduction, with the plates being separated by a material that is a non-conductor.

The relationship between voltage and current for a capacitor is-

Vc(t) ...

Introduction

This laboratory experiment is about the simulation and testing of sinusoidal circuits in steady state and the analysis of the currents and voltages in the circuits. The circuits being analyzed are (1) an RC circuit and (2) an RLC circuit. The steady-state voltages and currents are evaluated if they comply with KVL and KCL. Additionally, in the RLC circuit, the power dissipated on the resistor and the total power delivered by the source are compared and analyzed.

Purpose of the Experiment

The purpose of this experiment is to measure the steady-state currents and voltages in the RC and RLC circuits (by experimentation and ...

The Mobile Phone: Parts and Choice of Materials

The mobile phone is one of the greatest inventions of all time (Guthrie, 2008). It has revolutionized the way people communicate and perform their day to day activities. Cell phones allow remote communication with people in far-away places, including those in other continents. Initially, cell phones were only meant to people to call and send short messages in the form of SMSs. However, cell phones have now advanced and are being used for a wide variety of purposes including taking pictures and videos, listening to music, browsing the internet, playing games, organizing events amongst other uses. The functionalities that a phone ...

Introduction

The relation between the potential difference, electric current, and resistance are represented in the Ohm Law. The Ohm Law consists in the direct relation between the potential difference and the electric current of a basic circuit, where the resistance is the constant value in the relation. Mathematically speaking the Ohm Law is a first-grade equation where the potential difference is the dependent variable, the electric current the independent variable and the resistance a constant value.
With a deep analysis of the circuit, the resistances are components inside the circuit that difficult the path of the electric current through the ...

Signal filtering is one of the most fundamental practices in signal processing. The filters are widely incorporated in the signal processing circuits due to their indomitable role in data acquisition and also to get rid of all the unnecessary signals and frequencies which interfere with the quality of the main signal. These unwanted signals are commonly referred to as noises. Once the signal has been filtered, they are then processed as either analog or digital depending on the signals application. Some signals are however weak and thus require an amplification circuit so that the filtering circuits can be consistent.
...

* Names of Group:
1. .. ID #:
2. ID #:
3 ID #:
* Date: / / .

Results:

Based on measurements, complete the table below:
Discussion:
Discuss the application of common collector transistor circuit.
The common collector configuration of the BGJ amplifier is mostly commonly employed as buffer or emitter follower. The voltage gain of the common collector amplifier is nearly unity and provides large current amplification. It is used in applications where current sourcing is required without modifying the voltage. The input resistance is quite high so it draws negligible current from source. Moreover, the load circuit will not interfere ...

Lab Experiment #4: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

Goals
The main objective of this laboratory practice is to gain understanding on the basic laws that describe electric circuits and their application.

Background and Theory

Ohm’s Law. According to Alexander and Sadiku (2013), “Ohm’s Law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the current i flowing through the resistor” (p. 31). The constant of proportionality is the element’s resistance, R, which depends on several factors that will not be analyzed in this report. The equation for Ohm’s Law is then: v=iR (where v: voltage, i: current and R: resistance).
The units for ...

Abstract

The voltage drop across sections of a circuit and the current can be determined using Kirchoff’s laws. For currents and voltages, the algebraic sum at any node should be zero. Using this basic principle, any circuit can be analyzed for current and voltage. This paper will present and experiment performed to validate Kirchoff’s laws. According to Thevenin, a complex circuit can be simplified into an equivalent circuit to obtain voltage and current. By Superposition theorem, effect of sources in a circuit can be considered singly and then summed up. It was determined that the laws are true.

Objective

The aim of ...

Introduction

Signals that are periodic can be represented in time and frequency. In any analysis there are major signals which are used; these signals include sine, triangle and square. Additional signals can be derived from the three main signals. There is an important component in signal technology, the low pass filter. This is an electronic gadget that used in the filtering process of the signals. The filtering process is undertaken by allowing all the frequency components that come below the cut-off frequency to go through the circuit while all other frequencies that are above cut-off frequency will be bypassed. Noise ...

REPORT NUMBER 4

‘LOGIC DECODING CIRCUITS AND MULTIPLEXERS’
The report presented is the sole work of the author. None of this report is plagiarised (in whole or part) from a fellow student's work, or from any un-referenced outside source.

AIM:

INTRODUCTION:
This experiment is about the design, implementation, and testing of logic decoding circuits. In PART A, an industrial system problem is presented which requires a logic decoding control system. The solution to the problem is a combinatorial logic circuit that takes four (4) logic inputs (Bottle Position B, Water level indicator W, Flow valve position V, and Water filtration system F), and ...

PURPOSE

Design an active second order Low-pass filter and characterize its frequency response.EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS
Oscilloscope
Power Supply
Function Generator
UA741 or LM741 OP AMP
4.7 nF Capacitors

Resistors

PRELAB
1. The RC circuit is shown in the following figure. Node Voltage Analysis is done in order to generate a transfer function Tvs=V2sV1s. In the circuit, voltage at node A is also the input voltage (V1=VA), and voltage at node D is also the output voltage (V2=VD).

KCL at node B:

V1-VBR1=VB-V21/sC1+VB-VCR2 (1)

KCL at node C:

VB-VCR2=VC1/sC2 (2)
V2=uVC→VC=V2u (3)

Simplifying (2):

VB=VC1+sR2C2 (4)

Then, substituting (3) to (4):

VB=V2u1+sR2C2 (5)

Substituting (3) and (5) to (1):

V1-V2u1+sR2C2R1=V2u1+sR2C2-V21sC1+V2u1+sR2C2-V2uR2
V1-V2u1+sR2C2R1=V2u1-u+sR2C21sC1+V2usR2C2R2
V1-V2u1+ ...

* Names of Group:
1. .. ID #:
2. ID #:
3 ID #:
* Date: / / .

Discussion:

Using the measurements made in the procedure, calculate the quiescent current IE, and the internal emitter resistance re.
The quiescent current IE and internal emitter resistance re can be calculated using the DC analysis carried out in Step#1 and Step#2 of the procedure. The DC voltage measured across RE is used to measure the biasing current across the emitter of BJT. The voltage is measured to be 793mV. Since RE = 1KΩ, so:
IE=VERE=0.7931000=0.000793A=0.793mA.

Now, we can calculate the internal resistance of emitter using the formula provided in the procedure. So:

re=0.026IE=0.0260.000793=32.786Ω

Using the values obtained in the experiment; draw the small-signal ac equivalent circuit for the amplifier.

In this part, we will draw the small scale ...

Abstract

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are a type of motors that have permanent magnets mounted on the rotors instead of the rotor windings. This particular design gives the motor a few advantages over ordinary induction synchronous motors. The magnets attached to the rotor do not require excitation, which reduces the power consumption in PMSM. This gives the motor high operational efficiency and reduces the motor active diameter. PMSM are therefore associated with applications that require high torque but have limited operation space. The permanent magnets suffer from flux leakage and are therefore aligned in a pattern that minimizes flux ...

Introduction

This experiment is about the testing, simulation, and analysis of a second-order RLC circuit. The basic resistor-inductor-capacitor series circuit is analyzed for state variable response. The output is measured as the voltage of the capacitor. The experimental, simulated, and theoretical results are all compared and analyzed.

Purpose of the Experiment

The purpose of the experiment is to analyze a second-order RLC circuit for a state variable response.
Equipment and Materials Used
The equipment used in the experiment is listed below:
Function generator
Oscilloscope
Triple Output Power Supply
R = 100Ω, L = 25 mH, C = 0.1 uF

MULTISIM

MATLAB
The first three are used in the ...

This experiment explores the functionalities of the oscilloscope. In part 1, the oscilloscope is used to display a DC signal and an AC signal, and to measure the frequency of an AC signal. In part 2, the oscilloscope is used to display the exponential response of an RC circuit, and to estimate the time constant τ using the displayed signal. The results of the experiment are presented in this laboratory report.
1. Oscilloscope
The oscilloscope is a device that measures electrical waveforms at any point in an electrical circuit. The waveforms are normally displayed graphically in a voltage versus time format, ...

Abstract

A hybrid car is a car used to drive the drive wheels more than one energy source.
Hybrid car called the vehicle driven by using the hybrid power plant. A distinctive feature of the hybrid power plant is to use two or more sources of energy and their corresponding engines that convert energy into mechanical work. Some sources of information used, the term "hybrid engine", which from a technical point of view is incorrect.
Despite the diversity of sources of energy (thermal energy of gasoline or diesel fuel, electricity, compressed air energy, the energy of the compressed liquefied gas, ...

ABSTRACT

Every circuit suffers from at least one form of time delay which usually occurs between its input and output whenever signals are applied to it. This delay is known as Time Constant of the circuit which is usually define to be the response time of the circuit whenever a step voltage is applied initially to it. The unit of this response time is Tau, usually abbreviated asT. It is worthy to note that that in any circuit or system the resultant time constant is mainly dependent on the reactive component.
Also, time constant, T, is the time taken for ...

Lab Report

Abstract:
In this lab, we used our existing knowledge of electrical circuits and laws, to analyze and practice voltage division and current division theories. For the first part, we set up the voltage divider circuit as from the pre-lab shown in Figure 1, and measured all the voltages, and currents for every resistor.
Figure 1: Voltage division circuit
We then analyzed the circuit from the point of view of Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL), and calculated the error between the measured and predicted values. According to KVL, the sum of voltage drops across each of the ...

Introduction

Recently, in print media, there have been reports that some types of Christmas trees are having problems of becoming defective easily to the point of causing fires in the living room. Upon the request of one of the victims of this kind of Christmas tree, the author conducted an investigation to identify the cause of a certain living room fire due to a defective Christmas fire. The study was to consider both user related causes and defective product related causes. User-related causes can include, mistake of leaving a child to play with a candle, intentional fires, poor wiring and ...

5- Cuk converter analysis .

6- Overview on Series Connection of DC-DC Converters...
7- Reference..

Introduction

There are various methods that determine the existence of DC-DC voltage conversion. Each method has certain benefits and drawbacks based on the operating conditions and specifications, such as voltage conversion ratio range, the maximal output power, power conversion efficiency, number of components, power density, galvanic separation of input and output and many others. When designing a fully-integrated DC-DC converter, the specifications are relevant; however, some of them gain weight due to the emergence of restrictions. For instance, in the case of IC technology, the options and availability of the ...

The main objective of this experiment is to observe “slow” transient voltages in a long time constant RC circuit using a multimeter and to observe “fast” transient voltages in a short time constant RC circuit using an oscilloscope.

Materials and Equipment:

- Variable voltage DC power supply (0-20 volts, 0-1.5 amps)
- Digital multimeter (DMM)
- Decade resistance and capacitance box
- 50 µf, 100 µf capacitors (rated 20v or higher)
- Carbon film resistors: 1MΩ
- Single throw, double pole switch
- Oscilloscope & AC function generator or myDAQ Module, PC with Multisim

THEORY

A capacitor is made up of ...

Introduction

Numerous electrical applications require an inverter, which converts Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC) power. Some of these applications require the stepping down of voltage levels when realizing this conversion, which signifies that the input DC power is greater than the AC power. Conversely, certain applications require the opposite: to step up voltage when performing the power conversion, which means that the input DC power is lower than the AC power. These requirements can be met through the use of Voltage Source Inverters and Current Source Inverters, respectively. However, some particular applications require to step down voltage for ...

Engineering

2014-03-31
Introduction
Design engineers should consider several factors in three-design stage. Respectively, every configuration has its characteristics with in regards to reliability, the initial cost, maintenance cost, as well as simplicity among other evaluative tags. Design engineers have to analyze the situation with respect to these aspects of performance before deciding on the bus configuration to adopt. Nevertheless, defining the consistency of a substation may likewise be the essential for current system connections as it may better aid in pinpointing the very weak points that may be help to overall system irregularity.
There is a mere logic in ...

REPORT NUMBER 6

‘State Machines and Code Generators’
The report presented is the sole work of the author. None of this report is plagiarised (in whole or part) from a fellow student's work, or from any un-referenced outside source.

PRACTICAL 6: STATE MACHINES AND CODE GENERATORS

AIM:
INTRODUCTION:
This laboratory is about the design, implementation, and testing of a state machine counter and a pulse train generator. The circuits will use JK flip-flops and logic gates to implement the necessary logic operation of the problem. The ICs used are the 7474 JK flip-flops and the 7400 NAND gates . The state machine counter has to follow a State Transition Diagram ...

:

TA’s Name:
ABSTRACT
This laboratory report examines a two-part experiment carried. The first experiment was carried out to test both the Kirchhoff’s loop and junction rule. The results of the experiment have been presented in the report. Using the results collected the loop and junction. The second part of the experiment involved determining the Kirchhoff’s loop and junction rule. The maximum power transfer equation has been derived in the report.

Objectives

The object of the experiment is to test both the Kirchhoff’s loop and junction rule. The experiment was also aimed at determining how maximum ...

Final Report

Our goal is to design a system that would be used to measure the temperature by changing resistances. The system would work in a solid medium but we would also try to make it functional in liquid mediums such as oil, fuels and such other liquids. This instrument should be able to measure the temperature of the liquids from -259.15 °C to 400 °C and we should have a resolution of ±0.018 V.

Instrument Details

The RTD is made of platinum coated nickel and should be attachable to the oil tank. i.e, it should be resistant to vibration, high pressure, oil and heat (e.g. ...

Electroplating is the process of applying a metallic coating to a metal or any conducting surface through an electrochemical process. It is an electro-deposition process aimed at producing an uniform, dense and adherent coating usually of alloys or metals, through the action of an electric current (Lou & Huang, 2006). The coating developed is usually for aesthetic or protective purposes or the enhancement of the surface. Aesthetics involves beauty. Electroplating may be used to coat a metal with shiny or precious and semi-precious metals such as silver or gold. The surface may be made up of conductors like metal or even non-conductors like ...

Lab Report: Common Emitter Amplifier

Acronyms and Abbreviations
AC Alternate Current
BJT bipolar-junction-transistor
DC Direct Current
mA milliAmps

PNP Positive-Negative-Positive

Q point Quiescent Point
RF Radio Frequencies
Lab Report: Common Emitter Amplifier

Introduction

A laboratory was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of a common emitter amplifier. The configuration is a bipolar-junction-transistor (BJT). Transistors allow current to flow from positive to negative states or from negative to positive states. A transistor board was supplied for the experiment. Five activities were done during the lab: a DC analysis, An AC analysis gain at midband (with bypass capacitor in circuit), AC analysis gain at midband (with no ...

Lab Partner(s):

______________________________________________________

Introduction

As per ohm’s law V= IR is the basic relationship between current, voltage and resistance. In case of a circuit having very high resistance the current flow is very low. In such cases, voltage drop across resistance is proportional to the value of the resistances. For example, if the total voltage is V and there are two resistances R1 and R2 connected in parallel in the circuit across the voltage and if the voltage measured across each resistors are V1 and V2 then V1/ V2 = R2/R1.

Data Table

Sample Calculations –
There are different types of resistances. Resistances with a gold ...

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS (ECT226)

Introduction
This exercise was used to prove the different electrical properties using Multisim, a simulation software. Different electronic circuits such as half-wave and full-wave rectifiers are used to prove that Multisim can be used to find values and characteristics of the wave produced by the half wave rectifier and the full-rectifier rectifier using different capacitor and resistor values. Multisim will also be used to prove the properties of a Wheatstone bridge and a bridged T network (pad).
A half wave rectifier is a circuit that is responsible for converting alternating (AC) input power to direct (DC) output power. The peak voltage ...

Module 6

Design of Synchronous Sequential Counters
ELEC201
Digital Electronics
Partner Name:
Objectives
The objectives of the laboratory were as follows:
Introduction
Counters are categorized under Medium Scale Integrated sequential logic circuits. The counter circuits consist of several flip-flops that have been cascaded together and may also have an additional combinational circuit. They are mostly used in application that involve counting where they are applied in either the measurement of time that elapses between two instances that are not known, or the measurement of the frequency of a particular signal.

There are several types of counters such as those given below

- Asynchronous counters
- ...

PURPOSE

This experiment is about the isolation of the three harmonics that is included in a non-sinusoidal waveform. The non-sinusoidal waveform here is a square wave, and the harmonics being isolated are the fundamental, third, and fifth harmonics. The experimental amplitudes and frequencies will be compared to the theoretical computations.

EQUIPMENT

Oscilloscope
Digital Multimeter
Function Generator
COMPONENTS
10 mH Inductor
10 kΩ Resistor

PROCEDURE AND RESULTS

Figure 1. RLC Circuit Diagram

PART A: Obtain the scaling factors

1) Build the circuit shown in Figure 1. Throughout the experiment, connect the input voltage to channel 1 of the oscilloscope. This input voltage is used as a trigger source for the oscilloscope. ...

Influence of Temperature and Neurotransmitters on Heart Rate in crayfish

TA for the Experiment:
Introduction
The cardiovascular system achieves key physiological functions in animals. Particularly, crayfish (Procambarus clarkia), also known as freshwater lobster, have been used to study physiological processes. This is because it is easier to study them in this species than in any other organism. In Crayfish, the circulatory system is open. Blood moves from the heart through the arteries and goes back through the open sinuses. Their heart is located in the cephalotorax, in front of the first abdominal segment, in the dorsal portion.
Basic heart rate beat and rhythm in adult crustaceans depends on a ...

Lab Report

Introduction
This lab experiment involves choosing values of the resistors, that will enable maximum output of power in circuit two, according to the circuit connection made. The aim is determining values of the resistors that will enable increase in power up to 2.7 kilo ohms. Results were then tabulated.

Apparatus

Resistors
Oscilloscope
Digital multimeter
Function generator
Breadboard
Procedure
The apparatus were arranged to form a complete circuit, whereby resistor values were first were determined sequentially. The resistor value that would enable a resistivity value of 2.7 kΩ was the determined. The set up was done according to the figure below ...

Lab Report: Internal Resistance of a Battery

Lab Report: Internal Resistance of a Battery

Abstract

This purpose of this lab is to demonstrate the effect of internal resistance of a household battery on circuits and to measure the power transfer through it. The battery is connected in series with a rheostat that acts as a variable resistor. The value of resistance is varied across the available rheostat range. The voltage at the output is measured across rheostat and its effect on the charge depletion of battery is analyzed. The hypothesis of the experiment is that as the current flowing through the load increases with decrease in resistance, the battery tends to ...

LAB#7A

Theory and Operation
1. Black Direct Acting Pressure Relief Valve
This lab is used to analyze the action of various values by disassembling and assembling. This valve is used to describe its action in the hydraulic circuits.

Action of Black Direct Acting Pressure Release Value

The relief valve acts as the fuse or circuit breaker in an electric circuit. An electric circuit blows a fuse unless it overloads. The hydraulic circuits allow the relief value to dump. Protecting the pump from the excess pressure is the main function of a relief valve. The direct acting relief value responds quickly to the pressure tries to go and observe ...