Essays on Hypothesis Testing

Abstract

The most crucial goal that has been targeted in all research studies in the past few years has been toward prevention of problems. The scientific method is a stringent and proven procedure, which can be used to determine the most probable evidence to back up an environmental phenomenon. The proposition is usually made in a cause-and-effect phenomenon. Such a proposition is known as a ‘hypothesis’. The method used for testing the hypothesis is termed ‘experimentation’. This procedure is comprised of five elementary and significant steps. The most salient aspect that renders the scientific methods most popular is the fact ...

Statistical hypothesis testing is a very important concept in statistics. There are steps to be followed in hypothesis testing, as shown below (Eberly College of Science, n.d.) Formulation of the Null Hypothesis – this step involves stating of the null hypothesis, which states equality between the hypothesized value and a predicted value. In this case, it is the opposite of the alternative hypothesis.

H0: The average salary for all jobs in Minnesota is greater than or equal to $65,000.

H0: x ≥$65,000 Formulation of the Alternative Hypothesis –the alternative hypothesis is the opposite of the null hypothesis, which states that a value is less than, greater than, or not equal to a certain value. This ...

About the paper

The paper is commissioned to delineate the linear and log-linear multiple regression model where the dependent variable, earnings per hour, will be regressed against two independent variables, education and experience. As part of this analysis, we will cite multiple journal articles, books and other related sources to learn more about the regression analysis and how the statisticians perform the data analysis these days. Both the regression models, i.e. linear and log-linear multiple regression will be performed in excel and the output will be attached in the appendix section of the paper. In addition, we will also test the significance ...

Introduction

Statistics is a branch of mathematics, aimed at collecting and analyzing data via different methods such as analysis of variance, kurtosis, skewness or regression analysis. Nowadays, statistics helps processing data with a help of creating various charts that in turn help visualizing complex data sets. There are two major types of statistics, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive and inferential statistics require proper hypothesis formation and thus proper selection of the statistical tests that in turn have to be analyzed and interpreted successfully.

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics implies application of various coefficients that simplify process of data processing and aggregation (Trochim, ...

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship between social networking and face-to-face communication with respect to their influence on the social interaction skills. The first aim of the research has to determine whether there is a causal relationship between use of social networking tools and face-to-face communication behaviors. The research aims to investigate the hypothesis. There will be a statistically significant difference in change/gain scores for communication behaviors between the experimental group and the control group; Face-to-face communication is associated with the students’ social media networking habits (i.e. time spent on social media networking). There will ...

1. The mean of the bottling Company Case Study is 475.62(sum of all ounces of the bottles that were randomly selected on all three shifts)/30(amount of bottles that were randomly selected on all three shifts)=15.85(mean/average of ounces). When evaluating the median of an even data set the two middle numbers are added together and the mean of those two numbers is taken. In this case, the median of the Bottling company case study is 15.98 + 16.00 = 31.98/2 = 15.49. the median is 15.49.

The standard deviation is calculated as

σ = √[ ∑(x-mean)^2 / N ] σ = √13.115/29 = √.4522 = 0.6724581771381771 2. N=30, x = 15.85, s= ...

Psychology

Introduction The use of Null Hypothesis Significance Testing as a statistical tool for research methods in psychology became a center of debate because of the perceived errors, which was associated to the misuse of the method and erroneous conclusion in some of the published scholarly journals. Many scholarly journal publishers particularly those that are specialized in the field social psychology suggests to ban the use of NHST and the Basic and Applied Social Psychology (BASP) acted upon on this call. On the other hand, proponents of NHST argue that the problem is not with the technique, but with the ...

In the past, people lived in towns, and traveling and communication with the world were complicated. Therefore, people had little or any choice of food, goods, medicine, leisure activities, or job. The XXI century is characterized by the fast-paced development of communication, technologies, and transportation. As a result, people can meet, communicate, travel, and even run business with partners who live on the other side of the globe. Therefore, the volume of information and the number of choices which people have to deal with have increased. People have to make decisions and choose every day. In the world of ...

Analysis of Hypothesis Testing

Analysis of Hypothesis Testing This paper will analyze hypothesis testing in the article titled “A Test of Learned Industriousness in the Physical Activity Domain” which appears in the International Journal of Psychological Studies. This article explores the relationship between the level of industriousness in an individual and the degree to which the individual was rewarded for intense effort before the activity (Bustamante et al. 2014). The key research question for this study is as follows: What is the relationship between reward of intense effort and persistence at a subsequent physical or mental task? Based on this research question, the ...

Introduction

In this paper we use basic tools of statistics and probability theory to investigate is it reasonable to install such red light cameras in our town. There is some data available from neighboring towns in the form of accident rates per week at various intersections before and after the red light cameras have been installed. We perform statistical hypothesis testing based on this data set.

Analysis

The sample of 50 observations was collected from neighboring towns. This data is given below in the following table: If we want to consider is it reasonable to install such red light cameras, ...

Part 1

A marketing survey leads to a collection of different types of data about a particular market or consumer group. The data collected can be from various elements of a market (e.g., a sample of car owners or night shoppers). If we are going to base our decisions on the results achieved through market research then, the research has to be highly valid. There is an often quoted statement “There are three types of lies---lies, damn lies, and statistics” by Benjamin Disraeli. This statement is true if the statistical procedures are not applied prudently and authentically. There are two main sources of misuse ...

Introduction

Hypothesis testing is an important aspect in marketing research while test of research findings’ significance is critical for determining their reliability. To demonstrate the hypothesis testing process and application of significance test, this analysis uses the case of Bentley Foods that conducted a survey on 1000 customers to identify whether at least 15% of the customers would prefer the new line of pizza over other pizza for the company to start producing and marketing the product. From the survey, Bentley identified that 172 customers would prefer the new pizza. In that respect, this analysis applies the case to demonstrate hypothesis ...

The purpose of this statistical project is to discover the historical data of meteorological observations in Australia. The data set was taken from the official site of Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology. The data represents mean maximum temperature in Melbourne Airport location for years since 1970 till 2014. In this paper we will look at the basic descriptive statistics of the data and show some practice in hypothesis testing.

Descriptive Statistics

The purpose of the narrative (descriptive) statistics is the processing of empirical data, their classification, visual representation in the form of graphs and tables, as well as their quantitative description ...

Our explanation over how these terms are related to each other during building blocks of Theory Construction will be based on Modern portfolio Theory. The Thoery suggests that StockPrices is affected by multiple factors while the hypothesis in this study will be if there is a negative relationship between inflation and stock prices, a positive relationship between foreign exchange rate and stock prices and again a positive relationship between Real GDP and Stock Prices. In other words, the main core thrust of the hypothesis is to study the effect of Macro Economic Variables on Stock Prices.

However, many people confuse the terms ...

This chapter introduces the need occasioning by a theoretical framework after a literature review. An issue I found interesting is on how the theoretic framework serves as the basis of the hypothesis developed by the research. To commence, a theoretical framework is explained as the belief an individual holds on the relationship between phenomena. The explanation forwarded by the individual on how these phenomena are related is the theory. The relationship and the theory have to be in agreement with previous research carried out in the problem area. Building a theoretical framework, therefore, includes the process of introducing variables, developing a model that describes ...

Research Strategy

A customer has asked a firm known as Akron Research to develop a customer driven research plan and strategy, and to write a research proposal. Akron research firm studies other firms to access their needs; the company concentrates on needs such as product, process improvement, manufacturing, and consulting services. The project will involve picking a project and deciding on the research design and methodology to be applied. The methodology explains the tools that will be used in carrying out the research. The research design will include a topic, purpose statement, literature review, research questions, and hypothesis.

The format of analyzing data and writing a report ...

Question 1

Critical value method involves determining the likeliness or unlikeliness by determining whether the test statistic observed is more extreme than the null value or not. P-value is the probability of getting a value of sample test statistic that is far from the expected to be observed if null hypothesis holds true.

Question 2

F distribution is a ratio of two chi square random variables. The variance has a tendency to match the chi square distribution if one contains a normal random variable. It is used to determine if two variances are equal and to analyze variance and covariance figures. T distribution approximates the standard normal. ...

1) Describe how to formulate and test hypothesis about a population mean and/or a population.

A hypothesis essentially refers to the prediction of the expected outcome of a research process. When one intends to research a particular subject, event or outcome, he ought to state his expected outcome. There are two types of hypotheses; null and alternate hypotheses. The null hypothesis refers to what the researcher is trying to nullify, disapprove or reject. In testing the hypothesis, the researcher attempts to prove the hypothesis either wrong or right. In hypothesis testing, the researcher needs to first state both the null and alternate hypotheses. The researcher then needs develops an analysis plan which describes how to use ...

Summary

Interval estimators specify methods of measuring sample that can be used to determine endpoint values of an interval. Intervals have a target parameter, and they are relatively narrow. At least one endpoint varies randomly since they are sample measurement functions. Interval estimators are confidence intervals with lower and upper limits. Confidence coefficient is the probability of intervals having a target parameter.

Hypothesis testing is a procedure of using observations to test theories. Theories concerning population parameters are sampled and compared with observations. If observations do not match with the theory, the hypothesis is rejected as false, otherwise the theory is true. Hypothesis ...

ABSTRACT

This study is designed to study the relationship between corporate governance in trading Companies in Malaysia, which are listed in Bursa, and the performance of those Companies. The performance indication is measured using return on equity and overall returns whereas the state of corporate governance is assessed using board composition, CEO duality, and audit committee independence. The literature review has been conducted to see the supporting and contrasting ideas to the chosen topic. The methods for research have been chosen by developing a theoretical framework, where independent and dependent variables are defined along with their concepts. Hypothesis testing is ...

Introduction

In this paper we will discuss what have we learned in mathematical statistics. Mathematical statistics is a branch of mathematics, which is developing methods for recording, describing and analyzing the data of observations and experiments in order to construct probabilistic models of random mass phenomena. Depending on the mathematical nature of the concrete results of observations divided by the mathematical statistics Statistics numbers, multivariate statistical analysis, the functions (processes) and time series, Statistics non-numeric objects of nature. There are three parts of mathematical statistics: descriptive statistics, estimation theory and the theory of testing hypotheses. Descriptive statistics is the ...

- Why is the coefficient of correlation an important tool for statisticians? Provide some specific examples from real life. Correlation (from Lat. Correlatio - ratio, the relationship), correlation - a statistical relationship between two or more random variables (or variables that can with some reasonable degree of accuracy considered as such). When this change in the values ​​of one or more of these quantities are accompanied by systematic variation, or other values ​​of other variables. Mathematical measure of correlation between two random variables is the correlation ratio, or the correlation coefficient r. If the change of a random variable does ...

26the February, 2014

Comparing the determinants of FDI inflows to China and India ‘FDI’ abbreviated for Foreign Direct Investment, has gained significant importance in global commerce and economic growth. The term has brought a much appreciated change in the industrialized world. In simple meaning, FDI can said to be a saver centered in one nation who obtains a possession in another offshore nation with the objective to work on that property. By the end of 2006, the global supply of FDI at the conclusion of 2006 was $10 trillion, which amounts to GDP of five leading markets of the world, USA, Japan, China, Germany ...

Functions of Statistics

Firstly, statistics is used to present facts in a simplistic manner. This makes statements more convincing and logical as compared to mere description. Secondly, statistics is used to reduce complexities associated with raw data enabling the readers draw interpretations and inferences. There are various statistical measures that are used to make raw data simple and intelligible (LeBlanc, 2004). Examples are; graphs, dispersions, averages, regressions, correlation and kurtosis. Thirdly, statistics facilitates comparison. Comparisons are important when the user of a given data set draw conclusions between two groups or the past and present. Statistical devices such as ratios, averages and coefficients are ...

Abstract

This paper contains t-test analysis for intrinsic motivation by gender and extrinsic motivation by position based on AIU survey data. In all the two cases, null hypothesis failed to be rejected.

Introduction

Hypothesis refers to a speculative explanation or answer to research problem or question (Lourens & Bedeker, 2007). The process of statistically choosing competing hypotheses is referred to as hypothesis testing (Kruglanski & Higgins, 2003). Some of the statistical methods of testing hypothesis included t-test and z-test.

Null hypotheses There is no significant difference between intrinsic motivation means of males and females Ho: µmale -µfemale = 0

Alternative hypothesis

There is significance ...

Capstone Project

Executive Summary The hypothetical idea which has been chosen for this analysis is the establishment of a Bar BQ restaurant in an area, in which we have asked number of questions from the respondents to get an idea about their choice, and what sort of products they are intending to have in the market with us. We have found that age plays a dominating role in having the choice of foods, and it is also found that the stance of the company is very essential as far as managing the productivity is concerned.

Introduction

Business Statistics is an important thing, and ...

Introduction

Investment and risk are the two sides of a same picture, and there are no two ways to find the close relationship of both of these variables in a perfect manner (Anderson & Styan, 1990). The tradeoff of investment and risk is highly effective for an investor, because an investor would be more cautious about the association and addressing of risk, rather than of yield. Risk or deviation can also be termed as volatility in the field of finance, and the computation related to the same would be extremely critical. During the current global financial crisis (GFC), there were numerous indexes ...

Introduction

In this paper we will discover the understanding of basic theories of mathematical statistics and learn how to use measures of central tendency and measures of variation. To do this, we choose two variables from the data set – one variable is continuous and one is nominal. Then we will explore if there any relationships regarding these variables – we perform a hypothesis testing using SPSS 17 Statistical Software. Charts and graphs are also will be used in this paper.

Body

As a continuous variable we choose Total Family Income (INCOME) As a nominal variable we take Race of Respondent (RACE). We begin ...

Many researchers in the field of psychology have investigated the link between television and obesity in both children and adults. It has been hypothesized that watching television leads to obesity in multiple ways. Individuals have replaced physical activity with watching television while subsequently increasing unhealthy snacking habits and reducing sleep. According Epstein Valoski, Vara, et al (1995), trials designed to reduce children's TV use have found improvements in body mass index (BMI), body fat, and other inter-correlated measures (http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-causes/television-and-sedentary-behavior-and-obesity/). There is also evidence that reducing adult's hours watching television have reduced obesity and interrelatedness measures. According to Otten, ...

Introduction

This report contains the results of regression analysis for four variables captured in the Springdale community shopping survey. The analysis established that there was significant linear relationship between attitude towards Springdale and ease of return/exchange of goods. However, there was no significant linear relationship between the attitude towards Springdale and a lot of bargain price. On the other hand, it was found that there was significant linear relationship between attitude towards West Mall and a lot of bargain sales. On the contrary, there was no significant linear relationship between attitude towards West Mall and ease of return/exchange of goods. - ...

Introduction

This paper reports the results of hypothesis test conducted on eleven variables captured in the Springdale community shopping survey. The null hypothesis was rejected in nine out of the eleven variables analyzed.

Analysis

- Mean and standard deviation

Springdale Mall

Mean = 3.813 Standard deviation = 1.064

Downtown

Mean = 3.407 Standard deviation = 1.124

West Mall

= 3.287 Standard deviation = 1.183 - Hypothesis testing

Springdale

Null hypothesis: H0: µ = 3.0

Alternative hypothesis: H1: µ ≠ 3.0

T-calculated = (- ∆) ÷ (/) Where ∆ = 3.0 9.360 T-critical = 1.655

T-calculated value is greater than upper t-critical value

Null hypothesis is rejected Downtown Null hypothesis: H0: µ = 3.0

Alternative hypothesis: H1: µ ≠ 3.0

T-calculated = (- ∆) ÷ (/) Where ∆ = 3.0 4.432 T-critical = 1.655

T-calculated value is greater than upper t-critical value

Null hypothesis is rejected ...

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design The research design is a procedural plan adopted by the researcher to answer research questions objectively, accurately, validly and economically. In general, the research design plays two key roles. First, it aids in the identification and development of logical arrangements and procedures required to undertake a study. Second, the design lays emphasis on the quality (objectivity, validity and accuracy) of the underlying procedures. When conducting research, it is vital to note that the research design is distinct from the method through which data are collected. In general, there are a number of ways in which research designs ...

Questions

Questions

- The population is set of all measurements of the focus while the sample is a subset of the population. It is vital for a researcher to study the sample in order to detect a statistically vital outcome. Sampling error is an error which is obtained from samples when estimating the population size. - Descriptive statistics deal with procedure used to summarize the information in the set of measurement. For example, collection and summarization. Inferential statistics use procedures to make predictions of a population. For example, hypothesis testing. The researcher uses them to establish relationships between variables. - The independent ...

- A 95% confidence interval for the mean income of shop assistants in a certain city is found to be (£12,000, £15,000). Explain briefly what this means. Would a 99% confidence interval be better than a 95% one? Justify your answer. ANS – It means that there is 95% probability that the value of the parameter i.e. individual incomes of different shop assistants shall lie within the range of £12,000 to £15,000. Yes, 99% confidence level is better than a 95% one as it increases the probability of the incomes of different shop assistants to lie within the defined ...

Abstract

The number of people in the world is ever-increasing in recent times. This growth in the population has been accompanied by an increase in urbanization. This paper addresses the quality of life in the suburban areas. It starts by introducing the general global state of the population. It then takes a look at the urbanization trend over the years and the factors that have led to the growth and expansion of urban areas. With urbanization, changes in the socio-economic spheres of peoples’ lives occur. An increase in urbanization is accompanies by changes in employment rates, literacy levels, healthcare provision, housing ...

In every Business or industry, a group of experts is dedicated to doing business research. This business research helps the managers of the company to forecast sales, recognize trends, earn more profits, etc. On the other hand, it also helps them to identify if any corporate practices or metrics are not up to their standards. Hypothesis testing is a way to find out whether a particular theory is correct. Often managers order the team of business researchers to carryout hypothesis testing after which important decisions of the company are made. Although hypothesis testing does not remove the uncertainties of the managers ...

Accounting is by itself indeed information to various parties in an organization who includes management, employees, as well as external parties such as the suppliers and government. It provides information concerning various aspects of needs in the organization and outside the organization. The accounting information provides the basis for making most of the crucial decisions in the organization. Accounting information processing is a branch of accounting information system, which is mainly concerned with the processing of information collected and stored. The accounting information is obtained from the daily activities done by organizations named as accounting transactions. The process derives the ...

Quantitative Analysis

A parameter is a variable that is used to estimate the true population characteristics. In statistics, a parameter variable is derived from the sample data and used in describing the population characteristics. The population is composed of an infinite number of variables that are difficult to examine and make a sufficient conclusion. For instance, the total number of robust costumers may be a large number which can be difficult to interrogate and obtain the required information. Sample parameter helps in tackling these difficulties by examining a given number of customers and relating the observed data with the total population of customers. This makes easier ...

Bias

Bias is the tendency of an individual or a group of individual to be more included to a presented idea or any other alternative. A bias can be used in a lot of things. It is however primarily used in judgment and decision making situations such as when the facilitative communication was first introduced to children with autism.

Causation

Causation is also usually termed as Causality. Causation is the distinguishable relationship between two events that have either occurred consequently or subsequently. It is simply the correlation between two events regardless of how and when they occurred. In the video, the experts tried to ...

Quantitative Research methods in statistics

The paper focuses on analyzing the use of research methods in Okello’s article “learning and Teaching college algebra at University level: Challenges and opportunities- A case study of USIU”, published in Journal of Language, Technology &entrepreneurship in Africa. Application of quantitative and qualitative methods in research (experimental and non experimental) studies is crucial for obtaining valid and reliable information. Quantitative methods or techniques lie within the interval estimation and hypothesis testing categories (Nadezhda , 2010). In interval estimation, statistics are used to estimate the interval for which the true parameter of a population lies from a representative sample. On the other ...

Business Decision-Making

Hypothesis testing in statistics refers to the process by which a testable belief or opinion is tested by statistically analyzing data collected from an observational study or controlled experiments. Hypothesis testing is used to verify beliefs about an attribute or some measure of a population based on analyzing data from a sample drawn from the population. Hypothesis testing is quicker and saves time needed to collect data and make business decisions. Secondly, hypothesis testing is a cheaper means of verifying certain opinions about a population since it involves collecting information from only a small proportion of the population. Lastly, in tests that are destructive, hypothesis ...

Introduction

Statistical hypothesis testing attempts to answer the following questions: whether the null hypothesis is true, if there any extreme results which are favorable to the alternative hypothesis and what is the probability of getting the results observed? The current paper aims to analyze whether the assumption that was made is true with the help of the statistical methodology of hypothesis testing.

It is important to mention that the principles of the hypothesis testing do not give a logical proof of its correctness. The results obtained from hypothesis testing can be considered a statement which is credible enough and does not ...

Business Statistics

The null hypothesis is important and continues to be used widely due to several reasons. First of all the null hypothesis is carried out in the context of a simple decision rule. The tests give a dichotomous outcome. Even though there are criticisms against the method, it enables scholars to progress in their theory testing. At the end of the day it gives a binary decision on whether two variables are related (Luce, McGill, & Peracchio, 2005). There are several limitations of the hypothesis testing that scholars and experts have highlighted. First of all when the results reject the alternative hypothesis ...

“At any given point of time an increase in the emotional intelligence of a person will lead to an increase in psychological wellbeing.” This is the hypothesis which is derived and I chose emotional intelligence as my independent variable (IV) due to the cause effect the influence on psychological wellbeing my dependent variable (DV) will have for the outcome, what will happen. The relation between the above two and the dependability of variables make this a null hypothesis.

In the present scenario we will basically take the probability sampling as considering the hypothesis, there is a possibility of each member to be a ...