Hemoglobin College Essays Samples For Students

The differences between the oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin

a. Red Blood Cell with oxygenated hemoglobin (diamagnetic) has no effect on the magnetic field
b. Deoxygenated Red Blood Cell with deoxygenated hemoglobin which is paramagnetic affects magnetic field
Erythrocytes of the blood act as carriers of hemoglobin; a four unit protein that through binding process with oxygen molecules, thereby forming oxyhemoglobin, transports oxygen to various part of an animal’s body. Oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin have different quaternary structure. The disparity in quaternary structures of these two kinds of hemoglobin is attributed to the binding of oxygen with hemoglobin. The beta chains in oxygenated hemoglobin ...

The differences between the oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin

Erythrocytes of the blood act as carriers of hemoglobin; a four unit protein that through binding process with oxygen molecules, thereby forming oxyhemoglobin, transports oxygen to various part of an animal’s body. Oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin have different quaternary structure. The disparity in quaternary structures of these two kinds of hemoglobin is attributed to the binding of oxygen with hemoglobin. The beta chains in oxygenated hemoglobin are much closer to each other compared to the ones in the deoxygenated hemoglobin (Campbell &Farrell, 2009). In the same light, the quaternary structure is affected by the hemoglobin’s ...

Epidemiology of Thalassemia among the population of Malta

This discussion is about epidemiology of thalassemia in Malta. Thalassemia is the given name of a category of genetic blood confusions typify by anemia because of augmentation of red blood cell destruction (Barnes, Plotnikoff, Fox, and Pendleton, 2000). Hemoglobin, it is the conducting of oxygen of the red blood cells dwelling by the two diverse proteins which are the alpha and beta. In case that the body doesn’t construct sufficient with these two proteins, the red blood cells is inadequate and cannot bring enough oxygen (Sembulingum K. Et Al, N.D.). It is a severe with a more than few of health ...

Introduction:

Carbon dioxide is generated through cell metabolism that takes place in the mitochondria. Carbon dioxide amount that is produced is dependent on the metabolism rate as well as on the relative carbohydrate, protein and fat amount being metabolized. The amount of carbon dioxide produced at rest is usually about 200 ml per minute eating a mixed diet (Arthurs &Sudhakar 2005). Carbon dioxide is one of the main products that are released following metabolism and the level of it in the body is highly regulated. This paper aims at discussing the production and transport of carbon dioxide from the cells through ...

Question 1 (Word Count = 332)
Is there a difference in hemoglobin concentration at enrolment between women with detectable peripheral malaria parasites and those without detectable parasites?
In order to test whether hemoglobin concentration recorded at enrolment is different in women with detectable peripheral malaria parasite from those without detectable parasites, a Student t-test is required. Using the student, the mean of two samples are compared to determine whether there is any significant difference between the two samples.
Analysis of the data for “Hb at enrolment visit” variable and the “Malaria at enrolment” variable was done using SPSS to ...

Introduction:

Carbon dioxide is generated through cell metabolism that takes place in the mitochondria. Carbon dioxide amount that is produced is dependent on the metabolism rate as well as on the relative carbohydrate, protein and fat amount being metabolized. The amount of carbon dioxide produced at rest is usually about 200 ml per minute eating a mixed diet. This results in the utilization of about 80% of oxygen and gives respiratory quotient of 0.8 (Arthurs & Sudhakar 2005, p. 207). Carbon is one of the main products that are released following metabolism and the level of it in the body is highly ...

Basing on the laboratory values, the hemoglobin level of the Ms. A is lower than the normal value. Normally, the hemoglobin level lies between 12 to 17 grams per deciliter (Mader, 2004). The hemoglobin level of Ms. A was measured to be 8 grams per deciliter. Moreover, the hematocrit percentage, which measures the red blood cell concentration in the blood, of Ms. A is 32%, which is relatively low. For females, the hematocrit percentage should be around 36% to 46% (O’Leary, 2014). Furthermore, the erythrocyte count of Ms. A was determined to be 3.1 x 10^9 per ...

Iron supplementation on the hemoglobin levels of pregant women in Kenya

Over the years, prenatal iron supplementation has been the customary recommendation in addressing maternal anemia especially in developing countries for over thirty years (1). Currently, documented evidence indicates that iron deficiency is a risk factor for anemia during pregnancy and can lead to either preterm delivery, low birth weight or an inferior neonatal health outcome (2, 3). According to Pena-Rosas (4), raising iron levels by supplementation results in an increased level of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin level in this regard is dependent on the dosage of iron taken. However, it is still unclear the ideal level in which iron supplements can ...

Analytical extended definition

Sickle cell anemia is a disease that affects hemoglobin in people. It mainly affects Africans and people from the Mediterranean and Middle East. Hemoglobin is found in the red blood cells and carries oxygen throughout the body, so people suffering from the disease do not get enough oxygen in the body due to lack of hemoglobin. The disease changes the shape of the red blood cells into sickle-shape thus the origin of the word sickle cell. Normal red blood cells are flexible and have the shape of a disc while the sickle-shaped ones are shaped like a crescent. The disease is also ...

Iron supplementation during pregnancy

Proposal Title: What is the effect of prenatal iron supplementation on the hemoglobin levels of pregnant women in developing countries?

Over the years, prenatal iron supplementation has been the customary recommendation in addressing maternal anemia especially in developing countries for over thirty years (West, et al., 2014). Currently, documented evidence indicates that iron deficiency is a risk factor for anemia during pregnancy and can lead to either preterm delivery, low birth weight or an inferior neonatal health outcome (Moin and Lassi, 2015; Lee and Okam, 2011). According to Pena-Rosas (2012), raising iron levels by supplementation results in an increased ...

Manganese

What function does it perform, in critical metabolic events in human biology?
Manganese acts as a co-factor to nearly all classes of enzymes such as hydrolases (phosphohydrolase), transferases (phosphotransferase), ligases, lyases, oxido-reductases, kinases and decarboxylase. It also helps in the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, proteoglycans and glycoproteins. It can also mediate reactions as a metalloenzyme (Medeiros & Wildman, 2015; Gropper & Smith, 2013). While manganese can be replaced by magnesium in some of the catalytic reactions, two reactions in the synthesis of connective tissue pathway, namely, the activation of xylosyl transferase and glycosyl transferase or galactosyl transferase, are specifically manganese–dependent. These ...

Abstract

Proteins are made up of amino acids and have major structural as well as functional roles in the body. Amino acid chains are synthesized from DNA sequences through transcription and translation. Proteins become fully functional only after co-translational or post-translational modification of the amino acid side chains and folding into appropriate three-dimensional conformations. Even slight changes in the DNA code could drastically alter the protein folding, alter its functioning, and eventually lead to certain diseases. Inherent cellular repair mechanisms, protein degradation pathways and molecular facilitators such as chaperones try to keep proteins in their native, stable conformation by acting ...

Summary

At high altitude human face a unique stress of hypobaric hypoxia due to reduced fall in barometric pressure and the extent of oxygen molecules, therefore, studying humans at high altitude facilitates the understanding of adaptation capabilities of human against evolution as well as environment.
The following essay summarizes an article authored by Beall that studied the arterial-oxygen-content phenotypes of three high-altitude inhabitant populations residing on Tibetan, Andean, and Ethiopian plateaus. The article is based on the problem that how people possess diverse adaptation potential on different heights where the oxygen level is very low in comparison of normal sea ...

Critical thinking

Explain what Mucor is and how a patient is likely to become infected with Mucor.
Mucormycosis is a condition that is usually caused by mucor mycetes which are typically a group of molds. The condition is rate but in its prevalence it has been associated with high mortality and morbidity rates due to little knowledge of the condition and the fact that patients rarely present with this condition. Once identified rightly, the condition is very manageable and curable. Mucor mostly affects people with a compromised immune system and it may occur in any part of the body where the ...

Introduction

Prenatal iron supplementation has been the customary recommendation in addressing maternal anemia especially in developing countries for over thirty years (West, et al., 2014). There is paucity of information regarding the correspondence between hemoglobin levels in pregnant women and iron supplementation. The limited information in this pertinent public health issue is more pronounced in developing countries as West, et al., (2014) opines. The main purpose of this research is thus to establish the efficacy of prenatal iron supplements on the hemoglobin levels of pregnant women in developing countries.

Research design

In order to achieve the study’s objective, the methodology will ...

Sickle cell disease is a genetic blood disorder that affects the hemoglobin, the protein molecule in the red blood cells responsible for delivering oxygen to the body cells and throughout the body. The disease is characterized by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin that forces the red cells to assume a sickle shape. Normal blood cells are disc-shaped which allows them to be flexible as they navigate through the blood vessels. The abnormal hemoglobin forms rod-like structures immediately after unloading the oxygen. The sickle-shaped red blood cells are inflexible making it difficult to navigate the blood vessels and can stick ...

The binding of antibodies to red blood cells can lead to potentially fatal outcomes such as hemolytic transfusion reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn.1 Information regarding the first steps of hemolytic transfusion reactions is well documented. It is, however, unclear why the severity of hemolytic transfusions experienced by different individuals ranges from mild to very severe.2 The pathophysiology of the final pathways and downstream events of red blood cell hemolysis are also yet to be fully elucidated although research is ongoing.2 A recent study by Liepkalns et al. (2012)1 has reinvigorated debate on the ...

Response 1

Upon the loss of blood, the patient’s body will be stimulated through the action of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys to increase erythropoiesis. The result is the increase in the concentration of reticulocytes that will be seen in the peripheral blood smear. The reticulocyte will peak to range between 10 to 15% by the seventh day after the blood loss.

Response 2

The hypoxia is as a result of inadequate delivery of oxygen into the tissues. Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of oxygen into the tissues. Hypovolemia causes a significant reduction in the level of hemoglobin which results in ...

1. What are the components of physical examination? Describe each component.
The components of the average physical examination include vital signs check, health history updates, physical examinations and laboratory tests. In certain cases additional tests such as MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and CT (Computerized Tomography) scans are also performed. Doctors use physical tests to check how well the body is performing. Vital sign checks include heart rate, temperature, blood pressure readings and respiratory rate measurements. Updated health history includes a review of current medication, supplements, pre-diagnosed conditions and any new developments including job and relationship status. Physical examinations includes ...

Biology for Nursing Practice

(Location of the University)

INTRODUCTION

The earliest recorded use of performance-enhancing substances dates back to the era of the Olympians in Greece, specifically 776 BC (Bowers 1998). ‘Doping’—an overused term in the field of sports—originates from the Dutch word “doop”, a viscous opium juice which was once a favorite of the ancient Greeks.
Nonetheless, it is a common knowledge of today that the use of performance-enhancing drugs is banned because of the unfair advantage it gives to sportsmen. Cunning as it may seem, athletes in the 1990s have found ways to improve their performance sans the use of mainstream drugs ...

Child and adolescent health issues require extra concentration due to the fact that an early disease can lead to an improper growth which may impact the entire life of a person and therefore it is important to ensure that childhood and adolescence diseases are looked after with extreme care in order to improve the quality of life and the growth of the patients. Sickle cell anemia is one of the widely studied subjects today, considering that it can cause acute chronic conditions which include severe pain and organ dysfunctional ties and has a high fatality rate. This disease is also known ...

Coursename
Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder, which affects the red blood cells. It was first described in the medical literature in 1846. In 1910, Ernest Irons became first to write about the pathologically altered red blood cells of the patient with sickle-cell anemia (Serjeant 425-429). It is caused by the mutation of the gene encoding the synthesis of the hemoglobin. As a result, the hemoglobin of the affected people is defective (hemoglobin S). Glutamic acid in it is substituted with valine in the sixth position of the β-chain. This change greatly reduces the solubility of hemoglobin in ...

Overview

This case involves the assessment of the client’s problems. The case presents the client’s situations that are relevant to the assessment. In this case, the client’s profile, case study, and pertinent case study questions will be outlined. The following medical terminologies will be employed: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Amylin, hyperlipidemia, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, hemoglobin A1C level, post-prandial, BMI, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy. The data obtained from the assessment will help design a care plan for the client.

Ethnicity: Pacific Islander Lifestyle: Sedentary lifestyle and smoking
Language: English/Austronesian language Any existing disabilities: None
...

Abstract

In the last century, the knowledge of molecular biology has increased, opening new opportunities for addressing different diseases that have been affecting all populations. Before, genome and proteomic studies were seen as complicated field due to inability to get significance understanding of disease components at the molecular level. However, with the expansion of molecular biology, different techniques and tools have been developed to aid diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this study, these tools have been investigated to understand how the knowledge on molecular diagnosis helps in detection and treatment of diseases. This study focused on the application of ...

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease, passed on from parents to children along the generations. It is a condition which causes severe pain and anemia. It happens when the body lacks healthy red blood cells to circulate oxygen in the body. The usual shape of the red blood cells is round, and they are flexible so they can pass through the narrow blood vessels of the body. However, sickle cell anemia causes them to become sickle-shaped, like tiny crescents, which are sticky and inflexible. This restricts their movement in the blood vessels causing them to get stuck in ...

The history of pathology testing is dated back to the 3rd century BC, when Greek scholars such as Herophilos and Eriasistratus began systematically examining dead bodies. At the beginning of the first century AD, several Greek, Roman and Arabian physicists made significant developments in the understanding of the pathology of tumors. In the 18th century, Giovanni Morgangi correlated the symptoms of his patients with the pathological evaluations o the autopsies. The discovery of the circulation of blood by William Harvey and the emergence of microsby is regarded as the foundation of modern pathology. The 19th and 20th centuries experienced ...

Introduction

It will be documented that the oxygen molecule, which basically glides through the air, happens to breathed in via the nose and mouth in the course of inhalation. It then moves from the nose and mouth into the pharynx, precisely, to the nasopharynx and oropharynx. Studies hae extended to reveal that the epiglottis in return closes so as to inhibit foreign substances from flowing into the windpipe (trachea). As it moves from pharynx, oxygen molecule passes through the voice box (larynx) via the trachea. It will be realized that the trachea actually separates into bronchi, which are mainstream branches ...

Sickle cell is a hereditary disease that that has no cure. The disease cause blood disorders and is the most common form of sickle cell disease. The disease affects the hemoglobin in the red blood cell since the disease cause mutation of hemoglobin (Genetics Home Reference 2012). Thus, an individual with the disease produce both normal and abnormal hemoglobin. The sickly abnormal cells block the blood flow. Hence, as the result of blocked blood flow in the body that the cause inflexibility of red blood cells can raise the risk for infection that are life threatening chronic diseases that can ...

Digestion in human beings and other animals is overly dependent on the action of enzymes; in their basic form, enzymes are protein materials that act as catalysts with the ability to produce certain chemical changes. Digestion of food substances usually begin in the mouth. The glands in the mouth produce enzyme salivary amylase (which acts on starch changing it into sugar) and lingual lipase (which kicks off the digestion of lipids) (Chiras 109). The stomach n its part, produces two enzymes, pepsin that breaks down proteins into peptides (Chiras 109). While there are no enzymes produced in the large ...

Renal compensatory mechanisms

Severe anemia causes the redistribution of blood supply to vital organs such as the brain and heart. This results in a decrease in renal blood flow causing the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system. Activation of this system results in increased production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands. Aldosterone causes increased retention of salt and water by the kidneys. This compensatory mechanism increases blood volume and renal blood flow without altering tissue hypoxia in other organs (Gaspad, 2005 as cited in Coyer & Lash, 2008).

Pituitary gland

The decrease in renal blood flow also stimulates the production of anti-diuretic hormone which increases ...

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder of the blood where the red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape. The Red blood cells deliver oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues are generally flexible and round, facilitating them to move easily through the blood vessels. Nevertheless, in individuals with sickle cell anemia, the texture and shape of the red blood cells can vary. They turn out to be sticky, hard and take the shape of a disc. The cells die prematurely, resulting to a deficiency of red blood cells (David, 2011).
Sickle cell anemia is passed through families ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

A 17 years old girl was born on term. At the age of 2 years, the girl went into an unconscious state and admitted to a hospital. Laboratory diagnosis represented severe level of diabetic ketoacidosis (Nagy et al., 2010). Some important signs of diabetic ketoacidosis are abdominal pain, hypotension, rapid shallow breathing, and dehydration (Buttaro, 2013). Blood glucose level of the girl was 37.6 mmol per liter. After thorough diagnosis, type 1A diabetes was found and she was given insulin treatment (Nagy et al., 2010).
At the age of 11 years, she became pale and started ...

Diabetes mellitus is the group of serious diseases that lead to fatal cases without the proper treatment. One of the suggested by the World Health Organization, the International Expert Committee, and the American Diabetes Association ways of diagnostics of diabetes is the measure of the glycated hemoglobin level (HbA1c); HbA1c more than 6,5% (48 mmol/mol) diagnoses diabetes, and HbA1c between 5,7% and 6,4% diagnoses prediabetes (Incani et al., 2015, p. 44). However, this method needs to be improved and additional factors need to be studied, as the level of HbA1c shows poor agreement with fasting plasma ...

Based on the clinical vignette, this patient is anemic and presents to the emergency department for symptoms relating to her condition. Based on the past medical history and the preliminary workup, one can have an idea of which type of anemia is occurring in this patient has and its underlying cause. Anemia can be divided into three categories based on the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of the red blood cells: microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic. In the physician’s report in the emergency room, it said that the patient’s red blood cells appeared microcytic and hypochromic. This information would ...

The evaluation phase is the next step after implementing a research initiative. It involves the assessment of a project to determine its relevance and whether the goals of the project have been met. Measuring project outcomes is an effective way of gauging the success of a change process. Evaluation enhances efficiency and sustainability.
DSME initiatives aim at helping diabetic persons to gain knowledge and skills relevant in the modification of behavior and lifestyle. Diabetes literacy improves self-management and prevents disease complications. Measuring DSME outcomes helps educators in analyzing behavior change (American Association of Diabetes Educators, 2011). It also informs ...

1. There are several components to the physical examination. Initially, the patients will have their vitals accesses (heart rate, temperature, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation) This will give the physician an overall picture of the status of the patient. Next, the doctor will consider the general appearance of the patient, noting any abnormalities. After the general appearance, the physician will assess each organ system (cardiovascular, pulmonary, GI, integument, etc.) individually. To evaluate each system, the physician will first inspect the system for any abnormalities. After the inspection is auscultation where, if applicable, the physician will use a ...

Trace elements refer to chemicals that form parts of important enzymes found in the body of a living organism occurring in minute amounts, less than 0.1% by volume (Anonymous, 2015). Trace elements are available in the natural environment and play a critical role in the survival of all living organism. Individual elements attract molecules from the environment and convert them to various products needed by the organism. Examples of trace elements are iron, copper, zinc, manganese, boron, molybdenum, iodine, cobalt among others. However, the following paper analyzes only three of these trace elements namely, copper, iron, and zinc.

Copper

Introduction ...

Hit and run homicide

A hit and run are normally defined as being involved in a vehicle accident with either a pedestrian, another vehicle or an object and escaping from the scene without being identified or give any assistance to those in need. It is mostly defined by leaving the scene whether you caused the accident or not. However, if you return to the scene maybe you had gone to access emergency assistance will not be considered as a hit and run.
In a hit and run accident, there are several wound and injuries that are common and they assist in reconstructing the ...

In the medical field, there are constant inventions that are intended to improve the quality of care for patients. These interventions are based on qualitative and quantitative research whose results indicate the effectiveness of the practice on different patients. Patients living with medical conditions like Diabetes rely on these practices to make their lives better. The adoption of the interventions is based on how well the medical professions understand it and how it changes the lives of their patients. The following is a detailed look at one of the practices and how I would ensure its adoption in a ...

Researchers have paid a particulate attention to the existing health problems related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. They have performed empirical, systematic, and integrative researches in order to evaluate the effects of variant A1C for the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Elderly patients with diabetes type 2 are affected by these variations as compared to the “normal” levels in 6 months. These effects range from the faulty record of A1C results to the complex disease, depression and stress factors leading to low results. This paper reviews the empirical, systematic, and integrative literature in order to avail information on ...

Background

The frequent practices of physical exercises remain a crucial factor to decrease mortality and morbidity rates of cardiovascular plus other conditions. There likewise appear to be some gains from physical activities and enhancement of aerobic conditions. Although moderate exercise improves health conditions, there is consistent and recent evidence that strenuous or high-intensity exercise have even more substantial positive effects on lipid profiles, reducing about two times mortality rates for a decade. During the workout, numerous physiological adjustments take place to offer required supply of nutrients and oxygen to achieve the demands of muscular activity dictated by the role presented. ...

Introduction 3

Definition and background 3
Structure and properties of Artemisinin 4
Structure 4
Properties of Artemisinin 5
Synthesis of artemisinin 5
Activation of artemisinin 7
Mechanism of Artemisinin action in the body 8
Side effect 10
Conclusion 10

References 13

- Table of Figures
Figure 1: Structure of Artemisinin2 4
Figure 2: A synthetic strategy of chemical synthesis from cyclohexenone. 7,9,10 6
Figure 3: Reductive scission model: Homolytic mechanisms of bioactivation of the endoperoxide bridge of artemisinin and derivatives 8
Figure 4: Proposed mechanism for artemisinin mediated lipid ...

The brain transmits the signal of oxygen requirement and the diaphragm expands that inhales the air. The inhaled air is composed of several different molecules and oxygen is one of the vitals. The respiratory system is a pathway that begins from external organ, nose, from where the air is inhaled. Air passes to the nasal cavity which is lined by ciliary cells that clean, warm and humidifies the air preparing it for gas exchange in lungs.
The air then travels through the pharynx that is divided into three regions namely nasopharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx that are connected with the ...

There are three significant formed blood elements namely- the red blood cells, white blood cells and the platelets. Each elements play important roles in the blood functioning. The most common type of blood cell is the Red Blood Cells (RBC) is primarily responsible for the circulation of oxygen within the human system. They receive oxygen from the lungs then release it into the body tissues. Amongst the blood elements the most predominant cell is the red blood cell. These blood cells contain hemoglobin; they contain iron-containing protein. These iron-containing proteins help in performing the primary function of the blood ...

This paper will talk about pregnancy. It will give the physical and the psychological changes that the pregnant mother will experience throughout the period of pregnancy. Pregnancy is a journey will ensure the safe delivery of the baby while maintaining the mother in a healthy condition. The paper will also talk about the tests that the pregnant mother will undergo during the period of pregnancy because in this period the mother faces many risks of getting a disease basing on the previous pregnancies or developing conditions. The diet that the pregnant mother uses in the period is also of vital importance and ...

Essential minerals for children growth and the consequences of lacking them.

Minerals are inorganic solid natural substances with a defined chemical composition that are stable at room temperatures and ordered atomic arrangement. They are useful to the health, development and growth of children, therefore one ought to be cautious on the correct quantity being administered as they can also be too harmful. The essay will therefore argue the essential minerals for children growth, health, and welfare; moreover discuss the consequences of lacking them.
Minerals play two major functions in the body; those pertain to the forming of the human physique, and also in the aid of bodily operations. Macro elements ...

About 25.8 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes and 90-95% of cases are type 2 or non-insulin dependent (CDC, 2012). Diabetes mellitus is a very complex illness brought about by the interplay of genetics and unhealthy lifestyles and affecting multiple organ systems (Strayer & Schub, 2012). It is one of the leading etiologies of stroke and cardiovascular disease and thus remains a significant cause of morbidity. A complex etiology requires equally complex management focusing on better lifestyles, adherence to medications and self-monitoring one’s health status. Patient education is then an indispensable component of care and must be supported by research evidence ...